Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV)-induced piglet diarrhea remains one of the most threatening infectious diseases in the swine industry across many countries. Although commercial vaccines are available, their efficacy in preventing the incidence and prevalence of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) remains unsatisfactory. Here we developed three subunit vaccine candidates based on four antigenic domains of the PEDV spike (S) protein expressed in E. coli: core neutralizing epitope (COE), S1 subunit domain A (S1A), and more conservative antigenic epitopes heptad repeat 1 (HR1) and heptad repeat (HR2) in S2 protein. Vaccination of the three vaccine candidates (COE, COE-S1A, and COE-HR1-HR2) induced substantial humoral and cellular expression, as evidenced by increase in specific antibody production and mRNA expression of both Th1 and Th2 cytokines. Among them, the COE-HR1-HR2 construct demonstrated a superior outcome. Furthermore, comparative screening of immune adjuvants was conducted to optimize vaccine efficacy. CpG ODN, in combination with the COE-HR1-HR2 fusion protein, induced enhanced humoral and cellular immune responses compared with Freund’s adjuvant and GEL 02, and was comparable to ISA660VG. Taken together, in view of the incomplete protection provided by current vaccines against PEDV, there is an urgent need for next-generation formulations that can effectively reduce disease burden and promote robust herd immunity. Our preliminary findings indicate that the COE-HR1-HR2 candidate, by integrating the core S1 and conserved S2 antigenic epitopes, offers the potential for developing novel multi-epitope vaccine against PEDV that could induce protective immunity thereby reducing disease development.

The experiment aimed to investigate the effects of dried distiller's grains on the intestinal flora and metabolic profile of Guanling crossbred cattle. Twelve healthy Guanling crossbred cattle (Guanling yellow cattle × Simmental cattle) were randomly divided into two groups, with six replicates per group and one cattle per replicate. The control group was fed a basal diet, while the replacement group was fed a diet in which 25% of the concentrate was replaced with dried distiller's grains. The pre-test period was 15 days, and the formal test period was 60 days. The results showed that compared with the control group, the replacement group exhibited an increased relative abundance of Actinobacteriota and a decreased relative abundance of Bacteroidota, while the relative abundances of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were increased. In the replacement group, the relative abundance of the hgcI clade, Lactobacillus and Prevotellaceae NK3B31 group were increased, and the relative abundance of Bacteroides was decreased. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis revealed that α Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria-related genera had the highest LDA scores in the replacement group, whereas the control group was dominated by Bacteroidetes-related genera. Metabolomics analysis identified 14 differential metabolites, among which 12 metabolites, including sphingosine, taurocholic acid, lithocholyltaurine, and indole-3-ethanol, were significantly up-regulated, while L-tyrosine and cinnamic acid were down-regulated. These metabolites were enriched in 16 pathways, including primary bile acid biosynthesis, bile secretion, and taurine and hypotaurine metabolism. Correlation analysis showed that genera such as C39, Ruminococcus_UCG-014, and hgcI clade were positively correlated with metabolites including taurocholic acid and sphingosine. The study shows that dietary supplementation with dried distiller's grains may positively affect the growth, fattening, and intestinal health of Guanling crossbred cattle by regulating Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and related metabolites, thereby participating in fiber degradation, lipid metabolism, intestinal homeostasis, and anti-inflammatory and antioxidant processes.

The experiment aimed to investigate the optimal processing technology for rice straw fermented with compound probiotics. Using molasses, distiller's grains, corn flour and wheat bran as exogenous additives, rice straw was fermented with compound probiotics consisting of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus niger. The viable count, pH value, lactic acid (LA) content, and crude protein (CP) content were used as evaluation indicators. Single-factor experiments and orthogonal experiments were conducted to optimize the fermentation substrate composition and fermentation conditions. The results showed that the optimal substrate composition was 46% rice straw, 3% molasses, 30% distiller's grains, 12% corn flour, and 9% wheat bran. The optimal fermentation conditions were initial pH value 6, inoculum size 20%, and fermentation time 10 days. Compared with the control, the concentrations of LA and CP of the optimized fermented rice straw were extremely increased (P<0.01), the concentrations of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were significantly decreased. The study shows that this study provides a feasible fermentation process reference for the resource utilization of rice straw and a reference for the application of multi-strain synergistic fermentation in the conversion of agricultural waste.

Fermented distiller’s grains (FDG) are rich in nutrients and have high feed utilisation value, but research in broiler feeding is limited. In this experiment, 216 male yellow-feathered broilers (30-day-old, 584.0 ± 3.85 g) were randomly divided into three groups, with six replicates per group and 12 broilers per replicate. The diet treatments were the control group, the 5

Distiller’s grains (DG), a major by-product of the Chinese Baijiu industry, represent an inexpensive yet high-quality protein raw material. Previous studies have shown that probiotics-fermented distiller's grains (FDG) hold the potential to serve as an effective livestock feed resource. However, the impacts of feeding FDG-based diets on rumen enzyme activities, rumen microbial communities and metabolism in finishing cattle, along with their underlying regulatory mechanisms, remain poorly understood. After 45 days of feeding FDG diets, rumen enzyme activities increased significantly. Feeding 10

The aim of this study was to investigate the metabolomic changes in the spleens of ducks artificially infected with Clostridium perfringens type A. Twenty-four healthy ducks aged 1 d were used for this purpose. After acclimatization for 37 d, the ducks were divided into 4 treatment groups (n = 6): the control group (normal group), infection Group 1 (66 h), infection Group 2 (90 h) and infection Group 3 (114 h). The ducks in the corresponding infection group were challenged with 8 mL of C. perfringens type A bacterial solution (1 × 108 CFU/mL) for 4 days. The experimental ducks were culled at 0 h, 66 h, 90 h and 114 h after infection, and the ducks were sacrificed for spleen sampling at the end of the experiment. Autopsy observations, spleen pathological changes and pathogen nucleic acid detection were also performed. Finally, the changes in the metabolic profile of the spleen were investigated via a metabolomics approach. At necropsy, the pathological changes in C. perfringens type A infection included enlarged, haemorrhagic and mottled spleens. Histopathology examination revealed that the ducks in the infection group had damaged spleen tissue structures, dilated spleen sinuses with congestion and bleeding, an extreme decrease in lymphocytes, and massive inflammatory cell infiltration in the splenic tissue. Spleen lesions were observed and PCR tests were positive in ducks in the infection group, indicating that a model of C. perfringens type A infection was successfully established in this study. Compared with those in the normal group, 14, 15 and 20 differentially abundant metabolites were identified after 66, 90 and 114 h, respectively, of C. perfringens type A infection of duck spleens, mainly including indolin-2-one, 3-methylindole, 4-hydroxy-2-quinolinecarboxylic acid, indole-3-methyl acetate, uric acid, 2’-deoxyinosine, urate, xanthine, 3-succinoylpyridine, nicotinic acid, phenylacetylglycine, histamine and phosphoenolpyruvate. Pathway analysis revealed that these metabolites were mainly involved in tryptophan metabolism, purine metabolism, nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, histidine metabolism, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, tyrosine metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, and caffeine metabolism. These findings suggest that C. perfringens type A infection causes a duck spleen inflammatory response and immune response in infected ducks through indolin-2-one, 3-methylindole, 4-hydroxy-2-quinolinecarboxylic acid and tryptophan metabolism, purine metabolism, nicotinic acid and nicotinamide metabolism, which provides a basis for understanding the pathogenesis of C. perfringens type A in ducks.

Distiller's grains (DG) are a potential source of animal feeds, and many studies have indicated positive regulatory roles of feeding DG diets in animal breeding. However, there is currently a dearth of research on the actions and underlying mechanisms of probiotics-fermented distiller's grains (FDG)-based diets in cattle breeding. This study aimed to assess the impact of integrating FDG into the diet of finishing cattle on their fecal microbial community and metabolites. Thirty Simmental crossbred cattle (local yellow cattle × Simmental cattle, 8.5 months old, 420.38 ± 68.11 kg) were selected and randomly divided into three dietary treatments, including the basal diet group (CON group), the FDG replacing 10% concentrate (FDG-10%) group, and the FDG replacing 20% concentrate (FDG-20%) group. 16S and ITS sequencing of fecal samples collected from each group on the 30th day of the formal feeding suggested that feeding FDG diets had little effect on the composition and diversity of fecal bacterial and fungal communities in finishing cattle. However, the relative abundance of cellulose-degrading bacteria, including the Christensenellaceae R-7 group and Ruminococcaceae family was significantly higher in both the FDG-20% vs CON comparison and the FDG-20% vs FDG-10% comparison. Besides, the FDG-10% group had a significant drop in the relative abundance of Aspergillus and a noteworthy increase in the relative abundance of Candida when compared to the CON group. Non-targeted metabolomics analysis showed that the addition of FDG modified the levels of organoheterocyclic compounds, lipids and lipid-like molecules, and benzenoids in the feces of finishing cattle and significantly enhanced the metabolic pathway of bile secretion. Further correlation analyses suggested a close association between the significantly differential fecal microbiota and metabolites. In conclusion, these results suggest that FDG supplementation has little effect on the structure and diversity of the fecal microbiota in finishing cattle, but alters intestinal metabolite profiles and influences bile secretion pathways by modulating the relative abundance of genera of fecal bacteria and fungi Christensenellaceae R-7 group, Lachnospiraceae_NK3A20_group, Mucor, and Candida. These findings provide a scientific theoretical basis for the use of FDG in animal feeds. IMPORTANCE:Probiotics-fermented distiller's grains (FDG) are potential feed sources for livestock. Here, we investigated the effects of partially replacing concentrates with FDG on fecal bacterial and fungal community structure and metabolic profiles in finishing cattle. The results reveal that feeding FDG-based diets alters intestinal metabolite profiles and up-regulates bile secretion pathways through the regulation of relative abundance of certain fecal genera. These findings provide some new insights into clarifying the role and potential mechanisms of FDG diets and also offer a scientific basis for the development of FDG into functional feed resources.

Vaccination is the most effective means of preventing and controlling porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED). Conventional vaccines developed from porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) GI-a subtypes (CV777 and SM98) have played a vital role in preventing classical PED. However, with the emergence of PEDV mutants in 2010, conventional PEDV GI-a subtype-targeting vaccines no longer provide adequate protection against PEDV GII mutants, thereby making novel-type PED vaccine development an urgent concern to be addressed. Novel vaccines, including nucleic acid vaccines, genetically engineered subunit vaccines, and live vector vaccines, are associated with several advantages, such as high safety and stability, clear targeting, high yield, low cost, and convenient usage. These vaccines can be combined with corresponding ELISA kits to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals, which is beneficial for disease confirmation. This review provides a detailed overview of the recent advancements in PED vaccines, emphasizing on the research and application evaluation of novel PED vaccines. It also considers the future directions and challenges in advancing these vaccines to widespread use in clinics.

The addition of wine lees to diets can make up for the deficiencies caused by traditional forages in beef cattle farming. However, the effects of different wine lees ratios on average daily weight, gastrointestinal microbial community structure and metabolites in Guanling crossbred cattle have been rarely studied. This study assessed the effects of feeds containing wine lees on weight gain, gastrointestinal microbial community structure, and metabolites in Guanling crossbred cattle and elucidated the metabolic responses induced by wine lees. Eighteen cows were randomly assigned to receive fed concentrate (C group), feed containing 15

Determining the effects of fermentation duration on the microbial ecosystem, potential pathogenic risks, and metabolite generation during the fermentation of distilled grains is essential for safeguarding the safety and enhancing the nutritional profile of animal feed. This study investigates the effect of varying fermentation times (9, 30, and 60 days) on microbial diversity, pathogenic risk, and metabolite profiles in distiller grains using 16S rDNA sequencing and LC-MS-based metabolomics. The results showed that early fermentation (9-30 days) enhanced the abundance of beneficial bacteria, such as Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus pontis (p < 0.05), while pathogenic bacteria, like Serratia marcescens and Citrobacter freundii, were significantly reduced (p < 0.05). Metabolomic analysis revealed an increase in unsaturated fatty acids and the degradation of biogenic amines during early fermentation. However, prolonged fermentation (60 days) led to a resurgence of pathogenic bacteria and reduced the synthesis of essential metabolites. These findings suggest that fermentation duration must be optimized to balance microbial safety and nutrient quality, with 30 days being the optimal period to reduce pathogenic risks and enhance feed quality.

To explore the effect of feeding fermented distiller's grains (FDG) diets on spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) immune status and metabolomics in finishing cattle, eighteen Guanling crossbred cattle (18 months old, 250.0 ± 25 kg) were randomly divided into 3 groups: a basal diet (Control) group, an FDG-15% group, and an FDG-30% group (containing 0%, 15% and 30% FDG to partially replace the concentrates, respectively). After 75 days, the spleens and MLN were collected for detection of relative spleen weight, immune parameters, and metabolomic analysis. Compared with the Control group, FDG-30% group significantly increased (P<0.05) the relative spleen weight. In addition, the level of IL-17A in the spleen of the FDG-30% group was significantly higher than that of the FDG-15% group. Metabolomic analysis showed that differential metabolites (VIP＞1, P＜0.05) of spleen and MLN in FDG-15% and FDG-30% groups are mostly lipids and lipid molecules. KEGG analysis illustrated that choline metabolism in cancer, glycerophospholipid metabolism, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids and insulin resistance were metabolic pathways in spleen shared by FDG-15% group vs.Control group and FDG-30% group vs.Control group, and choline metabolism in cancer was a metabolic pathway in MLN shared by FDG-15% group vs.Control group and FDG-30% group vs.Control group. These results suggest that feeding FDG may promote spleen development by regulating choline metabolism in cancer, glycerophospholipid metabolism, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids and insulin resistance. Additionally, it may affect MLN development by regulating choline metabolism in cancer. SIGNIFICANCE: Fermented distiller's grains (FDG) is a high quality alternative to feed because it is rich in beneficial microorganisms and nutrients. The spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) are important peripheral immune organs in animals, whose status reflects the health of the animal. However, there are few reports on the effect of feeding FDG diets on spleen and MLN immune status and metabolomics in domestic animals. In this study, we found that feeding FDG may promote spleen development by regulating choline metabolism in cancer, glycerophospholipid metabolism, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids and insulin resistance metabolic pathways, and may affect MLN development by regulating choline metabolism in cancer. This study extends our understanding of the metabolomics of the spleen and MLN in FDG and helps to further understand of the immunomodulatory effects of the FDG diet.

Dried distillers’ grains with solubles (DDGS)-based diets are nutritious and can improve the inflammations and intestinal immunity in livestock. However, there is limited research examining the effect of feeding DDGS-based diets on changes in intestinal metabolites and related pathways in livestock. In this study, six Guanling crossbred cattle (Guizhou Guanling Yellow cattle × Simmental cattle) were selected and divided into a basal diet (BD) group and an experimental group fed with DDGS replacing 25% of the daily ration concentrates (DDGS) (n=3), respectively. Fresh jejunum (J), ileum (I) and cecum (C) tissues were collected for metabolomic analysis. Differential metabolites and metabolic pathways were explored by means of univariate and multivariate statistical analysis. In comparison to the J-BD group, 123 differential metabolites (VIP > 1, p < 0.05) were identified in the J-DDGS group, which (top 20) were mainly divided into superclasses, including lipids and lipid-like molecules, organic acids and derivatives, and organoheterocyclic compounds. Compared with the I-BD group, 47 differential metabolites were obtained in the I-DDGS group, which were mainly divided into superclasses, including lipids and lipid-like molecules and organic acids and derivatives. The C-DDGS vs. C-BD comparison revealed 88 differential metabolites, which were mainly divided into superclasses, including lipids and lipid-like molecules, organic oxygen compounds, and nucleosides. A total of 34 significant metabolic pathways were found (p < 0.05, −log(p) > 1.3). Among them, 3 significant pathways were significantly enriched in the J-DDGS group, 11 significant pathways were significantly enriched in the I-DDGS group, and 20 significant pathways were significantly enriched in the C-DDGS group. Importantly, primary bile acid biosynthesis, linoleic acid metabolism, and arachidonic acid metabolism correlated with intestinal inflammation and immunity by regulating gut microbiota, prostaglandin synthesis, and cell signaling. The data suggest that DDGS-fed cattle unregulated three metabolic pathways mentioned above and that a DDGS-based diet was able to maintain a balance of these three metabolic pathways, thus resulting in improvement of intestinal inflammation and enhanced immunity in cattle. In conclusion, the DDGS diet has the potential to improve intestinal inflammation and enhance the immunity of Guanling crossbred cattle by regulating the metabolic patterns of lipids and lipid-like molecules, organic acids and derivatives, and related metabolic pathways. These results allude to potential metabolic regulatory mechanisms of DDGS diets and also provide a theoretical basis for the application of DDGS in livestock feed.

AbstractThe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a unique organelle responsible for protein synthesis and processing, lipid synthesis in eukaryotic cells, and the replication of many animal viruses is closely related to ER. A considerable number of viral proteins are synthesised during viral infection, resulting in the accumulation of unfolded and misfolded proteins in ER, which in turn induces endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). ERS further drives three signalling pathways (PERK, IRE1, and ATF6) of the cellular unfolded protein response (UPR) to respond to the ERS. In numerous studies, ERS has been shown to mediate autophagy, a highly conserved cellular degradation mechanism to maintain cellular homeostasis in eukaryotic cells, through the UPR to restore ER homeostasis. ERS-mediated autophagy is closely linked to the occurrence and development of numerous viral diseases in animals. Host cells can inhibit viral replication by regulating ERS-mediated autophagy, restoring the ER's normal physiological process. Conversely, many viruses have evolved strategies to exploit ERS-mediated autophagy to achieve immune escape. These strategies include the regulation of PERK-eIF2α-Beclin1, PERK-eIF2α-ATF4-ATG12, IRE1α-JNK-Beclin1, and other signalling pathways, which provide favourable conditions for the replication of animal viruses in host cells. The ERS-mediated autophagy pathway has become a hot topic in animal virological research. This article reviews the most recent research regarding the regulatory functions of ERS-mediated autophagy pathways in animal viral infections, emphasising the underlying mechanisms in the context of different viral infections. Furthermore, it considers the future direction and challenges in the development of ERS-mediated autophagy targeting strategies for combating animal viral diseases, which will contribute to unveiling their pathogenic mechanism from a new perspective and provide a scientific reference for the discovery and development of new antiviral drugs and preventive strategies.

为了解日粮中添加石吊兰粉对三穗鸭产蛋性能及蛋品质的影响,试验将72只36周龄三穗鸭母鸭随机分为4组,分别为试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组及对照组,每组3个重复,每个重复6只.对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别饲喂基础日粮加2％、4％、6％的石吊兰粉,预试期为7 d,正试期为28 d.试验结束后测定产蛋性能指标(日均蛋重、日均产蛋量、日均采食量、料蛋比)、蛋品质指标(蛋形指数、蛋壳强度、蛋壳厚度、蛋黄重、蛋白高度、哈氏单位、蛋黄颜色).结果表明:试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组日均产蛋量均高于对照组,其中试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组比对照组高16.61％、12.45％,差异显著(P＜0.05);试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组料蛋比均显著低于对照组(P＜0.05),其中试验Ⅱ组比对照组低20.19％.各组间蛋形指数、蛋壳厚度、蛋白高度和哈氏单位差异不显著(P＞0.05).试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的蛋壳强度比对照组高14.88％、11.18％,差异显著(P＜0.05);试验Ⅱ组蛋黄重比对照组高15.22％,差异显著(P＜0.05).试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的蛋黄颜色均显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).说明日粮中添加石吊兰粉能够提高三穗鸭的产蛋量,降低料蛋比,增加蛋壳强度和蛋黄重,降低蛋黄颜色,对蛋形指数、蛋壳厚度、蛋白高度和哈氏单位无显著影响,添加量为4％时效果最佳.

[目的]探讨刺梨渣提取物对水产养殖业中主要病原菌嗜水气单胞菌的抑菌作用和机制.[方法]通过微量稀释法和平板计数法测定刺梨渣提取物对嗜水气单胞菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)、最小杀菌浓度(MBC),通过集群运动实验检测刺梨渣提取物对嗜水气单胞菌集群运动的影响,通过脂肪酶和蛋白酶活性实验检测刺梨渣提取物对嗜水气单胞菌脂肪酶活性和蛋白酶活性的影响,通过溶血实验测定刺梨渣提取物对嗜水气单胞菌溶血性的影响,此外通过结晶紫法检测生物膜的形成,以及荧光定量RT-PCR检测毒力和调控系统的相关基因表达情况.[结果]刺梨渣提取物对3株嗜水气单胞菌的MIC为128 mg/mL;其中嗜水气单胞菌ATCC7966的MBC为256 mg/mL,其余两株嗜水气单胞菌的MBC均>512 mg/mL.刺梨渣提取物浓度低于8 mg/mL时,不影响菌株生长;刺梨渣提取物≥4 mg/mL时,对生物膜形成、蛋白酶活性和溶血活性都具有明显的抑制作用,且呈剂量依赖抑制,但对脂肪酶的活性影响较小.荧光定量RT-PCR结果发现刺梨渣提取物能引起嗜水气单胞菌群体感应(QS)系统中luxS和ahyr基因表达显著下调;同时气溶素aerA表达量也显著下降.[结论]刺梨渣提取物能抑制嗜水气单胞菌生长及运动能力、酶活性、溶血活性、生物膜的形成以及相关毒力基因的表达,表明刺梨渣提取物是一种潜在的嗜水气单胞菌替抗物.

随着鱼类养殖的高密度、大规模发展,细菌性疾病的暴发成为难以避免的问题.当前对抗细菌性疾病的主要手段是使用抗生素,但随之而来的是抗生素耐药和环境污染问题,选择适合鱼类抗生素替代物显得尤为重要.噬菌体作为一种特异性强和不易产生耐药性的抗生素替代物,广泛应用于治疗各种细菌性疾病.论文综述了噬菌体在鱼类养殖业中的应用研究进展和当前存在的问题及解决策略,给噬菌体在鱼类的应用发展提供一定的参考.

Dried distiller's grains with solubles (DDGS) are rich in nutrients and can enhance animals' growth and immunity. However, there are few reports on the effects of a diet of DDGS on plasma metabolism and the related action pathways in domestic animals. In this study, groups of Guanling yellow cattle (GY) and Guanling crossbred cattle (GC) having a basal diet served as the control groups (GY-CG and GC-CG), and DDGS replacing 25% of the diet of GY and GC served as the replacement groups (GY-RG and GC-RG), with three cattle in each group. Plasma samples were prepared for metabolomic analysis. Based on multivariate statistical and univariate analyses, differential metabolites and metabolic pathways were explored. Twenty-nine significantly different metabolites (p < 0.05) were screened in GY-RG compared with those in GY-CG and were found to be enriched in the metabolic pathways, including choline metabolism in cancer, linolenic acid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism. Nine metabolites showed significant differences (p < 0.05) between GC-RG and GC-CG and were mainly distributed in the metabolic pathways of choline metabolism in cancer, glycerophospholipid metabolism, prostate cancer metabolism, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion. These results suggest that a DDGS diet may promote healthy growth and development of experimental cattle by modulating these metabolic pathways. Our findings not only shed light on the nutritional effects of the DDGS diet and its underlying mechanisms related to metabolism but also provide scientific reference for the feed utilization of DDGS.

Fermented distillers' grains (FDG) are commonly used to enhance the health and metabolic processes of livestock and poultry by regulating the composition and activity of the intestinal microbiota. Nevertheless, there is a scarcity of research on the effects of the FDG diet on the gastrointestinal microbiota and its metabolites in cattle. This study examines the impact of FDG dietary supplements on the gastrointestinal flora and metabolic profile of Guanling cattle. Eighteen cattle were randomly assigned to three treatment groups with six replicates per group. The treatments included a basal diet (BD), a 15% concentrate replaced by FDG (15% FDG) in the basal diet, and a 30% concentrate replaced by FDG (30% FDG) in the basal diet. Each group was fed for a duration of 60 days. At the conclusion of the experimental period, three cattle were randomly chosen from each group for slaughter and the microbial community structure and metabolic mapping of their abomasal and cecal contents were analyzed, utilizing 16S rDNA sequencing and LC-MS technology, respectively. At the phylum level, there was a significant increase in Bacteroidetes in both the abomasum and cecum for the 30%FDG group (p < 0.05). Additionally, there was a significant reduction in potential pathogenic bacteria such as Spirochetes and Proteobacteria for both the 15%FDG and 30%FDG groups (p < 0.05). At the genus level, there was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in Ruminococcaceae_UCG-010, Prevotellaceae_UCG-001, and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005 fiber degradation bacteria. Non-target metabolomics analysis indicated that the FDG diet significantly impacted primary bile acid biosynthesis, bile secretion, choline metabolism in cancer, and other metabolic pathways (p < 0.05). There is a noteworthy correlation between the diverse bacterial genera and metabolites found in the abomasal and cecal contents of Guanling cattle, as demonstrated by correlation analysis. In conclusion, our findings suggest that partially substituting FDG for conventional feed leads to beneficial effects on both the structure of the gastrointestinal microbial community and the metabolism of its contents in Guanling cattle. These findings offer a scientific point of reference for the further use of FDG as a cattle feed resource.

[Objective] The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of the combination of traditional Chinese medicine with probiotics on the prevention of Eimeria tenella.[Method] A total of 180 12-day-old Guinong golden chickens were divided into blank control group,infection group,traditional Chinese medicine group,probiotic group,traditional Chinese medicine+probiotic group and monensin group,with 3 replicates in each group and 10 chickens in each replicate.Blank control group and infection group were treated with fasting normal saline（200 μL/chicken）,traditional Chinese medicine group was feed the basal diet with 2% Chinese medicine prescription,probiotics group was treated with fasting compound probiotics（200 μL/chicken）,traditional Chinese medicine+probiotics group was treated with fasting compound probiotics（200 μL/chicken） and feed the basal diet with 2% Chinese medicine prescription.Monensin group was feed basal diet with 100 mg/kg monensin.At 14 days of age,except blank control group,all groups were orally administrated with 1×10~5 oocysts/chicken sporoidized oocysts suspension of Eimeria tenella.The relative weight gain rate and survival rate were measured before inoculation and culturing.Blood samples were collected on days 0,4 and 8 after infection,and serum biochemical,immune and antioxidant indexes were determined by ELASA method.Cecal tissues were collected and histopathological changes were observed.[Result] The results showed that the relative weight gain rate of each prophylactic administration group was higher than that of infection group,and the number of oocysts per gram of cecum was significantly lower than that of infection group（P ＜0.05）.The relative weight gain rate of traditional Chinese medicine+probiotics group was the highest,the number of oocysts per gram of cecum was the lowest,and the anticoccidial index（ACI） was higher than that of monensin group.Compared with infection group,on days 4 of infection,the contents of serum albumin（ALB） and triglyceride（TG） in traditional Chinese medicine group,probiotic group and traditional Chinese medicine+probiotic group were significantly increased（P＜0.05）,and the content of creatinine（CREA） was significantly decreased（P＜0.05）.The contents of total protein（TP）,interleukin-2（IL-2）,IL-6 and interferon-γ（IFN-γ）of serum in traditional Chinese medicine group and traditional Chinese medicine+probiotic group were significantly increased（P＜0.05）,and the activities of alanine aminotransferase（ALT） and aspartate aminotransferase（AST） were significantly decreased（P＜0.05）.On days 8 of infection,the contents of TP and ALB of serum in traditional Chinese medicine group,probiotic group and traditional Chinese medicine+probiotic group were significantly increased（P＜0.05）,while the content of urea nitrogen（BUN）and AST activity were significantly decreased（P＜0.05）.The contents of TG,IL-2,IL-6 and IFN-γin traditional Chinese medicine group and traditional Chinese medicine+probiotics group were significantly increased（P＜0.05）,the contents of CREA and the activity of ALT were significantly decreased（P＜0.05）.The results of cecal histopathology showed that the infection group and the probiotics group had obvious pathological damage,while the traditional Chinese medicine group and the traditional Chinese medicine+probiotics group had slight tissue damage.[Conclusion] This study showed that the combined use of traditional Chinese medicine and probiotics could improve the growth inhibition caused by Eimeria tenella infection,reduce the output of oocysts,improve the immunity and antioxidant capacity of the body,and effectively protect the cecum tissue.This study provided providing reference for the preventio and treatment of coccidiosis.

In recent years,with the abuse of antibiotics in aquaculture,bacterial drug resistance has emerged,so green,safe and efficient new strategies are needed to alleviate the drug resistance problem.As a communication mechanism,quorum sensing regulates the behavior and physiological response of bacteria according to the density between cells.Many active substances can affect the pathogenicity of pathogenic bacteria through quorum sensing system without inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria,and at the same time slow down the emergence of drug resistance.Therefore,in recent years,inhibitors that inhibit bacterial quorum sensing system have become a research hotspot.Aeromonas hydrophila,as the main conditional pathogen in aquaculture,seriously harms the economic development of aquaculture.This paper introduced the mechanism of quorum sensing system of Aeromonas hydrophila,the regulation of bacterial biofilm,and the application of quorum sensing system inhibitors of Chinese herbal medicine and probiotics in the prevention and control of Aeromonas hydrophila,aiming at analyzing the development potential of quorum sensing inhibition of Aeromonas hydrophila in the future and providing some reference for the prevention and control of Aeromonas hydrophilain aquaculture.