植物检疫中的低温处理是溴甲烷熏蒸的替代技术之一,受到国际组织和各国植物保护机构的高度重视.介绍低温处理技术的原理、影响因素、设备,阐述其研究进展与应用现状,及其对寄主品质的影响,并探讨了低温处理的发展.

Bactrocera dorsalis and its larvae have evolved to cope with the hypoxic environment during their lifetime. In this study, we sequenced the transcriptomes of B. dorsalis under and post anoxia stress. Our data revealed the different biological mechanisms of B. dorsalis in response to anoxia and during recovery from anoxia. The induction of heat shock proteins (HSPs) might be one of the important mechanisms for B. dorsalis to tolerate anoxia. Furthermore, our data showed B. dorsalis acquires energy through gluconeogenesis rather than glycolysis under anoxia and upregulated its lipid metabolism post anoxia. The up-regulation of the genes involved in the Hippo signaling pathway might also play a role in eliminating damaged cells as a result of anoxia. Furthermore, the HIF system of B. dorsalis did not change in response to anoxia stress in this study. We hypothesized that the HIF system in B. dorsalis might be activated by a specific duration of anoxia.

为促进进出境原木及木质包装溴甲烷替代技术的发展与应用,本文结合文献资料和项目实地调研,从熏蒸剂熏蒸处理和非熏蒸化学药剂处理两个方面,就原木及木质包装溴甲烷替代的化学处理技术研究及应用现状进行介绍和分析,并对技术发展趋势进行讨论和展望,以期为相关技术的研究和应用提供资料参考.

The mealybug of Dysmicoccus lepelleyi Betrem (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) attacks a wide range of fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants and is categorized as a quarantine pest in China. Utilization of phytosanitary irradiation (PI) as a potential treatment to disinfest agricultural commodities in trade (which has expanded rapidly in the recent years) and preventing the hatch of F-1 generation eggs is used as a criterion for the PI treatment of mealybugs. A RS-2000 Pro X-ray irradiator (Rad Source Technologies, Inc.) was used to treat the gravid adult females and eggs of the mealybug. The primary tests were conducted to explore the minimum dose for preventing egg-hatch from the irradiated adult females, resulted in a 1.69% of eggs hatched from 100 Gy-irradiated adult females and no crawler developed as treated at the dose of 110 and 120 Gy. To estimate the minimum dose for preventing egg-hatching, the dose-response tests were conducted for 1-, 2-, and 3-d-old eggs at the dose of 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 Gy, respectively. The results showed that the radio-tolerance increased very slowly with developmental times of eggs, and the estimated dose for 99.9968% mortality at the 95% confidence level (Probit 9) by Probit analysis is 146.2, 155.7, and 156.1 Gy for 1-, 2-, and 3-d-old eggs, respectively. Therefore, dose range between 110 and 160 Gy could be efficient to prevent the reproduction of this mealybug.

Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck is an important economic product in South China, but the presence of quarantine pests in this product proposes the potential threat to international trade security. To find a proper phytosanitary cold treatment for Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), commonly called oriental fruit fly, one of the most serious quarantine insects in navel orange, eggs in petri dish and larvae in navel orange fruits were exposed to a 1.7 °C cold chamber for 0-11 days to compare the tolerance to cold treatment. The 2nd instar larva (4 days) is the most tolerant stage, and the estimated time for 99.9968% mortality at the 95% confidence level is 11.3 (9.5, 14.6) days. Then 15 days was selected as the target time for the confirmatory tests, resulting in no survivors from 37,792 treated larvae with the efficacy of 99.9921% mortality at the 95% confidence level. The quality assessments were conducted to compare the effect on the navel orange fruit between cold treatment and the conventional cold storage. Results indicated that the cold treatment did not negatively affect the fruit quality. Therefore, this cold treatment showed potential as a commercial quarantine treatment for navel orange in international trade.

植物检疫处理事关国门生物安全.检疫处理的有效性评价工作有助于提升处理工作的规范化,防止检疫性有害生物跨境传播.本文系统讨论了植物检疫处理效果评价的概念与内涵、体系构建和评价方法,其中植物检疫处理效果评价体系由技术标准、设施设备、实施过程以及监督管理的有效性评价组成,评价方法包括适用性评价、实验室评价、设施设备评价和过程监管评价,为我国今后开展植物检疫处理效果评价工作提供了理论参考.

Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel; Diptera: Tephritidae), is recognized as a quarantine pest and a threat to Chinese loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) fruit exports. Since loquat fruit is very sensitive to methyl bromide (MB) fumigation and cold treatment, in this study, low-temperature phosphine (PH3) fumigation was investigated to develop an alternative phytosanitary treatment method. Tolerance tests showed that the third instar was the most tolerant of all life stages of B dorsalis to PH3 gas at 8°C. Toxicity assay with 500-3000 ppm PH3 and subsequent probit analysis showed that 2000 ppm PH3 was optimal for fumigation and 152.75 h of treatment duration were required to achieve 99.9968% mortality. In the verification test, 144 and 168 h of treatment duration with 2000 ppm PH3 completely killed 35,277 and 35,134 B. dorsalis third instars, respectively. However, 13 live larvae were found after 120 h of treatment. Furthermore, these treatments reduced fruit respiration rates while causing no adverse effects on other fruit quality parameters, including firmness, soluble solid content, and titratable acidity over 192 h storage at 8°C. The results strongly suggest that low-temperature PH3 fumigation could be used for the postharvest control of B. dorsalis in loquat fruit.

In this study, we chose apple leaf as plant material and studied effects of GeO2 on operation of photosynthetic apparatus and antioxidant enzyme activities under strong light. When exogenous GeO2 concentration was below 5.0 mg L–1, maximum photochemical quantum yield of PSII and actual quantum yield of PSII photochemistry increased significantly compared with the control under irradiances of 800 and 1,600 μmol(photon) m–2 s–1. Photosynthetic electron transport chain capacity between QA–QB, QA–PSI acceptor, and QB–PSI acceptor showed a trend of rising up with 1.0, 2.0, and 5.0 mg(GeO2) L–1 and declining with 10.0 mg(GeO2) L–1. On the other hand, dissipated energy via both ΔpH and xanthophyll cycle decreased remarkably compared with the control when GeO2 concentration was below 5.0 mg L–1. Our results suggested that low concentrations of GeO2 could alleviate photoinhibition and 5.0 mg(GeO2) L–1 was the most effective. In addition, we found, owing to exogenous GeO2 treatment, that the main form of this element in apple leaves was organic germanium, which means chemical conversion of germanium happened. The organic germanium might be helpful to allay photoinhibition due to its function of scavenging free radicals and lowering accumulation of reactive oxygen species, which was proven by higher antioxidant enzyme activities.

To determine the larval stages of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel),we report here the preliminary investigation results on the identification and standard.The larva of B.dorsalis was reared under laboratory conditions at 25±1 °°,60％-70％RH with development duration of about 6-8 days.Morphological characters were observed,including anterior spiracle,posterior spiracle,cephalopharyngeal skeleton and mouth hook.Then,four morphological characters were measured,including mouth hook length,mouth hook width,body length and body width.The results showed that there were three instars during the larval stage with extremely different morphological characters.The mouth hook length and width for the 1st,2nd and 3rd instars were distinct with the average of 0.0846±0.0005 mm,0.1512±0.0013 mm,0.2913±0.0015 mm and 0.0116±0.0003 mm,0.0308±0.0007 mm,0.0677±0.0013 mm,respectively,which had not any overlap among larval instars.The exponential regression relationship between larval instars and mouth hook length and width was y=0.045e0.6182x and y=0.005e0.8816x,respectively.Mouth hook could be recognized as the essential morphological character for identifying and differentiating the larval instars of oriental fruit fly.Because of the overlap and the variation of body length and width,it was suggested that these characteristics be not reliable for the identification of the larval instars.

The Asian papaya fruit fly, Bactrocera papayae Drew and Hancock, was treated with hot-water immersion and forced hot air to develop a phytosanitary heat treatment schedule. Hot-water immersion tests were conducted with 12- and 24-h-old eggs and with first and third instar larvae to compare the relative thermotolerances of this fruit fly among these life stages. The 24-h-old eggs, the most thermotolerant among the four life stages tested, were subjected to time and temperature tests using cage-infested papaya fruits in a forced hot-air chamber. Heating the papayas to a minimum core temperature of 47.7 °C (95% confidence interval 47.2–48.3 °C) was estimated to induce probit-nine mortality based on a probit analysis of the data. Confirmatory tests in which papayas infested with 24-h-old eggs were heated to a minimum fruit core temperature of 47.2 °C that was maintained for 0–30 min followed by hydrocooling to a fruit core temperature of ≈25 °C resulted in the complete mortality of an estimated treated population of 43,425 eggs aged 24 h (99.9931% mortality at the 95% confidence level). Therefore, heating the papaya fruits to a core temperature of 47.2 °C for a minimum dwell time of 30 min, which was the longest dwell time in the confirmatory tests, may serve as a phytosanitary heat treatment schedule for the control of B. papayae in papaya fruits.

<span id="ChDivSummary" name="ChDivSummary" class="abstract-text">针对熏蒸处理中检测溴甲烷质量浓度时,基于单个通用型热导式传感器TCS208F检测结果易受容器内温度、相对湿度及CO₂条件干扰的问题,设计研发了溴甲烷质量浓度检测系统,系统包括热导式传感器TCS208F、数字化温湿度传感器和红外CO₂传感器,采用多元线性回归方法研究了容器内温度、相对湿度、CO₂及溴甲烷对TCS208F模块输出电压的影响,建立了溴甲烷质量浓度估计值与TCS208F模块输出电压、温度、相对湿度及CO₂体积分数检测结果之间关系的数学模型。试验结果表明:使用该溴甲烷质量浓度检测系统检测溴甲烷质量浓度时,系统将自动采集容器内温度、相对湿度、CO₂及TCS208F模块输出电压值,经数学模型处理后系统所得的溴甲烷质量浓度估计值与经安捷伦网络气相色谱仪6890N的检测结果偏差不超过1.1g/m3。在检验检疫口岸熏蒸处理中使用该检测系统检测溴甲烷质量浓度具有实用性。</span>

Carposina sasakii Matsumura (Lepidoptera:Carposinadae),widely distributed in pome fruit production areas in China,seriously threatens fruit export industry.In order to determinate the eliminated doses of pure phosphine against these pests for quarantine purpose,1-d,2-d,3-d-old eggs and the first to fifth instar of C . sasakii larvae were fumigated with pure phosphine.The results showed that mature fifth instar were the most tol-erant stage at room temperature.Then the mature fifth instar larvae of C .sasakii was fumigated over phosphine at different concentrations under different temperatures.0.14,0.28,0.42,0.56,0.70 mg/L phosphine fumiga-tion with 81-199 h period was required and 0.28,0.42,0.56,0.70,0.84 mg/L phosphine fumigation with 136-166 h period was required to achieve 99% mortality at 25℃ and 15℃,respectively.The expressions of k =C 0.5 T and k =C 0.2 T were obtained at 25℃ and 15℃,which indicated that exposure time was much more important than the concentration of phosphine to mortality of mature larvae of C .sasakii .In the similar conditions,higher temperature in environment was more effective to fumigation than lower temperature.All the results suggested that pure phosphine fumigation demonstrated promising application in C .sasakii control in fruit industry.

检疫处理作为外来生物入侵国境防控至关重要的技术手段,已在全球广泛应用并日益受到国际社会的普遍关注,检疫处理研究和技术指标逐步趋于规范化、国际化和标准化.为促进我国检疫处理研究工作的规范化进程,增强研究结果的国际认同和效益发挥,本文就害虫(昆虫、螨类)检疫处理研究规范的要素、发展历程、关键控制点及其应用进行介绍和分析.

The Jack Beardsley mealybug, Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi (Gimpel & Miller) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), is a quarantine pest of fruits, vegetables, flowers and seedlings. Host commodities shipped from infested areas should undergo phytosanitary measures to reduce the risk of shipping viable mealybugs. Large-scale confirmatory tests on late stage female P. jackbeardsleyi (the most tolerant stage) irradiated with the target dose of 150 Gy were conducted to determine the minimum absorbed dose for the use of irradiation as a phytosanitary treatment. No F1 generation 2nd stage nymphs emerged from an estimated 118,520 potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.; Solanales: Solanaceae) reared females irradiated with 133.5–164.1 Gy, or 49,290 pumpkin ( Cucurbita sp.; Cucurbitales: Cucurbitaceae) reared females irradiated with 131.3–166.0 Gy, resulting in an efficacy of 99.9975% (potato reared) and 99.9939% (pumpkin reared) and 99.9982% (all females) at the 95% confidence level. Quality determinations on ‘Rongrien’ rambutan ( Nephelium lappaceum L.; Sapindales: Sapindaceae) fruits—the favorite host of P. jackbeardsleyi —were conducted 5, 10 and 15 days after gamma radiation at doses of 300, 600, 900, and 1,200 Gy with storage at 10 °C. Irradiation did not induce significant changes in ascorbic acid content, total acidity, total soluble solids, soluble protein, and weight loss. However, storage time had a significant negative effect on the chemical and nutritional contents and weight loss. A dose of 166 Gy is recommended as the minimum dose for phytosanitary treatment against the Jack Beardsley mealybug. ‘Rongrien’ rambutan can tolerate a dose of 900 Gy but at 1,200 Gy its sensory attributes are significantly affected. Resumen La cochinilla de Jack Beardsley, Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi (Gimpel & Miller) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), es una plaga cuarentenaria para frutas, hortalizas, flores y plantas. Los productos que son hospederos enviados desde las zonas infestadas deben ser sometidos a medidas fitosanitarias para reducir el riesgo de envio de cochinillas viables. Se realizaron pruebas confirmatorias de gran escala sobre las hembras mas maduras de P. jackbeardsleyi (el estadio mas tolerante) a la dosis objetivo de 150 Gy para determinar la dosis absorbida minima para el uso de la irradiacion como tratamiento fitosanitario. No emergieron ninfas del segundo estadio de la generacion F1 de un estimado de 118,520 hembras criadas sobre papas ( Solanum tuberosum L.; Solanales: Solanaceae) e irradiadas a 133.5–164.1 Gy, o 49,290 hembras criadas sobre calabaza ( Cucurbita sp.; Cucurbitales: Cucurbitaceae) e irradiadas a 131.3–166.0 Gy, lo que resulta en una eficacia del 99,9975% (criadas sobre papa) y 99,9939% (criadas sobre calabaza y 99,9982% (todas hembras) en el nivel de confianza del 95%. Se realizo una determinacion de calidad en frutos de rambutan ( Nephelium lappaceum L.; Sapindales: Sapindaceae) ‘Rongrien’ (hospedero favorito de P. jackbeardsleyi ) 5, 10 y 15 dias despues de la radiacion gamma en dosis de 300, 600, 900, y 1,200 Gy y una temperatura de almacenamiento de 10 °C. La irradiacion no indujo cambios significativos en el contenido de acido ascorbico, acidez total, solidos solubles totales, proteinas solubles, y perdida de peso. Sin embargo, el tiempo de almacenamiento tuvo un efecto negativo significativo en la quimica y contenido nutricional y la perdida de peso. Se recomienda una dosis de 166 Gy que es la dosis minima para el tratamiento fitosanitario contra la cochilla harinosa Jack Beardsley. El rambutan ‹Rongrien› puede tolerar una dosis de 900 Gy, pero en 1,200 Gy sus caracteristicas externas se ven afectados de manera significativa.

The peach fruit moth, Carposina sasakii Matsumura (Lepidoptera: Carposinidae), is a serious pest of many pome and stone fruits and presents a quarantine problem in some export markets. To investigate the effects of irradiation on larval weight, developmental time, and mortality, 3-, 6-, 9-, 12-, and 15 d-old larvae-which were 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th instars, respectively-were reared within 'Red Fuji' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.; Rosales: Rosaceae) fruits, and gamma-irradiated at doses from 20 to 140 Gy in increments of 20 Gy. Irradiation had significant effects on larval weight, cumulative larval developmental time, and mortality. More specific findings were as follows. Body Weight. The mean body weight of late 5th instars that developed from the 4 preceding instars decreased significantly in a dose-dependent manner when larvae in any one of these preceding instars had been irradiated with gamma rays. Mean body weight reduction of late fifth instars was greatest when 3rd instars were irradiated. In contrast, when 5th instars were irradiated their mean body weight increased significantly. Cumulative Larval Development Time. The mean cumulative larval developmental times increased significantly in a dose-dependent manner in comparison to the controls when any one of the 5 instars was irradiated. Larval Mortality. Significant larval mortality occurred in the first 4 instars when any one of them had been irradiated, but none of the irradiated 5th instars died in the apple fruits, indicating that the 5th instar is the most radiotolerant larval stage. Additional Research. Further research is suggested to elucidate the mechanisms whereby the weights of 5th instars that developed from irradiated 3rd instars are substantially diminished. Also research is suggested to elucidate the mechanisms whereby the weights of irradiated 5th instars increase substantially after they have been irradiated.

果生链核盘菌(Monilinia fructigena)引发的苹果褐腐病在世界范围内广泛发生,带来严重采后损失.为了开发安全环保的采后处理技术,实验测试了一系列浓度丙酸联合50℃热水处理10 min对采后富士苹果贮藏品质和褐腐病发病率的影响.接种测试实验表明,丙酸热水联合处理可有效抑制苹果褐腐病发病,且抑制效果与丙酸浓度正相关.品质实验表明,与对照组比较,联合处理后的硬度、总酸度和可溶性固形物含量无显著变化(p＞0.05),呼吸强度显著降低(p＜0.05),说明联合处理有益于保持苹果贮藏品质.然而,最高丙酸浓度处理组苹果出现药害,提示丙酸热水联合处理富士苹果的极限浓度为160000 mg/L.

为了研发绿植中携带扶桑绵粉蚧的溴甲烷替代处理技术,本文测定了甲酸乙酯对扶桑绵粉蚧的毒力及对玉麒麟、蝴蝶兰、绿萝、龙骨和富贵竹5种常见绿植的影响.耐受性实验表明,扶桑绵粉蚧的卵对甲酸乙酯熏蒸最为耐受.室内毒力实验表明,甲酸乙酯的毒力与熏蒸温度和时间正相关,熏蒸温度从5℃升至30℃,达到99.9968％死亡率所需的甲酸乙酯熏蒸剂量由50.68 g/m3降至34.15 g/m3;熏蒸时间从2h增加到6h,25℃下达到99.9968％死亡率所需的甲酸乙酯熏蒸剂量由38.86 g/m3降至18.22 g/m3.进一步的品质测定结果表明,除绿萝外,玉麒麟、蝴蝶兰、龙骨和富贵竹均对甲酸乙酯熏蒸有较好的耐受.这些结果表明,甲酸乙酯可有效杀灭商业绿植携带的扶桑绵粉蚧,在国内调运检疫和出口检疫中有较好的应用前景.

探究了甲酸乙酯熏蒸处理对菠萝采后贮藏品质的影响.在25℃条件下,使用一系列浓度的甲酸乙酯对菠萝进行了3h熏蒸处理,并测定了菠萝在贮藏期间的感官品质、呼吸强度、失重率、可溶性糖、总酸度和Vc质量浓度的变化情况.结果显示,菠萝对甲酸乙酯具有一定吸附,使用30、60、90、120 mg/L甲酸乙酯熏蒸3h的CT值分别为49.68、102.56、155.3、210.95mg ·h/L.甲酸乙酯浓度为30、60、90 mg/L时,可以抑制菠萝在熏蒸期间的呼吸强度和贮藏期间的失重率,对其他各项品质指标无显著影响.120 mg/L的甲酸乙酯熏蒸会引起菠萝冠茅变坏,增强菠萝贮藏期间的呼吸强度和失重率,导致果实劣变.这些结果表明,在25℃条件下,适当剂量的甲酸乙酯熏蒸不仅对菠萝品质无不利影响,同时有助于延长货架期,因而在进出口菠萝的检疫处理方面具有潜在应用前景.

This laboratory-based study examined the effects of low-temperature phosphine fumigation on the survival of the eggs and larvae of the guava fruit fly, Bactrocera correcta (Bezzi). Individual flies at different developmental stages, from 6-h-old eggs to third instars, were exposed to 0.92 mg/liter phosphine for 1-7 d at 5 degrees C. We found that 12-h-old eggs and third instars were the most tolerant to phosphine. Increasing phosphine concentrations from 0.46 to 4.56 mg/liter increased mortality in these two stages. However, increased exposure times were required to achieve equal mortality rates in 12-h-old eggs and third instars when phosphine concentrations were >= 4.56 and >= 3.65 mg/liter, respectively. C(n)t = k expression was obtained at 50, 90, and 99% mortality levels, and the toxicity index (n) ranged from 0.43 to 0.77 for the two stages. The synergistic effects of a controlled atmosphere (CA) with elevated CO2 levels were also investigated, and we found that a CO2 concentration between 10% and 15% under CA conditions was optimal for low-temperature phosphine fumigation.