云南是全国杧果种植的重要区域,种植面积达11.5万hm2.通过调查,云南省杧果主要病虫害为蓟马、橘小实蝇、炭疽病和细菌性角斑病等,在分析研究主要病虫害的发生规律基础上,针对现阶段杧果登记用药情况及农药使用存在的问题,提出了杧果主要病虫害的绿色防控措施.
为筛选适宜冬马铃薯—水稻轮作模式下旱直播水稻田使用的土壤封闭除草剂,在云南省双江县主要杂草为稗草、莎草、牛筋草和莲子草的稻田开展了施药除草试验,比较不同除草剂的防除效果、相应处理区的水稻产量及综合效益.结果表明,供试药剂中以19％氟酮磺草胺悬浮剂、35％丁草胺·扑草净乳油和35％丙炔噁草酮·丁草胺水乳剂对总草的防除效果较好,分别为99.3％、91.5％和90.5％;不同施药处理间的产量差异不显著,均显著高于不除草处理;使用丙炔噁草酮·丁草胺或氟酮磺草胺除草的总收益较高.
小菜蛾是十字花科蔬菜的重要害虫,为筛选防治甘蓝小菜蛾的高效、低毒杀虫剂,选择了多种含有氯虫苯甲酰胺的复配剂,使用喷雾法开展田间施药试验,在药后1、3、7d调查不同药剂对小菜蛾的防控效果.结果表明,试验设计各药剂处理均对甘蓝安全;药后7 d,供试复配剂以6％阿维·氯苯酰悬浮剂、12％氯虫·甲维盐悬浮剂、14％氯虫·高氯氟微囊悬浮剂、18％多杀霉素·氯虫悬浮剂的防治效果较好,均在92％以上.从总体上看,复配剂对甘蓝小菜蛾的防效好于相应单剂,可在田间合理轮换使用.
依据山东省烟台市小麦病虫植保统计资料,将1980-2019年按每10年1个阶段依次均分为第Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ阶段.总体上,第Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ阶段虫害重于病害,第Ⅲ阶段病害重于虫害;病虫由较重到最重又逐渐显著减轻,发生程度由中等发生降至中等偏轻发生.11种病害中,小麦白粉病始终发生最为严重,前两个阶段感病品种面积大,且第Ⅱ阶段期间降雨增多,病害加重达高峰,随后推广抗病品种,病害连续下降;其次是纹枯病,开始较轻,因温度升高,降雨增多,小麦-玉米轮作为主的一年两熟制及秸秆还田持续推进,随后显著加重,第Ⅲ阶段达高峰.6种害虫中,蚜虫在各阶段中发生最严重,第Ⅰ阶段末期开始单一药剂化防,导致第Ⅱ阶段猖獗为害,第Ⅲ、Ⅳ阶段气候条件不太适宜麦长管蚜繁衍,加上当地果树面积迅猛扩大,其花粉培育了大量天敌昆虫,对麦田蚜虫起到明显控制作用,致使蚜虫发生程度显著减轻;其次是麦蜘蛛,第Ⅰ阶段因春旱明显而导致其重于其他阶段;一代黏虫第Ⅰ阶段发生较重,从第Ⅱ阶段始,由于迁入虫源量显著减少,为害明显减轻.小麦品种、病虫源基数、气象因素、种植结构、种植制度和化学防治水平是各阶段病虫害发生的重要影响因素.建议当地实施作物多样化种植,大面积推广小麦抗病品种,推行健康栽培,加强病虫监测,依据防治指标科学合理开展化学防治.
选择农药纳米制剂与传统制剂,分别开展了防治稻曲病和防治稻纵卷叶螟的田间施药试验,调查针对同一防治对象,相同有效成分不同类型制剂的防效差异.结果表明,在与传统制剂有效成分及其折纯用量均相等的情况下,纳米水剂对稻曲病的防效、对稻纵卷叶螟的虫口防效和保叶效果均显著高于传统制剂,其应用有利于农药的减量增效;试验中也未发现纳米农药对水稻产生不利影响,在水稻病虫害防治方面表现出较好的应用前景.
In this study,we compared the identification characteristics of Lepidium draba L.with Lepidium appelianum Al-Shehbaz and Lepidium chalepensis L..According to the quantitative evaluation index system and evaluation method of the safety of invasive species,the semi-quantitative risk assessment technical system of L.draba was established.The first-level indicators used were domestic distribution,potential harm,economic importance to the host,likelihood of introduction,and difficulty of risk management.Comparing the morphological characteristics of L.draba and its similar species showed differences in the morphology of plants,silicles,and seeds of L.draba from those of L.appelianum and L.chalepensis.Leaf morphology and inflorescence could be used to distinguish the three plants.The distinguishing features of hornfruit can be identified by shape,pilose,and keeled ridge.Seeds can be differentiated by their shape,size,surface texture,hilum,and cross-section.The R-value for L.draba is 2.51,indicating a highly invasive and dangerous species.Currently,L.draba is not included in the list of entry plant quarantine pests of the People's Republic of China,but it is recommended that this weed be added to the list as soon as possible to strengthen the port quarantine measures.
This study aimed to evaluate the impact of stripe rust on different wheat cultivars with varying resistance levels.Five main cultivars with different resistance levels to wheat stripe rust were selected as the experimental materials in Hubei province(Lankao 198,highly susceptible;Fumai 368,moderately susceptible;Huamai 1168,moderately susceptible;Xiangmai 46,moderately resistant,Emai DH16,highly resistant).Artificial inoculation of stripe rust was carried out in the field to assess the damage caused by the disease.Different doses of fluconazole were applied to create varying incidence levels of stripe rust.The damage loss rates of five cultivars under different levels of disease incidence were studied,and the relationship between varietal resistance and plant protection contribution was analyzed.The economic thresholds for prevention and control of different resistant cultivars were established through quadratic polynomial regression analysis.The study found a significant positive correlation between the damage loss rate of different cultivars and the degree of disease occurrence.Additionally,the contribution of plant protection was correlated with the resistance of cultivars,with weaker resistance resulting in a higher contribution rate of plant protection.The economic thresholds for controlling stripe rust were determined for cultivars Lankao 198,Fumai 368,Huamai 1168,Xiangmai 46,and Emai DH16 during the heading and flowering stage,with the corresponding values of 5.443,4.819,3.994,3.376,and 5.150.These findings serve as a valuable theoretical foundation for utilizing wheat cultivars in stripe rust management.
简要介绍了"中国PFOS优先行业削减与淘汰项目"在红火蚁防治中的实施背景,概述了其在示范区建设、国家管理体制机制建设、公众宣传和技术培训等方面取得的成效,并总结了主要经验,指出健全的植保植检队伍体系是确保项目顺利实施的根本,充分的规划和充足的经费投入是确保项目顺利实施的保障,挂图作战和灵活有序推进落实是确保项目顺利实施的关键.
茶叶是陕西省商洛市的特色主导产业,近年来发展迅速,但茶园病虫害发生逐年增多,现有防控措施还不够完备,对茶叶产量和品质产生不利影响.介绍了商洛市茶产业基本情况、茶园病虫害绿色防控主要措施,分析了存在问题,有针对性地提出工作建议,以期为提高茶园病虫害绿色防控水平,助力商洛茶产业高质量发展提供参考.
2019-2021连续3年在山西省大同市开展药剂拌种防治玉米茎基腐病试验.综合3年的调查结果发现,在供试的5种拌种剂中,以3.5％咯菌·精甲霜悬浮剂、25％腐霉·福美双可湿性粉剂和58％甲霜·福美双可湿性粉剂对玉米茎基腐病具有较好的防治效果,咯菌·精甲霜处理太育1号玉米种,防病效果为88.26％～90.26％,较清水对照增产14.76％,为各处理最高;腐霉·福美双、甲霜·福美双处理防效为79.22％～85.34％;各拌种处理对玉米安全,苗期长势及出苗率未受不良影响.
This study aimed to investigate the effects of releasing Dastarcus helophoroides on the main longicorn pests of Salix babylonica,a type of weeping willow,and to develop sustainable measures to control the longicom damage.We carried out the control experiment of releasing D.heliophoroides with varying release periods,numbers,and sources based on the findings of the investigation and identification of the longicom on S.babylonica in Ganzhou City,and compared the control effects.The results showed Anoplophora glabripennis,Batocera horsfieldi,A.chinensis,and Apriona germari were the main longicom beetle species found on S.babylonica in Ganzhou City.These species had different ecological niches,with A.glabripennis being the dominant species.The use of adult D.heliophoroides had a positive control effect on all four longicorn beetles.When releasing D.heliophoroides in early April,the control effect was significantly higher than that in mid-September,with the corresponding average decline rate of the longicorn beetles population of 56.19％and 40.96％.There was a significant positive correlation between the corrected decline rate of the longicom beetles population and the number of D.heliophoroides released(p＜0.05).However,in terms of cost performance,releasing four adults for each exit hole is the most economical and efficient method.During the initial stage of release,the released D.heliophoroides from different host sources showed a preference for their primary hosts,with weak parasitism on non-target hosts.However,after several generations,they all adapted and showed similar and improved control effects.After 40 days from adult release,the control effect was relatively low(40％～60％),whereas one year after,the control effect could reach above 80％.To accurately analyze the control effect,we recommend evaluating it one year after the release.In Southern China,the release of four adult D.heliophoroide per exit hole of the longicorn beetles in early April appears to be an efficient,economical,and sustainable approach for controlling the main longicorn beetles on SS.babylonica.
大豆玉米带状复合种植技术的推广是提高我国大豆自给率和综合生产效益的重要举措.复合种植模式下,病虫草害防治压力增大,有效保护生态、科学防控大豆玉米病虫害的绿色防控技术应大力推广.在系统调查黄河三角洲大豆玉米带状复合种植病虫草害发生特点的基础上,结合试验示范,集成了绿色防控关键技术.该技术可保护生态环境,减少农药使用量,提高大豆、玉米产量.
This study aims to investigate the impact of spraying high doses of imidacloprid on honey bees foraging in a field environment.Three isolated plots were chosen and imidacloprid was applied at the recommended dose,twice the recommended dose,and four times the recommended dose,respectively.Honey bee foraging and return behaviors were studied,and the residues of imidacloprid in both alfalfa flowers and leaves were tested.The results showed that with the increase in imidacloprid application dose,the number of dead honey bees increased,the foraging time per flower prolonged,and the number of pollen-carrying bees returned to the hive decreased.Additionally,there was a significant difference in the degradation rate of imidacloprid,with the alfalfa leaves degrading the chemical at a higher rate than flowers,and the higher the application dose,the longer it took for imidacloprid to break down.
为探索玉米大斑病和小斑病的绿色防治技术,筛选适用的生物农药,在黑龙江齐齐哈尔开展田间试验,调查了不同生物农药多个剂量处理的防病效果及玉米产量,并用平板稀释法测定了药后土壤微生物数量.结果表明,供试药剂中以枯草芽孢杆菌对大斑病的防效较好,最高防效达85.46％,相应处理区玉米产量较高,增产率为18.88％,虽略低于对照化学药剂丙环唑处理的防效和产量,但差异不显著;哈茨木霉菌对小斑病的防效较好,最高防效达83.06％,相应处理区玉米产量也较高,增产率为17.07％,均与对照化学药剂代森锰锌相近.与清水对照相比,施用菌剂后土壤中的细菌和放线菌数量显著增加,真菌数量显著减少,而施用化学药剂后土壤中上述3类微生物数量均显著减少.
为探索小麦蚜虫绿色防控技术,减少化学农药用量,将植物源农药藜芦根茎提取物和化学农药氯氟·吡虫啉以不同比例混施,调查各处理对河北省石家庄市小麦田蚜虫的防效,分析减药增效及增产增收情况.结果表明,7.5％氯氟·吡虫啉悬浮剂315 g/hm2+0.5％藜芦根茎提取物可溶液剂750 g/hm2混施,可减少前者用量30％,且防治效果较好,药后15 d的虫口防效达97.04％,与常规化学防控处理无显著差异,较常规化学防控处理增收1 057.31元/hm2,适宜在生产中推广.
Tobacco is one of the most important economic crops in China.Tobacco fusarium root rot,a worldwide tobacco root disease,is becoming increasingly severe in China.In some regions,it has become a major threat to tobacco cultivation,significantly affecting the quality and yield of tobacco and hindering the industry's sustainable development.In this article,we reviewed the occurrence and damage,pathogenic characteristics and mechanisms,diagnostic and identification methods,epidemic patterns,and control measures of tobacco fusarium root rot,to provide a reference for the prevention and control of this disease.
豇豆是重要的"菜篮子"产品,四川省是全国豇豆主产区之一.近年来,全国各地豇豆农药残留超标问题时有发生,增加了食品安全风险,限制了豇豆产业的健康发展.调研组通过实地走访调查,认清了促进豇豆安全生产的重要意义,初步了解了全省豇豆农药残留治理现状和面临的挑战,并结合实际提出了豇豆农残突出问题治理的对策建议.
非洲黏虫(Spodoptera exempta)是一种重大农业迁飞害虫,现已扩散到东亚、东南亚的部分国家与地区.运用有害生物危险性评价定量分析方法对非洲黏虫入侵我国的风险性进行分析,结果表明,非洲黏虫在我国的综合风险值R为2.16,为高度危险的有害生物,需引起重视,提出相应的风险管理对策供参考.
Sciarids are the main pest affecting edible fungi in Gansu Province.In this study,we conducted both a morphological analysis and a molecular identification focusing on the mitochondrial CO Ⅰ gene of adult sciarid flies colle-cted from edible mushrooms in Dingxi City,Gansu Province.We also observed and recorded the period of each developmental stage under different temperature conditions indoors.The results identified the collected flies as Lycoriella ingenua.The duration of each developmental stage decreased as the temperature rose,and the influence of temperature on the development of this insect was significant.The cumulative temperatures for eggs,larvae,pupae,and the immature stage of L.ingenua were 102.88,211.97,52.48,and 364.21 degree-days Celsius,respectively.The developmental threshold temperatures for L.ingenua were 3.49 ℃ for eggs,6.09 ℃ for larvae,7.50° C for pupae,and 5.94 ℃ for the immature stage.These results can provide a theoretical foundation for the prediction and integrated control of L.ingenua.
为探索更加安全、高效、绿色的农区鼠害防控技术,对6种灭鼠技术开展了田间防控效果试验.结果表明,鼠夹灭鼠、鼠笼灭鼠、毒饵站灭鼠、化学灭鼠均具有良好的效果,TBS灭鼠和智能捕鼠技术效果稍差.综合考虑防控效果、成本及安全性等各方面因素,推荐毒饵站和TBS灭鼠技术用于农区灭鼠.
