Natural reserves (NRs) play key roles in habitat integrity conservation and biodiversity loss mitigation, and the assessment of the conservation effectiveness of NRs is needed to better manage them. Habitat quality (HQ) comprehensively reflects habitat integrity and biodiversity, but the conservation effectiveness of NRs from the perspective of HQ has rarely been determined at high spatial resolution. Taking the southern section of the Hengduan Mountains (SSHM) in Southwest China as an example, combining an InVEST-HQ model and spatiotemporal change detection methods, the effectiveness of NRs from the perspective of HQ at 30-m spatial resolution was assessed in this study. The effectiveness disparities of NRs across different properties (i.e., management level, conservation target, size, and establishment age) was analyzed and the human pressures on NRs was investigated. The results showed that the HQ of the NRs is good in the SSHM, with the area ratio of the Higher and Highest HQ ≥ 93%. Most of the NR area (94.11%) was effective at improving or maintaining a good HQ. With regard to NR properties, county NRs, NRs designated to conserving wild animals, middle NRs, and younger NRs were more effective, corresponding to management level, conservation target, size, and establishment age, respectively. The human footprint for an effective area is significantly lower than that for an ineffective area, consistent with higher HQ in the effective area and lower HQ in the ineffective area. These findings support the management and zoning of NRs in the SSHM to ensure their effectiveness.

Natural pesticides are potential alternatives to conventional chemical pesticides. Recently, studies on pesticide–pest interactions have combined empirical biochemical measurements and practical field experiments. In this study, we performed laboratory and field efficacy analysis and biochemical characterization of two phytochemicals (2,4-di-tertbutylphenol (DTBP) and ethyl oleate (EO)) for carmine spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus control. DTBP and EO controlled mites by inhibiting egg hatchability and showed significant residual toxicity in laboratory tests. The control efficacy was confirmed in eggplant and cucumber field trials in three provinces in China. Oxidative stress induced by antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and peroxidase) and detoxification metabolism (involving carboxylesterase and/or mixed-function oxidase) may be involved in the response of mites to DTBP and EO. This study demonstrates the potential of DTBP and EO as effective acaricides for the control of spider mites and provides researchers a better understanding of acaricide–mite interactions.

Karst rocky desertification is a major ecologic and geologic problem in Southwest China that has restricted the sustainable development of society and the economy. Many methods have been used to evaluate rocky desertification based on satellite remote sensing, but the results of these methods are affected by the heterogeneous surroundings of the karst region and the low resolution of sensors. In this study, a new method that combines satellite images and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images was used to quantitatively extract information and evaluate rocky desertification. First, we extracted the bare rock ratio from the local high‐resolution UAV images, and then the regression models were established between the bare rock ratio of UAV images and the band reflectivity and eight rock indices of satellite images to invert the bare rock ratio at the county scale. The results showed that the overall accuracy and F1 of the classification of UAV images was 97% and 90%, respectively. The linear regression model between the reflectivity of the pixels in band 2 of the LANDSAT image and the bare rock ratio extracted from the UAV images was the best (R2 = 0.86). In addition, our method in which rocky desertification was assessed by the inversion model based on UAV images and LANDSAT images was superior to the traditional approach based on vegetation coverage. These results suggested that we can extract information on rocky desertification based on high‐resolution UAV images and assess rocky desertification by the inversion model from the local to regional scale.

Yunnan province is known for its extraordinarily rich biodiversity, but this is threatened by invasive species under climate change. In the present study, the current and future potential distribution of an invasive grass— Tithonia diversifolia A. Gray in Yunnan province were predicted by species distribution modeling, under two climate change conditions (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5) through to 2050s. In addition, the potential risk of T . diversifolia to the protected areas of Yunnan was examined. Our results showed that the potential distribution areas of T . diversifolia would increase by 12 and 93% by 2050s, under RCP2.6 and RCP8.5, respectively. Yunnan's protected areas are now susceptible to T . diversifolia , and the scope of this plant's effects would continue to expand under climate change. A total of 26 protected areas are currently impacted by T . diversifolia , in a total affected range area of 2,822 km 2 , but by 2050s, this is predicted to increase by 23 and 53%, and would lead to one and 13 protected areas newly threatened under RCP2.6 and RCP8.5, respectively. These results suggest that T . diversifolia would benefit from global warming, we should prevent further global warming. In addition, human disturbance should be reduced and prohibited to protect native plants and forest ecosystem in southern, southeastern and northwestern part of Yunnan.

达摩麝凤蝶是一种亟待保护的珍惜濒危物种,然而目前我们对其自然资源的分布状况了解十分匮乏,只有零星的野外数据,这对于达摩麝凤蝶的保护工作十分不利.因此,通过物种分布模型来预测其潜在适生区是掌握其自然资源分布的有效手段.同时,达摩麝凤蝶与贯叶马兜铃(濒危物种)之间存在特异性寄生的关系.这种强种间相互作用在以往的物种分布模型研究中往往被忽视,但近来一些研究表明,种间关系在对有强烈相互作用的物种进行分布预测时可能是非常重要的影响因子.因此种间关系在达摩麝凤蝶的适生区预测中可能是不可忽略的因子.本文使用最大熵模型(MaxEnt),设置了Ma(仅考虑非生物因子)、Mb(仅考虑种间关系)、Mc(寄主植物的潜在分布)和Md(同时考虑非生物因子和种间关系)4个模型对达摩麝凤蝶的适生区进行了预测,并对Md模型使用通径分析量化非生物因子和种间关系因子对达摩麝凤蝶潜在适生区的影响.结果显示,各模型的预测精度都较高(AUC>0.9),考虑了种间关系的2个模型拟合结果表现较好(AIC:Ma>Mc>Md>Mb).加入种间关系后得到的分布区面积明显缩小(高适宜区面积:Ma>Mc>Mb>Md).刀切法结果表明,种间关系在预测中的贡献率最高.通径分析结果表明Mc模型(即种间关系)对Md模型预测的直接通径系数(0.578)和决策系数(R2=0.546)均为最高.综上所述,种间关系是达摩麝凤蝶潜在分布最主要的影响因子,其在达摩麝凤蝶的适生区预测中有不可忽视的影响.

建立自然保护区是保护和维持生物多样性最有效、最基本的措施.在有限的资金和人力条件下,如何参考不同人类干扰在保护优先区建设中的影响并选择合适的保护规划方案,在更大程度上的保护本区域的生物多样性,一直以来都是保护生物学家争论的焦点.以横断山南段区为例,重点关注保护区建设过程中不同的人类干扰程度,以人类干扰的高低为切入点,基于多准则决策分析的原理和方法,以横断山南植被生态系统和人类干扰强度因子为基础,对比分析横断山南的生态系统保护价值分布、人类干扰格局和保护成效,结果显示:一是区域内森林生态系统(针阔混交林、常绿阔叶林、落叶阔叶林、落叶混交林、常绿针叶林)、湿地生态系统(湖泊、河流、草本湿地)、高山生态系统(冰川和永久积雪、高寒草甸、高寒草原)价值高且分值在21分以上;二是从人类干扰高低分析入手,基于维持和提升区域生物多样性的角度出发,提出了不同的保护优先区域和保护策略.三是识别出横断山南段区的保护优先区主要包括峨边县、马边县、石棉县、越西县、保山市、腾冲市、维西县、德钦县、察隅县等区域.

Plant essential oils are the powerful candidates to develop natural insect management agents. Their chemical compounds along with their biological activity are often affected by many factors. However, the relationships between the composition and bioactivity of the compounds are not well understood. In this study, eight plant essential oils were screened, and the main compounds from the most effective oil showing insecticidal properties against third-instar larvae of the beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua Hubner) were evaluated for comparative and synergistic interactions by topical application. The results indicated that Salvia hispanica L. essential oil showed significant insecticidal activity against S. exigua compared with the other seven essential oils. Fifteen major compounds were identified from S. hispanica via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, with the most abundant compound (alpha-thujone) possessing the highest insecticidal activity. Several combinations of the four major compounds (alpha-thujone, (+)-camphor, 1,8-cineole, and alpha-caryophyllene) from S. hispanica exhibited synergistic insecticidal activities. This study demonstrates the potential of S. hispanica essential oil and alpha-thujone as effective botanical insecticides in the control of beet armyworm and provides a better understanding of essential oil compound-pest interactions.

Cucumber powdery mildew (PM) is a destructive fungal disease which has a substantial impact on cucumber yield and quality. Our previous work has demonstrated that (+)-(S)-ar-turmerone (ATM) is an effective compound for controlling PM infected by Podosphaera xanthii in cucumber. In this study, the effect of ATM on cucumber PM was histologically investigated by observations on the morphology of the pathogenic fungus at different time points after inoculation. It was found that the ATM caused the collapse of the pathogen's conidia and mycelia structure, the cytoplasm coagulation, the reduction of the conidia germination rate, and the inhibition of the conidiophore growth, therefore, prevented the re-infection of the P. xanthii. Evaluation of the content of total phenols and flavonoids in cucumber ATM-treated leaves showed that the ATM-treatment could increase the content of total phenols and flavonoids in cucumber leaves significantly in comparison to the control. A further analysis of the contents of the compounds showed that ATM-treatment could increase the content of rutin, quercetin, hesperetin, and gallic acid, syringic acid, vanillic acid and salicylic acid. Meanwhile, the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in cucumber leaves were increased slightly, but the activity of peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly increased through ATM treatment. It should be estimated from this study that the ATM not only directly affected the growth of P. xanthii but also enhanced the cucumber plant resistance to the disease.

Our previous article demonstrated that ar-turmerone ((6S)-2-methyl-6-(4-methylphenyl)-2-hepten-4-one) extracted from Curcuma longa L. has a significant larvicidal activity against the fourth instar larvae of Culex pipiens pallens. To reveal the effects of ar-turmerone on C. pipiens pallens larvae, light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used to observe the histological and ultrastructure changes in muscle and digestive tissues of fourth instar larvae. It was also revealed by detecting the activity of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme and three detoxifying enzymes, including carboxylesterase (CarE), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and Cytochrome P450 monooxidases (P450). The observation under the light microscope showed that the larvae displayed a disruption of myofibril in ventral muscle cells, the disappearance of nucleolus in the malpighian tubule cells, and the exfoliation of the brush border in midgut epithelial cells, 24 h after treatment. The observation under the transmission electron microscope displayed disorganized Z-lines in the ventral muscle cells, and dissolved membrane of mitochondria, nuclear and endoplasmic reticulum in abdominal cells. The enzymatic activity results showed that ar-turmerone significantly increased the level of detoxifying enzymes, while the activity of AChE was not obviously affected. All the results suggest that the larvicidal mechanism of ar-turmerone is estimated to be stomach poison and the active sites might be the muscle and digestive tissues, and the mode of action of ar-turmerone may be unrelated to AChE.

Ecosystems provide a wide range of benefits to society. Ecosystem services related to water supply are now a hot topic in ecology and hydrology. Calculation and mapping of water supply services are of great importance to water resource planning and management as well as in hydropower station construction. Recent efforts have called for the integration of the values of these ecosystem services in order to improve decision making in social and economic issues, but so far few practical efforts have been demonstrated of such an approach. Quantifying levels and values of these services has proven difficult. In this study, we used a spatially explicit modelling tool, Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST), to predict changes in ecosystem water supply services under different land use and land cover scenarios in the past (year 2003, LULCO), present (year 2013, LULC1) and for a sustainable development scenario focusing on ecosystem protection and restoration (year 2013, LULC2) in Liaoheyuan watershed, China. The datasets used for this model include land use and land cover, average annual precipitation, annual reference evapotranspiration, depth to root restricting layer, the amount of available plant water, watersheds and sub-watersheds, a seasonality factor and other variables. The results show that total water yield in the watershed under LULCO, LULC1 and LULC2 was 36.6, 33.62, and 34.07million m(3).y(-1), respectively. The water supply ranged from 31.50million m(3).y(-1) for the LULC1 to 34.33million m(3).y(-1) for the LULCO. The total annual value of water supply services in the Liaoheyuan watershed was approximately 7.09E+05 RMB.y(-1) in LULCO, 6.51E+05 RMB.y(-1) in LULC1, and 6.60E+05 RMB.y(-1) in LULC2 (1 US$ = 6.3 RMB). Our study provides an example for understanding how ecosystem processes determine the provision of ecosystem services and benefits to society in the Liaoheyuan watershed. More broadly, quantifying ecosystem services in a spatially explicit manner can provide crucial scientific support for more effective, efficient and defensible water resources management.

The assembly of the root-associated microbiome provides mutual benefits for the host plant and bacteria in soils. It is interesting how invasive plants interact with the local soil microbial community and establish the soil bacterial community in the endosphere of these plants in the short term. In this study, we compared the bacterial community in the rhizosphere with that in the root endosphere of an invasive plant, Ageratina adenophora, using high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that the roots of A. adenophora selectively accumulated the genera Clostridium and Enterobacter, which are rarely distributed in the rhizosphere. This selective accumulation caused a switch in the bacterial composition at the phylum level from Bacteroidetes predominant in the rhizosphere to Proteobacteria dominant in the root endosphere of A. adenophora. Our data indicated the potential existence of a highly conserved signal recognition in which hosts, either invasive or native, enrich the endosphere bacteria, such as Clostridium, Enterobacter, etc., from the rhizosphere. Moreover, the accumulated bacteria were physiologically and genetically different at the strain level and displayed distinct roles in growth between invasive and native plants. The assembly of the bacterial community in the roots may be an advantageous strategy for A. adenophora in competition with native plants.

Six plant crude extracts were chosen to evaluate their acaricidal activity against Tetranychus cinnabarinus adults. The crude extract from the stems and leaves of Arachis hypogaea L. presented the highest activity in leaf-dip bioassays, with an LC(50 )value of 3,545.98 mg/L. Further extraction using four different solvents (petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, n-butyl alcohol and distilled water) demonstrated that the active components mainly existed in the petroleum ether phase. Then, the active compound, palmitic acid, was isolated from the petroleum ether phase via two-step column chromatography using columns filled with silica gel and C-18 and identified via mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses. The LC50 value of active palmitic acid against T. cinnabarinus was 534.58 mg/L. The present study demonstrated that the active compound extracted from A. hypogaea is a potential novel botanical acaricide for controlling T. cinnabarinus.

Biodiesel produced from woody oil plants is considered a green substitute for fossil fuels. However, a potential negative impact of growing woody oil plants on a large scale is the introduction of highly invasive species into susceptible regions. In this study, we examined the potential invasion risk of woody oil plants in China’s protected areas under future climate conditions. We simulated the current and future potential distributions of three invasive woody oil plants, Jatropha curcas , Ricinus communis , and Aleurites moluccana , under two climate change scenarios (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5) up to 2050 using species distribution models. Protected areas in China that will become susceptible to these species were then identified using a spatial overlay analysis. Our results showed that by 2050, 26 and 41 protected areas would be threatened by these invasive woody oil plants under scenarios RCP2.6 and RCP8.5, respectively. A total of 10 unique forest ecosystems and 17 rare plant species could be potentially affected. We recommend that the invasive potential of woody oil plants be fully accounted for when developing forest-based biodiesel, especially around protected areas.

[目的]明确姜黄Curcuma longa根乙醇提取物对苜蓿蚜Aphis craccivora成蚜的生物活性和活性成分,并鉴定活性成分的结构,为利用姜黄根提取物研制新型植物源杀虫剂防治苜蓿蚜奠定基础.[方法]运用植物化学手段和生物活性跟踪方法,采用萃取、硅胶柱层析、葡聚糖凝胶层析,并结合薄层层析检测方法从姜黄根提取物中分离、纯化出对苜蓿蚜成蚜具有杀虫活性的化合物,并采用核磁共振和质谱对其进行结构鉴定.通过浸渍法测定姜黄根提取物对苜蓿蚜无翅成蚜的触杀活性,通过点滴法测定活性成分对苜蓿蚜无翅成蚜的触杀活性.[结果]姜黄根95％乙醇提取物对苜蓿蚜无翅成蚜具有触杀活性,处理后24 h的LC5o值为3 226.27 mg/L.从姜黄根中分离得到的活性化合物为芳姜黄酮,该物质对苜蓿蚜无翅成蚜表现出较好的触杀活性,处理后24 h的LC50值为706.10 mg/L.[结论]姜黄根95％乙醇提取物对苜蓿蚜成蚜具有一定的杀虫活性,芳姜黄酮是主要的活性物质.

AbstractCucumber powdery mildew is a destructive foliar disease caused by Podosphaera xanthii (formerly known as Sphaerotheca fuliginea) that substantially damages the yield and quality of crops. The control of this disease primarily involves the use of chemical pesticides that cause serious environmental problems. Currently, numerous studies have indicated that some plant extracts or products potentially have the ability to act as natural pesticides to control plant diseases. It has been reported that turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and its extract can be used in agriculture due to their insecticidal and fungicidal properties. However, the most effective fungicidal component of this plant is still unknown. In the current study, the crude extract of C. longa L. was found to have a fungicidal effect against P. xanthii. Afterwards, eight fractions (Fr.1–Fr.8) were gradually separated from the crude extract by column chromatography. Fraction 1 had the highest fungicidal effect against this pathogen among the eight fractions. The active compound, (+)-(S)-ar-turmerone, was separated from Fr 1 by semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography and identified based on its 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and 13C NMR spectrum data. The EC50 value of (+)-(S)-ar-turmerone was found to be 28.7 µg/ml. The compound also proved to have a curative effect. This is the first study to report that the compound (+)-(S)-ar-turmerone has an effect on controlling this disease. These results provide a basis for developing a new phytochemical fungicide from C. longa L. extract.

以吡唑萘菌胺为例,介绍琥珀酸脱氢酶抑制剂(SDHIs)杀菌剂的作用机理和发展脉络,结合SDHIs杀菌剂的抗性和产品生命周期问题简要分析了产品开发的一些考虑因素,以及产品的市场防御策略,为农药新品种的开发提供启示.

To identify larvicidal compounds from the ethanolic extracts of Curcuma longa root, the active compounds were isolated using activity-guided fractionation with column chromatography and identified based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) data. The dipping method was used to determine the larvicidal activities of each compound against 4th-instar larvae of Culex pipiens pallens. Two compounds were isolated and identified, ar-turmerone and 8-hydroxyl-ar-turmerone. The two compounds exhibited larvicidal activities against the 4th-instar larvae of C.pipiens pallens after 24hr of treatment with LC50 values of 138.86 and 257.68ppm, respectively. The larvicidal activities of ar-turmerone and 8-hydroxyl-ar-turmerone against C.pipiens pallens are reported herein for the first time. The elucidation of the structure of these phytochemicals and their insecticidal activities are important for assessing the potential of this plant as a botanical insecticide.

农业废弃物是农业生产、农产品加工、畜禽养殖业和农村居民生活排放的废弃物的总称.初步研究发现,农业废弃物是生物源农药的资源之一.发现农业废弃物的农药功能的方法有多种,化学信息学方法和技术是一条提高发现效率的有效途径.介绍了两种农业废弃物——核桃楸果和落花生枝叶的农药功能的发现和初步研究.研究结果显示,化学信息学技术的应用将有效提高农业废弃物的农药功能发现效率,降低农业废弃物的处理费用并减少因处理而产生的污染.

Turmeric preparation were kept at 4 and 54 ℃ for 14 days to evaluate the influence of temperature on the preparation and aqueous solutions appearance stabilities and control effects on melon powdery mildew.The results showed that no precipitation was formed and water separation rate of this aqueous solution were respectively 4 ％ and 2 ％,which were lower than the standard of 10 ％.In addition,its control effect was not decreased.Field experiment results showed this turmeric preparation had a good control effect on cucumber,cantaloupe and pumpkin powdery mildew.When the dosage was 5 mg/mL,after the first seven days,the control effect reached 80.69％,76.81％,74.78％ and after the third seven days,the control effect were 64.33％,68.67％,64.94％,which were obviously higher than 1mg/mL of the chemical control agent (Azoxystrobin).

Biodiesel produced from woody oil plants is a promising form of renewable energy but a combination of tree plantations’ long cultivation time and rapid climate change may put large-scale production at risk. If plantations are located in future-unsuitable places, plantations may fail or yield may be poor, then significant financial, labor, and land resources invested in planting programs will be wasted. Incorporating climate change information into the planning and management of forest-based biodiesel production therefore can increase its chances of success. However, species distribution models, the main tool used to predict the influence of future climate–species distribution modeling, often contain considerable uncertainties. In this study we evaluated how these uncertainties could affect the assessment of climate suitability of the long-term development plans for forest-based biodiesel in China by using Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn as an example. The results showed that only between 59% and 75% of the planned growing areas were projected suitable habitats for the species, depending on the set-up of simulation. Our results showed the necessity for explicitly addressing the uncertainty of species distribution modeling when using it to inform forest-based bioenergy planning. We also recommend the growing area specified in China’s national development plan be modified to lower the risk associated with climate change.