The escalating power density of modern electronic devices has created an urgent demand for thermal interface materials (TIMs) delivering exceptional through-plane thermal dissipation and robust electrical insulation. However, conventional processing methods (e.g., doctor-blading) inevitably induce an in-plane orientation of two-dimensional fillers, creating barriers to vertical heat flux. Herein, we report an organic-solvent-free, magnetic field-assisted realignment strategy to construct vertically aligned phonon expressway, using large-sized hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) platelets within a waterborne polyurethane (WPU) matrix. Through kinetic and rheological analyzes, we elucidate the alignment dynamics in highly concentrated fluids. By balancing magnetic torque against matrix viscosity, we demonstrate that the applied magnetic field overcomes shear-induced horizontal orientation, while revealing steric hindrance from solid-like networks at ultra-high loadings. At optimal loading of 50 wt% (under 75 mT), the composite exhibits through-plane thermal conductivity of similar to 6.4 W/m & centerdot;K, outperforming its random and horizontally aligned counterparts. Despite the vertical alignment, the material maintains high dielectric breakdown strength (similar to 17.17 kV/mm), ensuring safety in high-voltage environments. Cooling tests on high-power LEDs show that this vertically aligned TIM reduces the junction temperature by 7.31 degrees C compared to a high-performance commercial benchmark, underscoring its potential for advanced thermal management solutions.

Framework interpenetration is often considered detrimental to porosity in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), yet it can rigidify lattices and create confined environments that enhance guest-responsive photophysics. Here, a subtle 9-position substituent change on fluorene-based dipyridyl ligands regulates interpenetration and ion-sensing behavior in a unified Zn(II) platform. Combining 9,9-diethyl-9H-fluorene-2,7-dicarboxylic acid (H2L1) with 4,4'-(9,9-diethyl-9H-fluorene-2,7-diyl)dipyridine (L2) or 2,7-di(pyridin-4-yl)-9H-fluorene (L3) affords two topologically identical frameworks with distinct interpenetration degrees: the 3-fold interpenetrated [Zn4(L1)4(L2)2]n (1) and the 4-fold interpenetrated [Zn4(L1)4(L3)2]n (2). Single-crystal X-ray analysis shows that 1 contains fully coordinated dinuclear paddlewheel clusters, whereas 2 features both fully and partially coordinated clusters, leaving exposed carboxylate oxygen atoms as accessible interaction sites. In aqueous media, compound 1 selectively detects Au3+ via fluorescence quenching with a 0.99 μM detection limit, while compound 2 shows multi-ion quenching toward Au3+, Ag+, and Cu2+ with detection limits of 2.42, 2.51, and 2.15 μM, respectively. These results establish a clear structure-property relationship linking subtle linker sterics to interpenetration degree, the saturation and presence of open sites on the clusters, and coinage-metal-dependent fluorescence quenching.

The global surge in industrial waste generation has raised substantial concerns regarding occupational exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and the associated adverse health effects. However, critical knowledge gaps remain regarding the relationships among size-resolved airborne particulate matter (PM)-bound PFASs, internal exposure, and early-stage health damage. We conducted a panel study at a waste recycling plant in southern China, collecting 15 size-resolved PM samples and 280 repeated first morning void urine samples from 20 workers over 45 consecutive days. Relationship between size-resolved PM-bound PFASs, internal exposure, and oxidative stress biomarkers (OSBs:8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), malondialdehyde (MDA)) were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models. Our results indicate that short-chain PFASs predominated in both matrices. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for urinary short-chain PFASs ranged from fair to excellent (ICC > 0.4). Notably, inhalation of PFASs in PM2.1–10 correlate more strongly with internal exposure than those in PM2.1. For the first time, we observed suggestive quantitative associations between OSBs and multiple short-chain PFASs in urine. More importantly, 8-OHdG levels were mainly correlated with PFASs in PM4.7–5.8 and PM9.0–10, with each unit increase in ln-transformed average daily intake (ADI) associated with a 10.2–12.6% increase in urinary 8-OHdG levels (p < 0.05). Similarly, MDA levels were primarily associated with PFASs bound to PM5.8–9.0, with each unit increase in ln-transformed ADI corresponding to an 8.0–14.6% increase in MDA (p < 0.05). These findings are exploratory and warrant further confirmation in independent cohorts. Nevertheless, this study highlights the need for more exposure monitoring and health impact assessments regarding PM2.1–10-bound short-chain PFASs among the occupational population.

Functionalized Au nanomaterials have significant potential in colorimetric detection of fatal toxic metals. In this work, a simply colorimetric sensor was designed and prepared for visual detection of Hg(II) ions based on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) modified by 5-(m-aminophenyl)tetrazole (APT) and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and UV - vis absorption spectroscopy. The colorimetric sensor exhibited the fine anti-interference and selectivity in an environment with the presence of other interfering ions. The limit of detection (LOD) is 0.6 & micro;mol/L by the naked eye, and 0.21 & micro;mol/L by UV-vis spectroscopy, indicating that the sensor of AuNPs modified with APT (APT@ AuNPs) could be used for the quantitative determination of Hg2+. Based on the above peculiarity, the sensor could be used to detect Hg2+ in real samples.

Precise structural engineering of coordination polymers through rational selection of metal centers and organic ligands is essential for tuning their architectures and properties. Here, three new coordination polymers, [Zn2(L1)2(L2)2 center dot 1DMF]n (1), [Cd2(L1)2(L2)2]n (2), and [Cd2(L1)2(L3)3]n (3) (L1 = 4,4 '-(anthracene-9,10-diyl)dibenzoic acid, L2 = 1,4-bis(4-pyridyl)naphthalene, L3 = 9,10-bis(4-pyridyl)anthracene, DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide), were synthesized via solvothermal methods. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction shows that 1 and 2 are isostructural 3-fold interpenetrated frameworks with minor differences induced by the metal centers. The use of the bulkier ligand L3 in compound 3 yields a distinct 3-fold interpenetrated framework structurally related to those of 1 and 2, stabilized by uncoordinated pyridyl groups through N-H center dot center dot center dot pi interactions, but distinguished by half of the L3 ligands featuring uncoordinated pyridyl groups that engage in N-H center dot center dot center dot pi interactions to stabilize the structure. Notably, compound 2 exhibits the selectivity and sensitivity for fluorescence turn-off detection of Ru3+ ions in water, with a detection limit of 3.44 mu M. These results demonstrate that both subtle and significant framework modifications can be achieved through stepwise metal and ligand design, providing guidance for developing metal-organic frameworks with optimized ion sensing properties.

Optoelectronic logic gates offer high-efficiency information processing but are hindered by the need for dedicated optical waveguides, complicating system integration. Here, we exploit the lossless interlayer transmission of x rays to construct x-ray-modulated optoelectronic logic gates based on a four-terminal Si/MAPbBr3 tandem detector. By leveraging the distinct energy-dependent x-ray absorption thresholds of Si and MAPbBr3, we define the on/off states of soft (40 keV) and hard (80 keV) x rays as logic inputs, and use the comparison between the detector output current and preset thresholds as logic outputs. All seven basic logic gates (AND, OR, NOT, XOR, NOR, XNOR, and NAND) are realized in a tandem detector through x-ray modulation. With this x-ray logic operation mechanism, we establish a feature coding library for wood, aluminum, and titanium with significantly different densities, enabling non-imaging material identification via feature matching. This work opens a new route toward x-ray logic devices and intelligent detection systems, and the inherent x-ray penetration capability suggests potential for future three-dimensional high-density integrated logic architectures.

Two mixed‑ligand CoII-based compounds, [Co(QABS)2(4,4′-bipy)]·2EtOHn (1) and [Co(QABS)2(2,2′-bipy)]·H2O (2), were synthesized from cobalt(II) nitrate and N‑2‑quinoxaline‑4‑aminobenzenesulfonamide (QABS) in the presence of the bidentate co‑ligands 4,4′‑bipyridine (4,4′-bipy) and 2,2′‑bipyridine (2,2′-bipy), respectively, featuring distinct coordination modes. Single‑crystal X‑ray diffraction (SC-XRD) reveals that compound 1 forms a one‑dimensional (1D) coordination chain, whereas compound 2 features a discrete mononuclear structure, demonstrating that the auxiliary ligand significantly influences the coordination assembly. Spectroscopic, thermal, and electrochemical analyses confirm their stability and redox responsiveness. Both compounds 1 and 2 exhibit catalytic activity for the oxidation of benzoin to benzil, highlighting the potential of QABS‑based Co(II) architectures as multifunctional coordination materials with tunable structural and catalytic properties.

Multi-porous reticular materials, featuring various pore sizes and shapes, have gained increasing attention due to their structural properties that facilitate mass transport. However, the rational design of such materials remains challenging, particularly when selectively modulating pore sizes. Here we present a synthesis strategy that enables selective pore modulation in dual-porous layered double-walled hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks using triskele-shaped building units. We uncovered an unusual syn conformation of acylhydrazone, which forms hydrogen bonding with carboxyl groups, thereby allowing the rapid, scalable synthesis of a series of single crystals with exceptional stability, including resistance to aqua regia. Harnessing the enriched proton-hopping sites and acid robustness of the double-walled framework, we demonstrate that incorporating superacids into these dual-porous crystals effectively enhances proton conductivity, which reaches 4.25 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 30 °C. Furthermore, we elucidate the formation mechanism of double-walled hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks via a combination of experimental and computational approaches. This work opens avenues for the tailored design of multi-porous materials with independently tunable pore architectures and functionalities. Independently tuning pore sizes and functionalities remains challenging in multi-porous framework materials. Now, triskele-shaped building units enable selective pore modulation in dual-porous hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks through independent precursor tuning. The resulting materials show exceptional acid stability and enhanced proton conductivity following the incorporation of superacids.

The widespread dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment poses a serious threat to public health. Herein, we develop a cascade colorimetric biosensor based on a PCN-222(Fe) metal-organic framework nanozyme and glucose oxidase (GOx) for the sensitive detection of ARGs. Encapsulation of GOx within the mesoporous structure of PCN-222(Fe) endows the composite with both peroxidase-mimicking and glucose oxidase-like activities, enabling efficient dual-enzyme cascade catalysis. After functionalization with oligonucleotides, the presence of target ARGs triggers probe assembly via DNA hybridization, forming a bridged cascade system that minimizes intermediate diffusion loss and amplifies the detection signal. The biosensor exhibits a linear response to the target gene in the range of 0-100 nM (R2 = 0.991) with a detection limit of 4.18 nM, and demonstrates excellent specificity in discriminating base-mismatched sequences. Recovery rates in spiked sludge samples range from 91.1% to 118.9% with relative standard deviations below 4.0%. This amplification-free platform combines visual readout, operational simplicity, and high sensitivity, offering an effective solution for point-of-care environmental monitoring of ARGs.

Recent advances in rechargeable zinc-air batteries (R-ZABs) highlight the promise of transition-metal-carbon hybrids, yet a fundamental bottleneck persists: conventional carbon encapsulation strategies either form thick shells that block active sites or thin coatings that fail to prevent dissolution, leading to an intrinsic activity-stability trade-off. Here, we present a rationally engineered nitrogen-doped NiFe alloy heterojunction encapsulated in carbon nanotubes (N-doped NiFe@CNT), featuring a selective mesh-wrapping carbon shell reconstructed during high-temperature annealing. This defect-rich and permeable carbon layer provides just-right protectionisolating the alloy from corrosive alkaline electrolytes while exposing abundant catalytic sites for efficient oxygen electrocatalysis. Structural characterization confirms the presence of NiFe alloy nanoclusters, defectenriched carbon shells, and M-N-C coordination motifs, which synergistically enhance conductivity and oxygen intermediate adsorption. Benefiting from this architecture, the catalyst delivers a low OER overpotential (205 mV at 10 mA cm- 2) and a high ORR half-wave potential (0.776 V vs. RHE), outperforming Pt/C. As an air cathode in R-ZABs, it achieves a small voltage gap (0.674 V), a peak power density of 140 mW cm- 2, and remarkable cycling stability over 840 cycles (140 h). This balanced carbon encapsulation strategy provides a scalable and cost-effective pathway toward durable bifunctional catalysts for metal-air batteries.

Lithium (Li) metal is one of the most promising anode for the next generation of Li metal batteries owing to its high theoretical capacity (3860 mAh g- 1) and low electrode potential (-3.04 V vs the standard hydrogen electrode). However, the major obstacle of Li metal anode in practical applications is the growth of dendritic Li as evidenced by the poor Coulombic efficiency, the short cycle life and the safety concerns. Herein, a natural silk sinter with high graphitization and conductivity, was used as a protective film of lithium metal electrodes to effectively inhibit the dendrite growth by guiding uniform and homogeneous metallic Li deposition in Li symmetrical cells, which achieved a highly stable voltage profile for at least 800 h. The full cell composed of a LiFePO4 cathode and a silk-film-modified Li anode exhibited low interfacial resistance and maintained a capacity of 131.7 mAh g- 1 after 400 cycles. This work highlights the ability of a protective film for dendrite-free Li metal anodes and provides a new and facile option for the practical application of Li metal batteries.

Solvents play a pivotal role in regulating the phase transformation behavior and film quality of all-inorganic CsPbBr3 perovskites. However, the effect of solvents on crystallization kinetics has long been overlooked, primarily owing to the scarcity of suitable solvents for processing its precursor materials. Although water (H2O) and methanol (MeOH) have been explored as candidate solvents, their utilization usually entails complex fabrication procedures and tends to disrupt the crystalline structure of the resulting CsPbBr3 films. Herein, we systematically elucidate the impacts of solvent polarity on CsPbBr3 formation and propose an effective strategy using formic acid (Fa) to achieve precise control over the perovskite composition. Fa with an optimized polarity efficiently enhances CsBr solubility while mitigating phase degradation triggered by residual solvent retention. This dual benefit facilitates the fabrication of high-quality perovskite films with elevated phase purity and reduced defect density. Consequently, the resultant perovskite solar cells deliver a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.09%, outperforming counterparts processed with methanol (5.56%) and deionized water (4.79%). Moreover, Fa-treated perovskite films exhibit pronounced improvements in both phase homogeneity and ambient stability. This work thus establishes a versatile strategy to further boost the performance metrics of all-inorganic perovskite solar cells.

The phase purity of perovskite films within mesoporous scaffolds is crucial for the performance of carbon-based mesoscopic perovskite solar cells (MPSCs). A competitive coordination strategy using an acetamide-nicotinamide binary eutectic molecule (EM) is proposed to enhance the phase purity and the performance of the MPSCs. The EMs form an ordered assembly via strong N & horbar;H & centerdot;& centerdot;& centerdot;O & boxH;C hydrogen bonds, which ensures uniform dispersion, synergistic coordination, and retained defect passivation, while the hydrogen-bond network disperses charge density at coordination sites. Furthermore, the EMs prevent excessive Pb2+ binding and promote ordered growth of [PbI6]4- along the direction of the mesoporous. The optimized MPSCs with EM achieve a power conversion efficiency of 21.30%, increased from 18.83% of the control devices. And the unencapsulated MPSCs maintain similar to 82% of their initial value after 900 h stored under ambient air.

Electrically conductive shape memory polymers combining mechanical reinforcement with rapid electrothermal actuation are essential for aerospace applications, wearable thermal devices, and deployable heating systems. However, optimizing fiber architecture to balance self-heating efficiency, mechanical strength, shape memory performance, and electromagnetic properties remains challenging. This study systematically investigated the influence of fiber architecture on the coupled performance of carbon fiber reinforced PETG shape memory polymers through experimental design varying fiber layer number and spacing. Quantitative relationships were established between structural parameters and electrothermal heating, mechanical properties, shape memory behavior, and electromagnetic absorption. Multi-criteria optimization identified that increasing fiber layers from 2 to 8 reduced electrical resistance by 72% from 164.5 S2 to 46.3 S2, enabling rapid self-heating to 167 degrees C at 20 V. The optimal 4-layer configuration with 2.0 mm spacing achieved shape recovery ratio of 95.6%. Notably, shape memory reconfiguration enables tunable electromagnetic absorption characteristics through structural transformation. This work provides quantitative design guidelines for application-specific customization of electrothermal-responsive functional polymers with reconfigurable electromagnetic properties targeting aerospace applications, wearable devices, and deployable structures.

Abstract As the two core packaging components of Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), the magnetized collimator and the detector window significantly influence the analytical performance of the energy spectrum. Owing to the inherent differences between electron and X-ray excitation sources, an electron-excited EDX ( e -EDX) system and an X-ray-excited EDX (X-EDX) system exhibit distinct background noise characteristics, yet there remains a lack of systematic quantitative comparisons regarding their background suppression effects. This study constructed a Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation model to investigate the background noise suppression mechanisms and synergistic optimization of magnetic collimator and window. For e -EDX, the characteristic peak ratio (Mn K α ) of magnetic collimator only reaches 0.54%, while using only 5 μm C window can rapidly increase to 10.26%. For X-EDX, the characteristic peak ratio remains stable at approximately 57.5% when the magnetic field exceeds 0.3 T, a ratio comparable to that obtained with the 10 μm Be window alone. The combination of magnetic collimator and window can further improve the characteristic peak ratio of e -EDX to 11.85%, while the characteristic peak ratio of X-EDX remains around 57.5%. The results show that the magnetic collimator combined with window has more extensive application prospects for X-EDX. This study provides theoretical basis and design guidance for background noise suppression, accurate detection of elements and performance optimization of e -EDX and X-EDX detection systems.

Beyond the structural precision and design versatility of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), dynamic MOFs responsive to external stimuli are emerging as programmable crystalline systems. Herein, two isostructural cobalt-based MOFs, [Co2(L1)2(L2)]n (NBU-X4) and [Co2(L1)2(L3)]n (NBU-X5), constructed from the ligands 3,3'-(9,9-diethyl-9H-fluorene-2,7-diyl)dibenzoic acid (H2L1), 1,4-bis(4-pyridyl)naphthalene (L2), and 9,10-di(4-pyridyl)anthracene (L3), were synthesized to elucidate the interplay between ligand flexibility and framework rigidity. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses reveal that NBU-X4 exhibits structural adaptability mediated by nonuniform ligand torsion, enabling a reversible single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformation between NBU-X4-1 and NBU-X4-2 that modulates its photothermal response. Steric hindrance in NBU-X5 suppresses torsional motion, resulting in a rigid framework. NBU-X5 achieves a maximum surface temperature of 316 °C within 10 s under 808 nm laser irradiation (1.6 W cm-2) on the glass substrate. NBU-X4-1 and NBU-X4-2 exhibit durable photothermal cycling over 50 cycles at 0.2 W cm-2 and maintain a consistent temperature gap, enabling memory-type photothermal sensing on an alumina substrate. These findings establish a clear structure-function correlation among ligand torsion, framework adaptability, and photothermal efficiency, offering a rational design strategy for dynamic MOF-based temperature-responsive materials.

Water pollution caused by dyes released during modern industrialization and urbanization is a serious problem. In this work, a defective Mg/Al-layered double hydroxide (MgAl-LDH) with a high removal efficiency for Congo red (CR) was fabricated by hydrothermal synthesis under closed conditions using different crystal forms of nano Al2O3 as the crystal regulators and different proportions of MgO and Na2CO3. The results show that the MgAl-LDH synthesized with gamma-Al2O3 exhibited a CR adsorption capacity of 233 mg/g, significantly surpassing the 197 mg/g achieved by alpha-Al2O3-derived LDH. The structure and performance are quite different owing to the different processes of synthesizing MgAl-LDH by alpha-Al2O3 and gamma-Al2O3. Mg/Al-LDH formed by alpha-Al2O3 slow dissolution and Mg2+ precipitation has a high degree of order, whereas Mg/Al-LDH formed by gamma-Al2O3 fast forming AlOOH and Mg2+ precipitation has a lower degree of order and oxygen defects. This difference in the degree of ordering and oxygen defects is a key factor for CR adsorption onto Mg/Al-LDH, and can be adjusted by changing the Al2O3 crystal structure according to the defect-enhanced adsorption mechanism.