为了快速无损地判别国产烤烟香型,指导卷烟配方原料利用,对1 383份烟叶样品进行近红外光谱采集,基于八大香型区划结果进行香型分类,选用各香型稳定区的样品构建香型分类模型.结果显示,基于近红外原始光谱数据利用随机森林构建的香型分类模型准确率仅为48.64％,光谱数据经过SG滤波一阶或二阶导数和多元散射校正预处理后,模型准确率提高29.54个百分点,然后经因子分析降维处理(45个因子)模型准确率提高到85.91％,最后对模型关键参数进行优化,当评估器数量为500、随机种子为9时,模型准确率最高为90.45％.利用建立的分类模型对预测集进行预测,清甜香型、焦甜焦香型、清甜蜜甜香型和木香蜜甜香型的召回率均达到90.00％以上,召回率最低的为蜜甜香型和焦甜醇甜香型(66.67％).以上结果表明,利用近红外光谱技术能够有效鉴别烤烟八大香型.

在基于近自然理念矸石山综合治理模式指导下,西铭矿依据当地的气候、土壤及煤矸石火情特点,系统实施全程测温,灭火防复燃,山体整形与植被恢复工程,有效地抑制了矸石山的自燃,同时矿山表层土壤重金属元素含量也明显降低,矸石石山植被得到恢复,西铭矿煤矸石山综合治理模式,对中国中西部矿区煤矸石山治理有一定借鉴和指导意义.

为明确影响消费者斗烟喜爱度的感官评价指标,了解消费者选择斗烟产品的偏好,利用Python编程语言编写爬虫程序,获取斗烟产品互联网评价数据,并采用正交偏最小二乘判别和逐步回归对斗烟产品的评价数据进行分析.结果表明,对于原味型产品,消费者的喜爱度主要基于层次变化和质地厚薄2个评价指标,其中层次变化＞质地厚薄.而对于调味型产品,消费者喜爱度主要参考层次变化和室韵嗅香2个评价指标,其中层次变化＞室韵嗅香.

[目的]明确原味型斗烟原料烤烟、白肋烟、百里科、东方烟草、拉塔基亚、黑板烟的特性及其在配方中的作用,为原味型斗烟的配方设计提供参考.[方法]对6种斗烟原料常规化学成分、中性致香物质含量进行测定,并对6种斗烟原料及其按1∶1组成的7种配方斗烟(烤烟(对照)、烤烟/白肋烟、烤烟/东方烟草、烤烟/拉塔基亚、烤烟/百里科、烤烟/黑板烟、烤烟/东方烟草/拉塔基亚)进行感官特性分析,研究原料内在化学成分与感官评价之间的相关性.[结果]6种斗烟原料中烤烟的叶绿素降解产物含量高、氮碱比低;白肋烟总糖、还原糖含量低,烟碱含量高;拉塔基亚总氮和类胡萝卜素降解产物含量高;东方烟草(土耳其AG级)总糖、还原糖含量及糖碱比高;黑板烟烟碱含量低、中性致香物质总量低.感官评价结果表明,白肋烟具有坚果香味,可使配方劲道力量、层次变化和室韵嗅香得分升高;东方烟草香气芳香,可使配方层次变化得分升高;百里科刺激性稍大,可使配方劲道力量、层次变化和室韵嗅香得分升高;黑板烟具有焦糖风味,可使配方层次变化得分升高;拉塔基亚具有焚香风味,可使配方室韵嗅香得分升高,但会降低层次变化得分.相关性分析结果表明,烟碱含量与劲道力量呈极显著正相关,氮碱比与劲道力量呈显著负相关;钾含量与层次变化呈显著正相关,类胡萝卜素降解产物含量与层次变化呈显著负相关;总糖含量、还原糖含量、棕色化反应产物含量与室韵嗅香呈显著负相关.[结论]白肋烟、百里科的烟碱含量高、氮碱比低,可使配方劲道力量变强;黑板烟、白肋烟的加入可丰富配方的层次变化;烤烟、东方烟草的总糖、还原糖、棕色化反应产物含量相对较高,要设计室韵嗅香较浓的配方应减少这2种原料的使用量.

To investigate the effects of decomposed straw returning on the carbon pool in tobacco-growing soils and the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco, a field experiment was conducted in Ruyang County, Luoyang City, Henan Province in 2017. On the basis of conventional fertilization, the amounts of decomposed wheat straw for returning to field were set at 0, 6 000, 9 000 and 12 000 kg/hm2. The soil carbon pool indexes (total organic carbon, active organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon and microbial biomass nitrogen) of soil samples were determined. The results showed that straw returning significantly increased the contents of total organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen and soluble organic carbon and raised the activity index and management index of high active, medium active and active carbon pools and the yield and output value of tobacco leaves. Conventional fertilization combined with 12 000 kg/hm2 decomposed wheat straw had better effects on loess-cinnamon soils of Luoyang tobacco-growing areas.

In order to study consumer’s preference for pipe tobacco products, a web crawler based on Python programming language was used to obtain the pipe tobacco product information and network evaluation data. The consumers’preference for brand and formula type of pipe tobacco products were analyzed based on the data. In addition, consumer preference for flavor types and formula compositions of pipe tobacco were also analyzed by word frequency analysis method and association rule mining method. The results showed that:1) Pipe tobacco products from large tobacco companies had higher market shares. 2) Consumers presented obvious preference for flavor types. The pipe tobacco products with original taste (None) were favored. In condiment pipe tobacco products, Vanilla, Rum, Cocoa/Chocolate and Citrus-flavored pipe tobacco products were popular. The pipe tobacco products of Aromatic, English and Straight Virginia were more popular and had higher market acceptance. 3) From the formula compositions, tobacco leaf materials, such as Virginia, Latakia, Burley and Oriental/Turkish were commonly used. The original types of pipe tobacco products formulated with the above leaf materials were most popular in the market. The direction for developing pipe tobacco products could be obtained through the analysis of the market preference on the basis of internet data.

To investigate the mineralization of farmyard manure in tobacco-planting soils, a well-rotten farmyard manure was made which contained corn straw and pig manure. An in-situ cultivation method with sand filter bags was applied to study the mineralization characteristics of organic carbon and organic nitrogen in the well-rotten farmyard manure and its effects on humus acid composition and the contents of available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in Ningnan tobacco-planting areas of Liangshan in Sichuan Province. The results showed that the mineralization rates of carbon and nitrogen in the manure were higher at the early stage of fertilizer application (within 30 days after burial). On the 60th day after burial, the mineralization rates of carbon and nitrogen were 65.13% and 46.26% , accounted for 80.07% and 92.39% of the total mineralization rates of carbon and nitrogen during the whole tobacco growth and development stage, respectively. There was no nitrogen supply peak 60 days after burial, which satisfied the tobacco fertilizer requirement of"pre-promotion and post-control". The farmyard manure maintained relatively higher contents of available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in soils to provide sufficient nutrients for the growth of flue-cured tobacco. Furthermore, farmyard manure promoted the formation and accumulation of humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) in soils, especially at the later stage of tobacco growth. It also significantly raised HA/FA ratio in soils and improved soil environment.

以河南省洛阳市植烟土壤为研究对象,应用常规统计学方法和冗余分析方法,分析20个典型烟田不同土层(0～20、20～40、40～60、60～80、80～ 100 cm)土壤基础肥力和全盐量,并探讨了土壤肥力与盐离子的关系.结果表明:(1)有机质(OM)、碱解氮(AN)、速效磷(AP)和速效钾(AK)含量均以0～20 cm土层最高,其中有机质和速效钾随着土层加深而减少,碱解氮、速效磷含量表现出先降后升趋势;各土层主要以碱性为主,0～20 cm的pH最低;全盐量自上而下呈现先降后升的趋势;(2)冗余分析结果表明,土壤有机质(OM)在0～100 cm与K+、Na+、Ca2+和so42-表现出较好的相关性;碱解氮(AN)在0～40 cm与K+有正相关性,与Na+有负相关性;速效磷(AP)在0～100 cm受Ca2+和So42-影响较大,在0～80 cm与K+有较强的相关性;速效钾(AK)在不同土层与盐离子的相关性不同;pH与HCo3-有较强的相关性.综合考虑,洛阳典型植烟土壤表层肥力较高,盐分较多聚集在表层和底层土壤,其中K+对各肥力指标均有较大影响,CL-则随着土层加深对肥力指标影响增强,其余各离子与肥力表现无明显规律.

为了改善会理县因烟草连作造成的土壤营养失衡和烟叶品质下降等问题,研究了不同腐熟农家肥用量对土壤养分和烟叶品质的影响.结果表明,烟株生长期内,施用农家肥处理的土壤碱解氮、速效钾和速效磷含量均较CK有所提高.施用农家肥可显著提高土壤胡敏酸(HA)和富里酸(FA)含量,移栽110d时,常规施肥+15 000 kg/hm2农家肥处理的胡敏酸含量最高达到4.34 g/kg,较CK增加了36.61％,差异显著,且HA/FA也达到最高(0.73).施用农家肥可显著降低烟叶两糖含量,提高糖碱比、钾氯比.其中常规施肥+7500 kg/hm2农家肥处理的C2F和B2F糖碱比较CK显著降低了23.85％和24.34％,而钾氯比较CK显著提高了1.67和3.34.常规施肥+7500 kg/hm2农家肥处理的C3F和B2F中性致香物质总量最高为1 163.50、683.24 μg/g,较CK增加了15.71％、60.00％,且差异显著.常规施肥+7500 kg/hm2农家肥处理对改善烤烟化学成分协调性和增加致香物质含量有显著效果.

In order to study the relationship between soil particle size and tobacco leaf quality in Henan tobacco area,26 representative soil samples and flue-cured tobacco samples were taken from the main tobacco growing areas of Henan.The fractal model of soil quality was established and the soil fractal dimension D value of soil particle mass in plowlayer was calculated.By using multiple comparison,simple correlation analysis and path analysis,the correlation between soil fractal dimension and main physical properties and chemical composition of tobacco leaves were analyzed.The results showed that:① The highest fractal dimension of soil in the main tobacco producing areas in Henan was Luoyang,which was 2.818,and the lowest was Zhumadian,2.714,showing spatial heterogeneity.The soil fractal dimension was significantly positively correlated with clay particles,which was significantly negatively correlated with the coarse silt,which showed that the smaller the soil particles,the greater the soil clay,the greater the fractal dimension of soil.② The weight of leaf weight was 0.2463 in tobacco physical characters,and was positively correlated with fractal dimension.The weight of nicotine in tobacco chemical characters was 0.2214,which was significantly negatively correlated with fractal dimension.③ It was concluded that the suitable fractal dimension of Henan tobacco area was about 2.752,and the suitable fractal dimension could be cultivated by cultivation method.

[目的]有效突破烤烟甩把技能瓶颈.[方法]采用统计分析法,对烤烟42等级在甩把考试中的出现频率、等级错误率及错误去向进行了量化分析.[结果]等级错误率以B2V最高,达到79.9％;其次为X2V(75.9％)和C2L(73.6％).等级C2F、B4F、B3L、B4L、C3L、C4L、X3F、B3K、GY2和B3V的错误去向分别为C3F(33.4％)、B3F(15.4％)、B2L(13.4％)、B3L(20.1％)、C2L(11.3％)、C3L(18.4％)、X2F(13.4％)、B2K(10.8％)、GY1(12.4％)和B2V(10.5％),属于相邻易错等级;其中,等级B2F与B3F、C3F与C4F这2组等级互为易错,属于易混淆等级.等级C2F、C4F、C3V和CX1K的易错等级均为C3F,即C3F是甩把考试中的热点等级.[结论]该研究结果为准确找到烤烟甩把考试的疑难点提供了理论依据.

In order to reveal the regional disparities of surface color of grade B2F flue-cured tobacco, the grade B2F flue-cured tobacco leaves from 14 provinces in 2015 were used as experimental materials.Using the methods of multiple comparison and system clustering, the surface color of tobacco leaves was quantitatively analyzed.The results showed that: (1) the spatial distribution features of flue-cured tobacco surface color were brightness (L*) as 47.72～60.29, red degree (a*) as 15.61～18.89, yellow degree (b*) as 39.00～50.62, color saturation (C*) as 42.41～53.76.(2) There were strong regional differences in leaf surface color of grade B2F flue-cured tobacco.The brightness (L*) of tobacco leaves from the upper-middle reaches of Yangtze River was significantly higher than that from the Southeast and the Southwest areas, and that from the Southeast area was significantly lower than that from the other four areas.The red degrees (a*) of tobacco leaves from the Southwest area was significantly higher than that of the Southeast,the Huanghuai and the North areas.The yellow degree (b*) and color saturation (C*) of leaves from the upper-middle reaches of Yangtze River were significantly higher than those from the Southeast,the Huanghuai and the North areas.(3) The characteristics of grade B2F tobacco leaf surface color could be classified into four types, and showed stronger regional diversity.The first type was mainly centralized in the Huanghuai and the North areas showing weaker red degree.The second type was centralized in the Southeast area showing lower brightness, yellow degree and saturation.The third type was centralized in the Southwest area and Chongqing region showing the most obvious red degree.The fourth type was centralized in Liangshan Prefecture of Sichuan Province and part of the Southwest area showing higher brightness, yellow degree and saturation.

In order to determine the relationship between softness and appearance quality of flue-cured tobacco, the softness of 480 flue-cured tobacco samples in Jiangxi Province were detected by softness instrument, and the appearance quality was evaluated.The results of relationship analysis showed that the softness of tobacco was extremely significantly positively correlated with color, oil and chroma, and extremely significantly negatively correlated with maturity, leaf structure, identity and total score.The regression equation Y=53.201-5.578X3+2.852X6+2.136X5 (leaf structure X3, oil X5, chroma X6) was set up with R2 as 0.818,and it had good fitting degree.The path analysis results showed that leaf structure, chroma and oil had comparatively large effects on tobacco softness.In conclusion, the softness of tobacco in Jiangxi had certain differences, and was closely related to each index of appearance quality.The results provided the possibility to carefully evaluate tobacco quality with softness as one of the evaluation indexes of appearance quality.

为深入了解江西烤烟柔软度的总体状况、烤烟柔软度与物理特性的关系和烤烟烟叶柔软度的适宜范围,采集了江西省18个主要植烟县2014年烤烟烟叶样品476份,测定分析了烟叶柔软度与烟叶物理特性的关系.结果表明:江西省烟叶柔软度范围是11.70～ 79.90 nmN,烟叶柔软度在部位间差异显著,不同县际下部叶柔软度差异较大,中、上部叶柔软度保持较一致水平;柔软度各区间物理特性差异显著,各物理指标、烟叶物理特性总分与柔软度的回归方程均达到显著水平,回归方程决定系数为0.839～0.961,拟合度好,烟叶柔软度可以在一定程度上代表烟叶物理加工质量.烟叶柔软度在20～ 60 mN范围内烟叶物理加工特性最好,主要表现为烟叶含梗率较小、可用性好、叶面密度、拉力和平衡含水率适宜,符合优质烟叶加工性能;其次是60～ 70 mN区间,烟叶物理加工特性较好.

为了实现自动导航拖拉机田间作业的全区域覆盖路径规划,提出基于全排列算法获得转弯耗时最短的路径规划方案.为此,将农田地块划分为直线作业区域和地头转弯区域,在地头转弯区域内建立了拖拉机沿弓形和鱼尾形转弯路径行驶的轨迹解析模型,计算得到地头转弯区域所需的最小宽度及转弯所消耗的时间.在直线作业区域内,根据转弯次数最少来确定直线作业路径在田间的相对方向,生成相应的直线路径簇.根据对两块典型农田地块田间作业路径规划试验,得到了直线作业路径遍历顺序的一般规律.试验表明:这两块农田的路径规划方案中转弯路径的耗时较梭形行走、离心行走及向心行走方式至少减少了51％.

In order to analyze the surface color characteristics in different parts of flue-cured tobacco in southwest tobacco-growing area,the quantitative analysis on surface color of flue-cured tobacco in 20 tobacco-planting counties was conducted using L * a* b * color space characterization method.The results showed that the brightness (L*) and yellowness (b *) of the lower leaves were the highest,and the reddishness (a*) of the upper leaves was the highest.The central leaves had the largest variation on tobacco surface color feature parameters.Along with the rise of leaf position,the brightness (L*) and yellowness (b *) of flue-cured tobacco decreased gradually,while the reddishness (a *) increased.There were significant or very significant positive correlation between brightness (L*) with yellowness (b*) and color saturation (C*),while very significant negative correlation with reddishness (a*) in southwest tobacco-growing area.

Abstar ct:In this study, several BP neural network prediction models for the sensory quality evaluation of flue-cured tobacco leaves were built based on their physicochemical indexes.A total of 223 flue-cured tobacco samples in Henan province were taken as the research objects.Through factor analysis, 12 physicochemical indexes of these samples were screened out as the network in-put variables, 10 sensory quality evaluation indexes were used as the output variables , and some BP models were constructed .The results showed that the predicted values of the built 10 network forecasting models well fitted to the target values .The linear regres-sion analysis indicated that there was an extremely significant correlation between the predicted value and the target value of each network model.Except for the model for the prediction of mildness ( R2=0.6839) , each sensory index prediction model could ex-plain more than 70%of the total variance of the samples.The above results suggested that the constructed BP network models could be used to predict the scores of various sensory indexes of flue-cured tobacco.

In order to reduce the lignin content in cut stems,to improve the quality of cut stems and to increase their proportion in cigarette blends,single factor experiments were conducted to study the effects of four factors involved in laccase treatment of cut stems(treatment temperature,treatment time,addition rate of laccase,pH of laccase solution) on the degradation of lignin in cut stems. The degradation technology was optimized by response surface method,the cut stems were analyzed by scanning electron microscope before and after the laccase treatment,and the sensory quality of cigarettes made of the treated and untreated cut stems was panel tested,separately. The results showed that:1) The optimized treatment condition was at temperature 45.0 ℃, treatment time 3.0 h,the addition rate of laccase 20.0 U/g,and pH of laccase solution at 6.0. The calculated degradation rate of lignin was 56.68%,and the measured value was 55.05%. 2)The surface of the treated cut stems by laccase was smoother with less burrs. 3) Comparing with the control,the aroma quality,aroma quantity and aftertaste of the test cigarette smoke were improved,the levels of offensive odor and irritation were reduced,while the strength,combustibility and ash color did not change obviously. In summary,the optimized treatment condition for degrading lignin in cut stems with laccase is reliable,which provides the potential to expand the application of cut stem in cigarette.

In order to reveal the surface color regional disparity of C3F grade tobacco leaves,using the C3F grade cured tobacco leaves from 14 provinces in 2015 as the experimental materials,the surface color of tobacco leaf samples were quantitatively analyzed by the methods of multiple comparison and system clustering.The results were as follows.The surface color spatial distribution features of the flue-cured tobacco showed that the brightness (L*) was 47.90~63.77, the red degrees (a*) was 14.12~15.56, the yellow degree (b*) was 39.91~53.52, and the color saturation (C*) was 42.07~55.73.There were strong regional differences in C3F grade flue-cured tobacco leaf surface color.The b* and C* of upper-middle reaches of Yangtze river and Southwest tobacco areas were significantly higher than that of Southeast tobacco areas.There were no significant differences in C3F grade tobacco leaf surface color feature parameters in Huanghuai and North tobacco areas.The ecological condition was the important reason for formation of C3F grade flue-cured tobacco leaf surface color regional differences, and variety had the small effects.

In order to reduce the lignin content in cut stems,to improve the quality of cut stems and to increase their proportion in cigarette blends,single factor experiments were conducted to study the effects of four factors involved in synthesis of Fe-CA biomimetic (molar ratio,reaction temperature,reaction time,and pH).The synthesis process of Fe-CA biomimetic was optimized by orthogonal test,the cut stems were analyzed by scanning electron microscope before and after Fe-CA biomimetic treatment,and the sensory quality of cigarettes made of the treated and untreated cut stems was panel tested,separately.The results showed that:under the optimum synthesis conditions,n (Fe2 +):n (citric acid) 11,reaction temperature 60 ℃,reaction time 40 min,and pH 6.0,the synthesis rate is 82.1％;after the Fe-CA biomimetic treatment of the cut stems,the content of lignin in cut stems fell from 3.49％ to 1.60％,the removal rate reached 54.15％,and the surface of the cut stems was smoother with less burrs;compared with the control,the aroma quality,aroma quantity of the test cigarette smoke were improved,the levels of offensive odor and irritation were reduced,and the quality of the cut stems was enhanced.