Objective:This study aimed to describe 24-hour movement behaviors, including physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep period, among Chinese preschoolers using nationally representative data, and examine disparities by age, gender, and residence. Methods:A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data from the China National Nutrition and Health Systematic Survey for Children (2019-2021), including 10,935 children aged 3-5 years. Daily total time of physical activity (TPA), total time of sedentary behaviors (TSB), and total sleep period (TSP) was collected via validated structured questionnaires. Physical inactivity was defined as < 180 minutes of TPA per day. Results:Median TPA was 121.4 ( IQR: 71.4-209.6) minutes/day, and TSB was 231.4 ( IQR: 175.0-304.3) minutes/day, with 11.46 ± 1.00 hours/day average TSP. Overall, 68.8% were physically inactive, with higher prevalence in rural (73.3%) versus urban areas (64.8%, P < 0.001). TPA and TSB increased with age, while TSP decreased (all P < 0.001). No significant gender differences were observed. Conclusion:Most Chinese preschoolers exhibit insufficient physical activity and excessive sedentary behaviors, with notable urban-rural disparities and an escalating trend of ageing. Continuous monitoring and targeted interventions, especially in rural areas, are urgently needed.

The preschool years represent a modifiable window for shaping growth and microbiome development. In a two-month cluster randomized trial of 317 Chinese kindergarten children, we evaluated a formula enriched with Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Probio-M8. The intervention promoted greater gains in height and fat-free mass without increasing body mass index. Multi-omics profiling (saliva 2bRAD-M, fecal metagenomics, metabolomics) revealed site-specific microbiome remodeling, reduced oral-gut microbial coupling, and a net contraction of the gut resistome, particularly in efflux-associated genes. The fecal metabolome showed a biphasic response: early shifts in energy metabolism gave way to later enrichment of lipid mediators (e.g., resolvin D2) and neuroactive compounds. Integrative networks linked Bifidobacterium -enriched communities and metabolite signatures to improved growth and lower antibiotic use. These findings demonstrate that probiotic nutrition during preschool can coordinately enhance lean growth, refine microbiome organization, and reduce antimicrobial resistance potential in real-world settings.

BACKGROUND:Selenium is essential for children's health and either deficiency or excess could pose serious health risks. However, nationwide data on selenium nutrition in Chinese children are still lacking, as current studies were primarily limited to historically deficient regions affected by Keshan disease and Kashin-Beck disease. OBJECTIVES:This study aims to investigate the relationship between the living environment, geographic factors, dietary intake, and the selenium status of Chinese children aged 3-17 y. METHODS:Data were derived from the National Nutrition and Health Systematic Survey for children aged 0-17 y (CNHSC), conducted between 2019 and 2021. Field surveys were conducted to collect general demographic information, and a food frequency questionnaire was used to assess dietary intake. Blood selenium concentrations were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (Agilent 7700x), with a cutoff value of 70 μg/L indicating inadequate selenium status. RESULTS:The results revealed that the blood selenium concentration of children aged 15-17 y (92.93 μg/L) was higher than that of other age groups. Additionally, children from rural western areas, with a selenium concentration of 83.28 μg/L, were significantly more vulnerable to inadequate selenium status compared with those from eastern cities [odds ratio (OR) = 20.56 (10.77-39.25)]. Dietary intake of dairy products [OR = 0.58 (0.44-0.75)], meats [≥7 times/wk: OR = 0.48 (0.36-0.64), 3-7 times/wk: OR = 0.65 (0.48-0.90)], and aquatic products [OR = 0.53 (0.37-0.75)] were identified as protective factors against inadequate selenium status (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION:This study suggests that children in rural western areas may be a priority population for future interventions to improve selenium status. A moderate increase in the consumption of selenium-rich foods, such as dairy products, meats, and aquatic products, is recommended to reduce the prevalence of inadequate selenium status in these regions.

OBJECTIVE:This study aimed to compare the similarities and differences among Food Frequency Questionnaire(FFQ), 24-hour dietary recall method, and weighing method in assessing the intakes of foods, energy, and nutrients in pregnant women, and to evaluate the validity of the FFQ. METHODS:From June to September in 2017, a total of 82 pregnant women were recruited across the entire Wuqiang County in Hebei Province. The subjects were surveyed using the FFQ for the most recent week, 24-hour dietary recall for 3 consecutive days, and in-home weighing for 3 consecutive days. The differences in the average daily intakes of food, energy, and nutrients obtained by the FFQ and the other two method were calculated and compared. The correlation and consistency between the FFQ and the other two method were evaluated through the Spearman correlation coefficient and the Bland-Altman plot, respectively. RESULTS:There was no statistically significant difference between the FFQ and 24-hour dietary recall method in assessing the average daily intakes of soybeans and their products, fruits, dairy products and nuts. The intakes of fruits and dairy products evaluated by the two method were all positively correlated(r=0.34-0.56, P&lt;0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the FFQ and the weighing method in assessing the average daily intakes of cereals, soybeans and their products, vegetables, fruits, aquatic products, eggs, dairy products and nuts. Among them, the intakes obtained by the two method for cereals, vegetables and nuts were all positively correlated(r=0.53-0.58, P&lt;0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the FFQ and 24-hour dietary recall method in evaluating average daily intakes of energy, protein, carbohydrates, the ratio of carbohydrates to energy supply, dietary fiber, total vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin, vitamin C, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, iron and zinc. Among them, intakes of energy, protein, fat and carbohydrates were all positively correlated(r=0.41-0.58, P&lt;0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between FFQ and weighing method in evaluating the average daily intakes of energy, fat, the ratio of fat to energy supply, carbohydrates, the ratio of carbohydrates to energy supply, total vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin, vitamin C, calcium, potassium, sodium and magnesium. Among them, the intakes of energy, protein and carbohydrates obtained by the two method were all positively correlated(r=0.49-0.52, P&lt;0.05). Bland-Altman analysis showed that for most subjects, the intakes of energy, protein, fat and carbohydrates were within the 95% consistency limits between FFQ and 24-hour recall method(91.1%-94.9%)or weighing method(92.9%-100%). CONCLUSION:FFQ can relatively accurately evaluate the intakes of food and nutrients among pregnant women.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the association between feeding patterns within 4 months of age and both physical growth and the risk of overweight and obesity in young children aged 0-3 years. METHODS:Based on the TAWS prospective cohort study in China, children aged 0-3 years were followed up in Taicang cohort from 2013 to 2019. A structured questionnaire was used to collect and evaluate the feeding patterns of children within the first 4 months, weight and height/length were measured at birth and at 1, 3, 6, 8, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 months of age, weight for age Z-score(WAZ), length for age Z-score(LAZ) and weight for length Z-score(WLZ) were calculated for each measurement. The χ~2 test was used to compare the malnutrition rates, and applied ANOVA to analyze the differences in physical Z-scores among different feeding patterns at each measurement. Multivariate logistic regression was employed to analyze the correlation between feeding patterns and the risk of overweight and obesity. RESULTS:Among 1458 children, 18.11%(n=264), 19.41%(n=283), 44.58%(n=650), 15.16%(n=221) and 1.65%(n=24) of them were exclusively breastfed, predominantly breastfed, mixed fed mainly on breast-milk, mixed fed mainly on formula, and formula fed. There were no differences in LAZ、WLZ and WAZ(except 3 months) among the different feeding pattern groups at each time point(P&gt;0.05). After adjusting for the season of physical examination, birth weight, delivery mode, age at weaning, age at introduction of formula and complementary food, feeding patterns within the first 4 months were not associated with the risk of overweight and obesity. The risk of overweight and obesity in children under the age of 3 years was mainly associated with birth weight and delivery mode. Among them, at 12 months of age, the risk of overweight and obesity was higher in children with high birth weight(large-for-gestational-age) than children with normal birth weight(appropriate-for-gestational-age)(OR=4.14, 95% CI 2.06-8.32), and the risk of overweight and obesity was higher in children born by caesarean section than those born naturally(OR=2.47, 95% CI 1.06-8.32). CONCLUSION:Children&apos;s feeding patterns withinh 4 months are not associated with their physical growth in their first 3 years. Overweight and obesity are mainly influenced by birth weight and delivery mode.

OBJECTIVE:To explore the effects of maternal pre-pregnancy obesity on infant development. METHODS:Pre-pregnancy obese pregnant women who gave birth in Wuqiang County Hospital from October 2017 to October 2021 were selected, and pregnant women with normal weight before pregnancy were matched by propensity score. A total of 206 pregnant women were included, including 103 in the pre-pregnancy obesity group and 103 in the pre-pregnancy normal weight group. The basic characteristics of pregnant women and birth information of newborns were investigated through hospital medical record system. The weight and length were measured at birth, at 1 month, 3 months, 6 months and 12 months of age. The mixed effects model was used to analyze the effects of pre-pregnancy obesity on infant development. RESULTS:There were no significant differences between the two groups in maternal age, education level, gestational age, birth time and sex of the newborn(P&gt;0.05). The birth weight of the obese group was significantly higher than that of the normal weight group(3541.89 g vs.3296.60 g, P&lt;0.01). The result of repeated measurement analysis showed that after adjusting for maternal age, gestational weight gain, delivery mode and newborn sex, the effects of pre-pregnancy obesity and infant age on infant body mass index for age Z-score(BAZ), weight for length Z-score(WLZ) and weight for age Z-score(WAZ) were statistically significant(P&lt;0.05). However, maternal obesity and infant age did not affect the level of length for age Z-score(LAZ)(P&gt;0.05). The mean values of BAZ, WLZ and WAZ in the obese group were 0.434, 0.422 and 0.316 higher than those in the normal weight group, respectively. CONCLUSION:Maternal pre-pregnancy obesity increases BAZ, WLZ and WAZ of the offspring in infancy.

BACKGROUND:Lactoferrin (Lf) is an important bioactive protein in human milk involved in diverse biological functions. Concentrations of milk Lf are tightly regulated during lactation. This study aims to investigate the longitudinal changes in human milk Lf concentrations during the first year postpartum and identify the factors associated with these changes. METHODS:This prospective cohort study recruited 160 dyads of healthy mothers and their full-term newborns in Wuqiang, Hebei province, China. Maternal and infant characteristics were collected using a structured questionnaire. Milk Lf concentrations were measured using an ELISA. A linear mixed model was employed to examine the longitudinal changes in Lf concentrations and identify associated factors. RESULTS:The mean milk Lf concentrations were 7.17 g/L, 4.02 g/L, 2.95 g/L, 2.19 g/L, and 2.43 g/L at 0-7 days, 30 days, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months postpartum, respectively. The frequency of breastfeeding in the prior 24 h was negatively associated with Lf concentrations (P = 0.017). Prenatal mean corpuscular volume (MCV) status may influence the longitudinal changes in milk Lf (PMCV*time = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS:Milk Lf concentrations decrease during the first 6 months and increase from 6 to 12 months, with these changes potentially associated with breastfeeding frequency and prenatal MCV status. IMPACT:This study represents one of the largest cohort investigations of the dynamic changes and influencing factors of human milk Lf concentration in China. The study investigated the relationship between maternal red blood cell indexes and milk Lf concentrations. Milk Lf concentrations dynamically change throughout lactation, decreasing during the first 6 months and potentially increasing from 6 to 12 months. The concentrations and longitudinal changes of milk Lf were impacted by the frequency of breastfeeding and maternal mean corpuscular volume.

OBJECTIVE:To study the relationship between glucose levels in serum and glucose levels in maternal milk in healthy lactating women, and to discuss the factors influencing maternal milk glucose concentrations. METHODS:The samples and data were from the database for human milk composition in China between 2011 and 2013. A total of 184 lactating women with complete serum and breast milk glucose concentrations were included from 11 provinces across China. The human milk glucose was analyzed using high-performance anion exchange chromatography, and the serum glucose was analyzed with an automated biochemical analyzer. Using a general linear model, the relationship between maternal blood glucose levels and breast milk glucose concentrations was analyzed, along with the factors influencing breast milk glucose concentrations. RESULTS:The average age of the study participants is(27.4±4.3) years, with 18(9.8%) having hypoglycemia, 164(89.1%) having normal blood glucose levels, and 2(1.1%) having hyperglycemia. The average maternal blood glucose level was(82.08±10.21) mg/dL. There was no significant difference in breast milk glucose concentrations between the hypoglycemia and normal blood glucose groups((26.90±8.84) mg/dL vs(24.76±10.11) mg/dL, P=0.39). There was no significant correlation observed between maternal blood glucose and breast milk glucose concentrations(r=-0.089, P=0.23, n=184). After stratifying by blood glucose levels and adjusting for factors such as lactation stage, parity, and outdoor activity time, no significant association was found as well(hypoglycemia: β=-0.341, P=0.21; normal blood glucose: β=-0.073, P=0.54). Multivariate analysis showed that the glucose concentration in late mature milk was significantly higher than that in early mature milk(29.08 mg/dL vs 23.63 mg/dL, P=0.02). Multiparous mothers had higher glucose concentrations in human milk compared to primiparous mothers(28.34 mg/dL vs 24.37 mg/dL, P&lt;0.01), and there was a positive correlation between the duration of outdoor activities in the past 24 hours and glucose concentration in human milk(β=0.963, P&lt;0.01). CONCLUSION:Milk glucose concentrations was not significantly associated with maternal serum glucose concentrations in healthy lactating women. Lactation stage and parity were related to milk glucose concentrations, and outdoor activity time showed a positive correlation.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the relationship between human milk oligosaccharides(HMOs) levels in healthy mothers and infant physical growth. METHODS:Based on a nationally representative, multi-stage stratified sampling cross-sectional survey on human milk composition, 195 lactating women within 6 months postpartum and their infants were enrolled. Human milk oligosaccharide(HMOs) concentrations were quantified using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UHPLC-MS/MS). Infant anthropometric measurements(height, weight, and head circumference) were collected to calculate Z-scores. Associations between HMOs and infant growth were analyzed via general linear models. RESULTS:Total HMOs and total sialylated HMOs in mature breast milk showed negative correlations with weight for length Z-score(WLZ), weight for age Z-score(WAZ), and BMI for age Z-score(BAZ)(β=-0.80 to-0.25, P&lt;0.05). Specifically, 6'-sialyllactosamine(6'-SL), sialyllacto-N-tetraose c(LSTc), and disialyllacto-N-tetraose(DSLNT) demonstrated significant negative associations with WAZ(β=-0.36 to-0.25, P&lt;0.05). Total neutral non-fucosylated HMOs and lacto-N-tetraose(LNT) were also negatively correlated with length for age Z-score(LAZ) and WAZ(β=-0.33 to-0.25, P&lt;0.05). Among secretor+/Lewis+(Se+Le+) mothers, the negative effects of total HMOs and sialylated HMOs on infant WLZ, WAZ, and BAZ were further strengthened(β=-1.22 to-0.48, P&lt;0.05). CONCLUSION:Specific HMO concentrations in human milk during the first 6 months postpartum are associated with infant growth outcomes. Total HMOs, sialylated HMOs, and neutral non-fucosylated HMOs demonstrate negative associations with weight indicators.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the prevalence and influencing factors of postpartum perceived absence of breast milk supply among Chinese mothers in 2013.METHODS:This is a cross-sectional study based on the data collected from children and mothers under 2 years of age in 2013 as part of the nutrition and health surveillance of Chinese residents. In this study, multistage stratified cluster sampling method was used to select subjects from 55 countires/districts in 30 provinces in China. The perceived absence of breast milk supply was defined as the mother&apos;s self-reported absence of breast milk and failure to breastfeed. Breastfeeding knowledge, maternal breastfeeding knowledge and general characteristics were collected through a structured questionnaire. Univariate analysis and Logistic regression were used to analyze the factors associated with perceived absence of breast milk supply.RESULTS:A total of 12091 mothers were included in the study, including 419 in the perceived non-breastfeeding group, the prevalence of perceived absence of breast milk supply was 3.5%. Multivariate Logistic regression showed maternal age(OR=1.04, 95%CI 1.02-1.06), postpartum hemorrhage(OR=2.03, 95%CI 1.30-3.16), and belief that breastfeeding should continue beyond 12 months of age(OR=0.27, 95%CI 0.17-0.45), not knowing how to breastfeed(OR=3.31, 95%CI: 2.31-4.74) were the main influencing factors for perceived absence of breast milk supply after delivery.CONCLUSION:Age, postpartum hemorrhage and knowledge level of breastfeeding are the main risk factors for perceived absence of breast milk supply, and knowledge level of breastfeeding is a modifiable factor.

Few studies have reported the timing and amount of gestational weight gain (GWG) to prevent large-for-gestational-age (LGA) or small-for-gestational-age (SGA). This study aimed to evaluate the association of GWG velocity in each trimester with LGA or SGA based on data from the Taicang and Wuqiang cohort study (TAWS, n = 2008). We used a linear mixed model to evaluate the association of trimester-specific GWG velocity with birthweight categories and stratified by prepregnancy body mass index category and parity. For normal-weight pregnant women, mothers with LGA births had higher GWG velocities than mothers with appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) births in the first trimester (0.108 vs. 0.031 kg/week, p < 0.01), second trimester (0.755 vs. 0.631 kg/week, p < 0.01) and third trimester (0.664 vs. 0.594 kg/week, p < 0.01); in contrast, mothers with SGA births had lower GWG velocities than mothers with AGA births in the second trimester (0.528 vs. 0.631 kg/week, p < 0.01) and third trimester (0.541 vs. 0.594 kg/week, p < 0.01). For normal-weight pregnant women with AGA births, multiparous women had lower GWG velocities than primiparous women in the second (0.602 vs. 0.643 kg/week, p < 0.01) and third trimesters (0.553 vs. 0.606 kg/week, p < 0.01). Therefore, for normal-weight women, LGA prevention would begin in early pregnancy and continue until delivery and the second and third trimesters may be critical periods for preventing SGA; in addition, among normal-weight pregnant women with AGA births, multiparous women tend to have lower weight gain velocities than primiparous women.

Objective: To investigate relationships between maternal genes involved in one carbon metabolism and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Design: Prospective mother and child cohort study Setting: Wuqiang, China Population or Sample: Pregnant women (n=939). Methods: A structured questionnaire was used to collect pregnancy outcomes. The maternal serum folate concentration was measured by using Abbott Architect i2000SR chemiluminescence analyzer in the first prenatal care visit. The type of DNA was processed by Sequenom MassARRAY iPLEX Platform. Main Outcome Measures: Pregnancy outcomes (PTB, LBW and SGA), DNA genotyping of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), methionine synthase reductase (MTRR), methionine synthase (MTR) and thymidylate synthetase (TYMS). Results: Totally, 849 dyads of women and infants were included in the analysis. The prevalence of PTD, LBW, and SGA were 3.76%, 1.58%, and 5.31% respectively. The average serum folate concentration was 11.95 ng/ml and the folate deficiency rate was 0.47%. There were no significant associations between MTHFR C677T, MTHFR A1298C, MTRR A66G, MTR A2756G, TYMS rs3819102 alleles and PTD, LBW, SGA (P>0.05). Conclusion: In the population with adequate folate status and low prevalence of adverse pregnancy outcomes, MTHFR C677T, MTHFR A1298C, MTRR A66G, MTR A2756G, TYMS rs3819102 alleles may not be related to PTD, LBW, and SGA. Funding: Program for Healthcare Reform from the Chinese National Health and Family Planning Commission. Keywords: Polymorphism, MTHFR, MTR, TYMS, Preterm delivery, Low birth weight, Small-for-gestational-age Tweetable abstract No significant relationships were found between MTHFR, MTRR, MTR, TYMS and PTD, LBW and SGA in the population with adequate folate status.

The formation of macrosomia is associated with excessive nutrition and/or unable to regulate effectively. This case-control study aims to explore the relationship between macrosomia and glucose, lipids and hormones levels in maternal and cord serum. In the case-control study, 78 pairs of mothers and newborns were recruited who received care at one hospital of Hebei, China between 2016 and 2019. According to the birth weight (BW) of newborns, participants were divided into macrosomia group (BW ≥ 4000 g, n = 39) and control group (BW between 2500 g and 3999 g, n = 39). Maternal vein blood and cord vein blood were collected and assayed. All data were compared between the two groups. Unconditional logistics regression analysis was used to test the relationship between macrosomia and glucose, lipids and hormones in maternal and cord serum. In maternal and cord serum, the levels of leptin, leptin/adiponectin ratio (LAR), glucose and triglyceride (TG) in macrosomia group were higher than those in control group, and the levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were lower. The percentage of maternal glucose and lipids transfer to cord blood did not differ between the two groups. High levels of TG in maternal serum were positively correlated with macrosomia, and high levels of LAR, TG and glucose in cord serum were positively correlated with macrosomia. In conclusion, the results of the current study, suggest that the nutrients and metabolism-related hormones in maternal and umbilical cord are closely related to macrosomia. During pregnancy, the nutritional status of pregnant women should be paid attention to and to obtain a good birth outcome.

Background: Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are the third most abundant component of human milk. Various factors may affect the concentration of HMOs, such as the lactation period, Lewis blood type, and the maternal secretor gene status. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate factors associated with HMO concentrations in Chinese populations. Methods: A sub-sample of 481 was randomly selected from a large cross-sectional study in China (n = 6481) conducted in eight provinces (Beijing, Heilongjiang, Shanghai, Yunnan, Gansu, Guangdong, Zhejiang, and Shandong) between 2011 and 2013. HMO concentrations were determined by a high-throughput UPLC-MRM method. Various factors were collected through face-to-face interviews. Anthropometric measurement was conducted by trained staff. Results: Median total HMO concentration was 13.6 g/L, 10.7 g/L, and 6.0 g/L for colostrum, transitional milk, and mature milk, respectively. HMO concentration decreased significantly as the lactation period increased (p < 0.0001). There were significant differences of average total HMO concentration between secretor mothers and non-secretor mothers (secretor 11.3 g/L vs. non-secretor 5.8 g/L, p < 0.0001). There were significant differences of average total HMO concentrations among three Lewis blood types (p = 0.003). Comparing with the concentration of total oligosaccharides of Le+ (a−b+), average of total oligosaccharides concentrations increased by 3.9 (Le+ (a+b−), p = 0.004) and 1.1 g/L (Le− (a−b−), p = 0.049). The volume of breast milk expressed and the province the mother came from affected the concentration of total oligosaccharides (all p < 0.0001). Maternal BMI (p = 0.151), age (p = 0.630), prematurity (p = 0.850), mode of delivery (p = 0.486), infants’ gender (p = 0.685), maternal education level (p = 0.989), maternal occupation (p = 0.568), maternal allergic history (p = 0.370), maternal anemia (p = 0.625), pregnancy-induced hypertension (p = 0.739), gestational diabetes (p = 0.514), and parity (p = 0.098) were not significantly correlated with the concentration of milk oligosaccharides. The concentrations of 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL), lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), sialyllacto-N-tetraose c (LSTc), lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I), disialylated lacto-N-tetraose (DSLNT), difucosyl-para-lacto-N-neohexaose (DFpLNnH), difucosyl-lacto-N-hexaose (DFLNH[a]), and 3-sialyllactose (3′-SL) showed a gradual downward trend, while the concentration of 3-fucosyllactose (3-FL) showed a gradual upward trend among three lactation stages (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The concentration of HMOs changes throughout lactation, and it varies between different HMOs. HMO concentrations differed between lactation stage, maternal secretor gene status, Lewis blood type, volume of breast milk expressed, and the province the mother came from. Prematurity, mode of delivery, parity, infants’ gender, and maternal characteristics did not affect the HMO concentration. Geographical region may be not associated with HMOs concentration in human milk. There may be a mechanism for co-regulation of the secretion of some of the oligosaccharides such as 2′FL vs. 3FL, 2′FL vs. LNnT, and lacto-N-tetraose (LNT).

This study aims to explore the relationship between macrosomia and amino acids in maternal and cord sera.METHODS:In the case-control study, 78 pairs of mothers and newborns were recruited from December 2016 to November 2019. Participants were divided into the macrosomia group (BW ≥ 4000 g, n = 39) and the control group (BW between 2500 g and 3999 g, n = 39) according to the birth weight (BW) of newborns. Maternal vein blood samples were collected before delivery and cord vein blood samples were collected after birth. The levels of amino acids in maternal and cord sera were measured by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in the year 2021. The difference in amino acid levels in maternal and cord sera between the two groups was compared, and the contribution of each amino acid to the difference between the two groups was analyzed. Unconditional logistic regression analysis was used to test the relationship between macrosomia and amino acids.RESULTS:In maternal serum during the antepartum, the levels of asparagine, glutamine, methionine, alanine, and threonine in the macrosomia group were higher but arginine was lower than that in the control group (p < 0.05). In cord serum, the levels of lysine, histidine, phenylalanine, arginine, tryptophan, valine, isoleucine, glutamate, tyrosine, and total essential amino acid (EAA) in the macrosomia group were lower while glutamine was higher than that in the control group (p < 0.05). The ratios of EAA, valine, threonine, methionine, tryptophan, and alanine in maternal serum to those in cord serum were higher, while the ratio of glutamine was lower in the macrosomia group (p < 0.05). Arginine and threonine in maternal serum and glutamate, glutamine, and histidine in cord serum were associated with macrosomia (p < 0.05).CONCLUSION:Most of the amino acid levels in the maternal sera of the macrosomia group are higher than those in the control group, while most of the amino acids' levels in the cord sera of the macrosomia group are lower than those in the control group. The ratios of some amino acids in maternal serum to those in cord serum were different between the two groups. Arginine and threonine in maternal serum and glutamate, glutamine, and histidine in cord serum are closely related to macrosomia.

Purpose/Significance To meet the urgent needs of mass data analysis and application in the biomedical field and solve the problems such as the lack of standardized management of data analysis and utilization tools.Method/Process The paper comprehen-sively analyzes and summarizes the construction ideas,methods and technical realization of the tool standardization collection,manage-ment and shared utilization of ELIXIR's biomedical data tool service platform system.Some suggestions are put forward from the aspects of ecosystem construction,management norms,operation environment management,benchmark testing and verification,technology renewal strategy and community-driven innovation.Result/Conclusion The useful experience in the construction of ELIXIR's data tool service platform system is learned to provide comprehensive references for the standardized management of biomedical data analysis and utilization tools and service platform construction in China.

The common data model (CDM) is an important tool to facilitate the standardized integration of multi-source heterogeneous healthcare big data, enhance the consistency of data semantic understanding, and promote multi-party collaborative analysis. The data collections standardized by CDM can provide powerful support for observational studies, such as large-scale population cohort study. This paper provides an in-depth comparative analysis of the data storage structure, term mapping pattern, and auxiliary tools development of the three international typical CDMs, then analyzes the advantages and limitations of each CDM and summarizes the challenges and opportunities faced in the CDM application in China. It is expected that exploring the advanced technical concepts and practical patterns of foreign countries in data management and sharing will provide references for promoting FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable) construction of healthcare big data in China and solving the current practical problems, such as the poor quality of data resources, the low degree of semantization, and the inabilities of data sharing and reuse.

OBJECTIVE:To describe the feeding status and related factors of infant and young child aged 6-23 months in China.METHODS:Data was from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance among 0-17 Years Old Children and Lactating Women in 2016-2017, and 20 423 children aged 6-23 months were involved in 275 surveillance sites from 31 provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities). The introduction of solid, semi-solid or soft foods, minimum dietary diversity, minimum meal frequency were analyzed with WHO and UNICEF 2021 updated infant and young child feeding indicators. Data analyses were conducted using the complex weight based on national census from National Bureau of Statistics in 2010. Rao-Scott Chi-square was used test for statistical difference.RESULTS:The percentage of infants 6-8 months of age who consumed solid, semi-solid or soft foods was 83.2%(95%CI 80.5%-85.9%) in 2016-2017. No significant difference were observed between boys and girls; there was significant difference in different areas(Rao-Scott χ~2=30.85, P&lt;0.01), it was 90.3% in medium and small cities, and reached 75.0% even in poor rural areas. The proportions of children aged 6-23 months meeting minimum dietary diversity(MDD) was 60.6%(95%CI 58.1%-63.1%). It was 71.1% in medium and small cities, and 50.5% in poor rural areas. Except for breast milk, the percentage of eggs(34.4%) and legumes(19.0%) consumption was low, the percentage of grains, vitamin A-rich fruits or vegetables consumption was 89.7%(95%CI 88.4%-91.1%). The percentage of consuming egg and/or flesh food was 76.4%(95%CI 74.2%-78.7%). The percentage of zero vegetables or fruits consumption was 9.1%(95%CI 7.8%-10.4%). The proportions of children aged 6-23 months meeting minimum meal frequency(MMF) was 72.4%(95%CI 70.1%-74.7%). It was over 70% in large cities, medium and small cities, general rural areas; and 60.2% in poor rural areas. The proportions of children aged 6-23 months meeting minimum acceptable diet was 43.4%(95%CI 40.7%-46.1%), it was over 50% in urban areas, and less than 40% in rural areas, 30.1% in poor rural areas. No consistent differences were observed between boys and girls for all 3 indicators(MDD, MMF and MAD), and there was significant difference in different areas and various months of age(P&lt;0.01).CONCLUSION:There was no gender difference in the feeding status of children aged 6-23 months in China, the complementary feeding was relatively timely, and the minimum dietary diversity and meal frequency of children were relatively ideal, but the minimum acceptable diet of children in poor rural areas was poor.

Objective This study aimed to assess the relationship between the body composition of children aged 3-5 years and breastfeeding status and duration.Methods The study was conducted using data from the National Nutrition and Health Systematic Survey for children 0-17 years of age in China (CNHSC), a nationwide cross-sectional study. Breastfeeding information and potential confounders were collected using standardized questionnaires administered through face-to-face interviews. The body composition of preschool children was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis. A multivariate linear regression model was used to assess the relationship between breastfeeding duration and body composition after adjusting for potential confounders.Results In total, 2,008 participants were included in the study. Of these, 89.2% were ever breastfed and the median duration of breastfeeding was 12 months (IQR 7-15 months). Among children aged 3 years, the height-for-age Z-score (HAZ) for the ever breastfed group was lower than that for never breastfed group (0.12 vs. 0.42, P = 0.043). In addition, the weight-for-age Z-score (WAZ) of the ever breastfed group was lower than that of the never breastfed group (0.31 vs. 0.65, P = 0.026), and the WAZ was lower in children aged 4 years who breastfed between 12 and 23 months than in those who never breastfed. Compared to the formula-fed children, the fat-free mass of breastfed infants was higher for children aged 3 years (12.84 kg vs . 12.52 kg, P = 0.015) and lower for those aged 4 years (14.31 kg vs. 14.64 kg, P = 0.048), but no difference was detected for children aged 5 years (16.40 kg vs. 16.42 kg, P = 0.910) after adjusting for potential confounders. No significant difference was detected in the weight-for-height Z-score (WHZ), body mass index (BMI)-for-age Z-score (BAZ), fat-free mass index, and body fat indicators in the ever breastfed and never breastfed groups and among various breastfeeding duration groups for children aged 3-5 years.Conclusion No obvious associations were detected between breastfeeding duration, BMI, and fat mass indicators. Future prospective studies should explore the relationship between breastfeeding status and fat-free mass.

目的/意义基于聚类的匿名化算法具有灵活性较高、适用范围较广、能够保留原始数据更多信息的特点.合理使用基于聚类的匿名化算法进行匿名化处理可以获得满足隐私保护需求的高质量医学数据.方法/过程通过文献调研法和比较分析法,梳理面向医学数据共享、基于聚类的匿名化算法关键技术,概述该类算法的主要流程,归纳与之相关的隐私模型,包括具有代表性的传统隐私模型和个性化隐私模型,并分析代表性算法的优点和不足.结果/结论应当合理选择基于聚类的匿名化算法类型、灵活改进算法模型,加大算法工具研发力度,以推动医学数据安全便利和高质量共享.