Objective: To analyze the hepatic tissue inflammatory activity and influencing factors in HBeAg-positive patients during normal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and indeterminate phases so as to provide a basis for evaluating the disease condition. Methods: Patients with HBeAg-positive with normal ALT and HBV DNA levels below 2 × 10(7) IU/ml from January 2017 to December 2021 were selected as the study subjects. A histopathologic liver test was performed on these patients. Age, gender, time of HBV infection, liver function, HBsAg level, HBV DNA load, genotype, portal vein inner diameter, splenic vein inner diameter, splenic thickness, and others of the patients were collected. Significant influencing factors of inflammation were analyzed in patients using logistic regression analysis, and its effectiveness was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results: Of the 178 cases, there were 0 cases of inflammation in G0, 52 cases in G1, 101 cases in G2, 24 cases in G3, and one case in G4. 126 cases (70.8%) had inflammatory activity ≥ G2. Infection time (Z=-7.138, P<0.001), γ-glutamyltransferase (t =-2.940, P=0.004), aspartate aminotransferase (t =-2.749, P=0.007), ALT (t =-2.153, P=0.033), HBV DNA level (t =-4.771, P=0.010) and portal vein inner diameter (t =-4.771, P<0.001) between the ≥G2 group and < G2 group were statistically significantly different. A logistic regression analysis showed that significant inflammation in liver tissue was independently correlated with infection time [odds ratio (OR)=1.437, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.267-1.630; P<0.001)] and portal vein inner diameter (OR=2.738, 95% CI: 1.641, 4.570; P<0.001). The area under the curve (AUROC), specificity, and sensitivity for infection time and portal vein inner diameter were 0.84, 0.71, 0.87, 0.72, 0.40, and 0.95, respectively. Conclusion: A considerable proportion of HBeAg-positive patients have inflammation grade ≥G2 during normal ALT and indeterminate phases, pointing to the need for antiviral therapy. Additionally, inflammatory activity has a close association with the time of infection and portal vein inner diameter.

To accurately identify individuals at risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), it is crucial to develop precise tools for predicting amyloid-β (Aβ) positivity in the brain. We used data from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) to analyze 1,377 human subjects. These participants were divided into five groups: cognitive normal (CN), subjective memory complaints (SMC), early mild cognitive impairment (EMCI), late mild cognitive impairment (LMCI), and confirmed AD. Each group was further divided into ten subgroups based on sex, resulting in a comprehensive analysis. The dataset was used to create and evaluate the performance of 15 machine learning (ML) models. A set of 17 potential predictors was generated by combining variables from different categories, including six demographic factors (such as age), ten measurements (such as ADAS13), and APOE4 status. Through ML-based predictive modeling, several cognitive assessment measures, including ADAS13, demonstrate significant importance in multiple ML models. The highest accuracies in the 10 subgroups were 0.875, 0.892, 0.778, 0.850, 0.771, 0.739, 0.781, 0.791, 0.879, and 0.903, respectively. The collection of ML models consists of practical and valuable risk feature scores that can significantly enhance the identification of individuals who are likely to test positive for Aβ.

Drug resistance in fungal pathogens is a new challenge in clinical aspergillosis treatment. Mitochondria as dynamic organelles are involved in numerous biological processes in fungi, including drug resistance. However, little is known about the mechanism underlying mitochondrial regulation of the response of fungal pathogens to antifungal drugs. Here, we showed that a putative mitochondrial GTPase, GemA, a yeast Gem1 homolog, is crucial for the azole response and cell wall integrity in the opportunistic pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus . The fluorescence observation showed that GFP-labeled GemA is located in mitochondria, and loss of gemA results in aberrant giant mitochondrial morphology and abnormal mitochondrial membrane potential. Moreover, a Δ gemA mutant attenuates fungal virulence in the Galleria mellonella model of aspergillosis. Furthermore, gemA loss increases resistance to azoles and terbinafine but not to amphotericin B. Of note, RNA-seq combined with RT-qPCR showed that a series of drug efflux pumps were upregulated in the gemA deletion mutant. Deleting mdr1 or inhibiting the expression of drug efflux pumps can partially decrease the resistance to azoles resulting from the gemA mutant, implying that GemA influences azole response by affecting the expression of drug efflux pumps. Importantly, the Δ gemA mutant is susceptible to the cell wall-perturbing reagent CR, but not to CFW, and this defect can be partly rescued by hyperosmotic stress. TEM revealed that the cell wall of Δ gemA was thicker than that of the WT strain, demonstrating that GemA plays a role in cell wall composition and integrity. Collectively, we identified a putative mitochondrial GTPase, GemA, which is critical for hyphal growth, virulence, azole susceptibility, and cell wall integrity and acts by affecting mitochondrial function.

为探讨旋毛虫预感染对小鼠急性脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury,SCI)的干预效果,选取40只C57BL/6雌性小鼠随机分为4组进行实验:A组(假手术组)、B组(旋毛虫预感染+假手术组)、C组(脊髓损伤组)、D组(旋毛虫预感染+脊髓损伤组).A组小鼠只打开椎板,不损伤脊膜及脊髓;B组小鼠以旋毛虫肌幼虫(350条/只)灌胃后14 d打开椎板;C组小鼠进行SCI造模;D组小鼠在旋毛虫肌幼虫感染14 d后进行SCI造模.在术后第7天采用Basso小鼠评分(Basso mouse scale,BMS)观察不同组别小鼠后肢运动功能变化,其后收集小鼠脊髓组织和血清,HE染色法观察脊髓损伤处病理学变化及炎性细胞浸润情况;RT-PCR分析促炎因子IL-6、TNF-α和调节性细胞因子IL-10和TGF-β基因表达水平;ELISA检测血清IL-6、TNF-α、IL-10和TGF-β分泌水平.结果显示,术后第7天,4组小鼠行为学评分及单位面积的炎性细胞浸润数量差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);C组小鼠行为学评分明显低于A组(P<0.05),且脊髓组织结构出现明显损伤,炎性细胞浸润显著增加(P<0.05);经旋毛虫预感染干预后,D组BMS评分较C组明显改善(P<0.05),且脊髓病理损伤显著缓解,炎性细胞浸润亦明显减少(P<0.05).RT-PCR和ELISA结果显示:与C组相比,D组小鼠脊髓匀浆和血清中促炎细胞因子IL-6和TNF-α的表达均明显降低(P<0.05);抗炎细胞因子IL-10和TGF-β 的表达均明显升高(P<0.05).结果表明,旋毛虫预感染可抑制小鼠急性SCI后的炎症反应,减轻脊髓组织病理损伤,改善SCI小鼠肢体功能.

目的:探讨基于超星教学平台的人体寄生虫学课程线上混合式教学实践情况及评价效果。方法:选取蚌埠医学院2018级临床医学专业学生进行教学，通过问卷调查对教学方案和效果进行评价。结果:问卷显示，81.13%同学对线上混合式教学模式感兴趣，64.10%以上同学认为线上教学目标清晰、教学时间安排合理、教学内容有扩展性、教学节奏紧凑。大部分同学认同在线上授课中学习了完整的课程知识，提升了解决问题能力、自主学习能力、创新科研能力。结论:基于超星平台构建的人体寄生虫学线上混合式教学方案保证了教学质量，强化了课程信息化建设与教学的融合，为进一步深化教学改革提供了有益借鉴。

The maturation of infant gut microbiota has lifelong implications on health, which has been proposed as the major events during the first year of life. However, little is known about their dynamic colonization and influencing elements among the first two-year infancy as well as into the adulthood. So based on the 16S rRNA sequencing data among 30 healthy breast-feeding mother-infant pairs with normal ranges of growth and development indicators from birth to two years old, the dynamic colonization of gut microbiota and its influencing factors were discussed using this birth cohort. Among these, we identified that the diversity of gut microbiota was significantly increased from six-month to two-year subgroups. The significantly dynamic trends of gut microbiota at the phylum (genus) level were that the percents of Firmicutes (Faecalibacterium, Blautia, Enterococcus, Subdoligranulum, Agathobacter, unidentified_Erysipelotrichaceae, Staphylococcus, unidentified_Ruminococcaceae, and Fusicatenibacter), Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia were increased, while Actinobacteria (Bifidobacterium) and Proteobacteria (unidentified-Enterobacteriaceae and Klebsiella) were decreased with the increased ages from six months to two years old, which might simultaneously modulate the host pathways, such as the higher percents of chemoheterotrophy and fermentation, and lower percentages of nitrate_reduction, aerobic_chemoheterotrophy and so on. Furthermore, there were significant associations between maternal (milk microbiota, pre-pregnancy BMI, BMI increment during the pregnancy)/infant characteristics (BMI at birth and BMI gain), and the compositions of gut microbiota. However, no differences of gut microbiota were shown between the different sex and productive mode subgroups. Overall, the colonization of gut microbiota is significantly matured into the adulthood with the increased ages to two-years old and regulated by the above maternal/infant characteristics, which will provide a new direction for the host-gut microbiota interplay during the first two years of life.

Background Early-life antibiotic exposure is associated with the development of later obesity through the disruption of gut microbiota in the animal models. However, the related epidemiological evidence is still conflicting. Methods A birth cohort was consisted of 2140 mother-infant pairs in Chaoyang District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital in this study. Here, their available antibiotic exposure during the first one year of life was ascertained using a open-ended questionnaire and related anthropometric parameters from the health screening program. The compositions of gut microbiota were comprehensively analyzed by16S rRNA high throughput sequencing. Then the spearman correlations were performed by the multiple covariance-adjusted regressions between the antibiotic exposure with anthropometric parameters and compositions of gut microbiota. Results Among the 2140 subjects, the antibiotic exposure during the first one year of life was 53.04%, mainly by Cephalosporins (53.39%) and Erythromycins(27.67%) for the treatment of respiratory tract infection (79.56%), which were not significantly different among the subgroups. Compared to the control group, both childhood overweight and obesity at two and a half years were higher in the antibiotic exposed group, with higher percents of Faecalibacterium, Agathobacter and Klebsiella, and lower percentage of Bifidobacterium. Moreover, there were positively potential associations between early-life antibiotic exposure with the accelerated anthropometric parameters and disruption of Faecalibacterium, Agathobacter, Klebsiella and Bifidobacterium at two and a half years. Conclusion These above results proved that early-life antibiotic exposure was positively associated with the accelerated childhood overweight and obesity from one year to two and a half years by impacting the disorders of Faecalibacterium, Agathobacter, Klebsiella and Bifidobacterium, which would propose the theoretical basis for rationalizing the personalized antibiotic exposure among the infants to truly reflect the fairness of public health.

目的:研究我国（不含港、澳、台地区）的血吸虫病月报告病例数进行自回归移动平均（autoregressive integrated moving average，ARIMA）模型预测作用，为血吸虫病的防控提供科学依据。方法:采用ARIMA模型，以2009年1月至2018年12月我国血吸虫病月报告病例数时间序列为训练集，应用R 3.6.2软件进行平稳性分析后，采用赤池信息准则和贝叶斯信息准则等筛选参数，选出较优ARIMA模型；以2019年1-12月我国血吸虫病月报告病例数为测试集进行验证和逐月优化，得到1个最优ARIMA模型；并以2019年1月至2020年10月我国血吸虫病月报告病例数验证最优ARIMA模型的预测效果。结果:基于2009年1月至2018年12月数据，可以得到4种较优ARIMA模型，分别为ARIMA（2，0，2）（1，0，1）[12]、ARIMA（2，0，2）（0，0，1）[12]、ARIMA（2，0，2）（1，0，0）[12]和ARIMA（2，0，2）；以2019年1-12月的病例数实际值和4种ARIMA模型预测值分别进行对比，构建出的血吸虫病月报告病例数的最优预测模型为ARIMA（2，0，2）（1，0，1）[12]；预测的相对误差均值为0.51%。结论:本研究构建的ARIMA模型精度较高，适用于我国血吸虫病病例数的短期预测分析，可为该病防治提供数据支持，具有一定实践指导意义。

OBJECTIVE To investigate the disease progression and immunoprotective characteristics in mice re-infected with homogeneous/heterogeneous Plasmodium strains following cure of Plasmodium infections with chloroquine at the peak of parasitemia. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were infected with the non-lethal P. yoelii 17XNL strain, and half of mice were given treatment with chloroquine at the peak of parasitemia (9 days post-infection), while the other mice were self-cured naturally. Then, all cured mice were re-infected with the equivalent lethal P. yoelii 17XL or P. berghei ANKA strain 90 days following primary Plasmodium infections. The parasitemia levels during primary infections and reinfections were measured by microscopic examinations of Giemsa-stained thin blood films, and the levels of the IgG antibody in sera and the percentages of memory T cell subsets in spleen cells were detected in mice using ELISA and flow cytometry before and after parasite reinfections, respectively. RESULTS Following primary infections with the P. yoelii 17XNL strain, the serum IgG antibody levels were (5.047 ± 0.924) pg/mL in the selfcured mice and (4.429 ± 0.624) pg/mL in the chloroquine-treated mice, respectively (t = 0.437, P > 0.05), which were both significantly higher than that in the uninfected mice (1.624 pg/mL ± 0.280 pg/mL) (F = 22.522, P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the serum IgG antibody level among self-cured and chloroquine-treated mice re-infected with the P. yoelii 17XL strain or the P. berghei ANKA strain (F = 0.542, P > 0.05); however, the serum IgG antibody levels were all significantly higher in selfcured and chloroquine-treated mice re-infected with the P. yoelii 17XLstrain[(15.487±1.173)pg/mLand(15.965±1.150)pg/mL] or the P. berghei ANKA strain [(14.644 ± 1.523) pg/mL and (15.185 ± 1.333) pg/mL] relative to primary infections (F = 67.383, P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the proportion of CD4+ [(34.208 ± 2.106), (32.820 ± 1.930), (34.023 ± 2.289), (35.608 ± 1.779) pg/mL] or CD8+ T memory cells [(17.935 ± 2.092), (18.918 ± 2.823), (17.103 ± 1.627), (17.873 ± 1.425) pg/mL] in self-cured and chloroquine-treated mice with primary infections with the P. yoelii 17XNL strain followed by re-infections with the P. yoelii 17XL strain or the P. berghei ANKA strain (F = 0.944 and 0.390, both P > 0.05); however, the proportions of the CD4+ or CD8+ T memory cells were significantly greater in self-cured and chloroquine-treated mice with primary infections with the P. yoelii 17XNL strain followed by re-infections with the P. yoelii 17XL strain or the P. berghei ANKA strain than in mice with primary infections (F = 50.532 and 21.751, both P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The cure of murine Plasmodium infections with chloroquine does not affect the production of effective immune protections in mice during parasite re-infections. Following a primary infection, mice show a protection against re-infections with either homogeneous or heterogeneous Plasmodium strains, and a higher-level resistance to re-infections with homogeneous parasite strains is found than with heterogeneous strains.

人体寄生虫学作为重要基础医学课程,为我国寄生虫病的诊治防控起到了重要指导作用.中国人群疾病构成变化、寄生虫病构成变化和全球寄生虫病流行态势在客观上要求对人体寄生虫学的教育教学做出改革.通过对中国高等教育发展发向、课程思政、寄生虫防治的国内与国际需要、教师发展等方面进行分析,认为贯穿国际视野是人体寄生虫学教学适应新形势的客观要求,是当今世界医学高等教育的发展趋势,也是培养具有国际岗位胜任力医学拔尖人才的必然要求.

Anopheles sinensis is a major malaria vector in Southeast Asia. Resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in this species has impeded malaria control in the region. Previous studies found that An. sinensis populations from Yunnan Province, China were highly resistant to deltamethrin and did not carry mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene that cause knockdown resistance. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that other genomic variants are associated with the resistance phenotype. Using paired-end whole genome sequencing (DNA-seq), we generated 108 Gb of DNA sequence from deltamethrin -resistant and -susceptible mosquito pools with an average coverage of 83.3× depth. Using a stringent filtering method, we identified a total of 916,926 single nucleotide variants (SNVs), including 32,240 non-synonymous mutations. A total of 958 SNVs differed significantly in allele frequency between deltamethrin -resistant and -susceptible mosquitoes. Of these, 43 SNVs were present within 37 genes that code for immunity, detoxification, cuticular, and odorant proteins. A subset of 12 SNVs were randomly selected for genotyping of individual mosquitoes by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and showed consistent allele frequencies with the pooled DNA-seq derived allele frequencies. In addition, copy number variations (CNVs) were detected in 56 genes, including 33 that contained amplification alleles and 23 that contained deletion alleles in resistant mosquitoes compared to susceptible mosquitoes. The genomic variants described here provide a useful resource for future studies on the genetic mechanism of insecticide resistance in this important malaria vector species.

Background Predispositions to hypertension is possibly associated with numerous potential gene polymorphisms and systemic disorders. Large-scale text mining of biomedical literature is a flexible and essential tool that can be applied to search for innovative drugs and treatments for diseases, such as investigating and predicting the bio-entities associations.Result We proposed a generality approach for extracting and predicting hypertension-related disease-gene-drug associations based on dictionary and data cube from biomedical abstracts. After data preprocessing, we constructed the 0-D vertex cube, which we then filtered to construct three 1-D cubes consisting of 252 diseases, 185 genes, and 141 drugs. By applying association rules to quantify the disease-gene-drug associations, we found 235 associations between 79 diseases and the 71 genes, and AUCs was 84.1%; 196 associations between 43 diseases and 102 drugs, and AUCs was 85.8%; 160 associations between 31 genes and 106 drugs, and AUCs was 83.6%. Using the bottom-up computation algorithm, we established three 2-D cubes and one 3-D disease-gene-drug cube, which revealed 591 associations between 90 diseases, 82 genes, and 145 drugs. Based on this 3-D cube, we obtained 262 predictive bio-entity association pairs of which 57 disease-drugs, 84 disease-genes, and 121 gene-drugs.Conclusions We have implemented and validated a data cube-based text mining approach to identifying and ranking the hypertension-related disease-gene-drug associations. Our results provide new pathways in the search for the potential treatment drugs of hypertension.

案例是基于问题的学习(PBL)教学的灵魂,是学生开展自主性、合作性学习的基础,其设计理念和质量直接决定教学效果.然而,PBL案例的撰写绝非易事.本文根据人体寄生虫学课程中多模式PBL案例库建立的实践,对PBL案例教学目标的设立、病例的改编、案例审核及完善等过程做出总结,以期为高校人体寄生虫学专业教师提供参考.

The significance of maternal appropriate calcium intakes for energy metabolism in the offspring has been recognized. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered as the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome. So in this study, we proposed that there were long-term effects of maternal calcium status on the progress of NAFLD by altering the intestinal microbiota and lipid metabolism with attention to potential sex differences among the mouse offspring. Thirty-four-week female C57BL/6 J mice were subjected to obtain low, normal and high calcium reproductive diets throughout the gestation and lactation. After weaning, both the male and female mouse offspring were fed with the high-fat diet for 16 weeks, with the normal diet as control. Biochemical indicators in the plasma and hepatic tissue were measured using ELISA or enzymatic methods. The expression of lipid metabolism, inflammatory and fibrosis related genes was determined by RT-PCR. The intestinal microbiota was analyzed by 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. Maternal normal and low calcium intake could, respectively, inhibit the progress of high-fat diet induced NAFLD in the male and female mouse offspring, which was characterized by the least lipid droplets, inflammatory infiltration and fibrosis, the lowest concentrations of free fatty acids and triglyceridethe lowest expression of genes involving in de novo lipogenesis and the highest expression of genes related to lipid oxidation and hydrolysis, inflammatory, and fibrosis. Pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes revealed that the male mouse offspring with maternal normal calcium intake and the female mouse offspring with maternal low calcium intake, after the high-fat diet feeding, had distinct intestinal microbiota, which was closer to thosein mice with the normal diet feeding. Analysis of the functional features for the different microbiota was compatible with the expression of genes associated with lipogenesis, lipid oxidation and hydrolysis. Thus, there is a sex-specific manner for maternal calcium requirement to inhibit the progress of offspring NAFLD, that might be less for the female offspring and more for the male offspring.

《医药学基础》是制药工程专业的一门基础课程,也是一门以实验为基础的课程.以蚌埠医学院为例,从实验内容建设、师资队伍建设、教材建设、考核措施、人文精神建设等方面总结了《医药学基础》实验课建设的经验.在教学研究过程中,采取边研究、边改革、边实践、边调整的思路,完善实验教学体系,提高教学质量.

蚊是一类呈世界性分布的卫生害虫,传播疟疾等多种疾病,引发许多国际性的公共卫生事件,受到了全世界的广泛关注.基于传统的化学防治导致蚊抗药性的产生及环境污染都给蚊媒控制带来新的挑战.近年来分子生物学的飞速发展,基因编辑技术(ZFN、TALEN、CRISPR/Cas9等)的相继出现,可以对蚊媒基因组进行精确的基因敲除、替换、纠正等靶向修饰,以期在蚊媒防治控制工作中取得新的突破.基因编辑技术的出现与发展为蚊媒的基因编辑、目标基因功能研究、甚至是蚊-病原体相互作用基因的定位提供一个强有力的工具.本文对目前3种主要基因编辑技术在蚊媒基因组中的研究和进展进行了综述.通过分析基因编辑技术在蚊媒研究的应用可以达到3个主要目的:①控制蚊媒与病原体;②研究蚊相关基因的功能;③对蚊基因组进行相关编辑与改造.基因编辑技术用于研究蚊媒基因的功能,会成为未来科学研究的一大热点.

Obesity has become one of the public health problems that threatens children's health, but its specific etiology and pathogenesis are still unclear. Recently, many long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to be involved in the occurrence of obesity. However, their roles are still poorly understood. Thus, the aim of this study was to discover the profiles of the lncRNAs and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) altered in obesity. Epididymal fat samples were collected from mice fed with control and high-fat diets (HFD) for 16 weeks to investigate the differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs by lncRNA microarray, after which seven lncRNAs and nine mRNAs were validated using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Bioinformatics analysis and predictions were used to determine the potential biofunctions of these differentially expressed lncRNAs. Then a coexpression network was constructed to determine the transcriptional regulatory relationship of the differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs between the control and HFD groups. The body weight of the HFD group was much higher than that of the control group, as a result of the increased energy intake. In total, 8421 differentially expressed lncRNAs and 6840 mRNAs were profiled using the lncRNAs microarray. Bioinformatics predictions and the coexpression network all indicated that the occurrence of obesity was attributed to those differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs associated with energy metabolism, cell differentiation, and oxidative phosphorylation. The expression levels of Cyp2e1, Atp5b, Hibch, Cnbp, Frmd6, Ptchd3, ENSMUST00000155948, AK140152, ENSMUST00000135194, and ENSMUST00000180861 were significantly different between the control and HFD groups. All these Results suggested that obesity was partially attributed to those lncRNAs associated with energy metabolism, cell differentiation, and oxidative phosphorylation.

Calcium plays important roles in lipid metabolism and adipogenesis, but whether its status in early life affects later lipid profiles needs to be clarified. Three to four-week old C57BL/6J female mice were fed with three different reproductive diets containing normal, low (insufficient) and high (excessive) calcium concentrations respectively throughout pregnancy and lactation. At postnatal 21 days, the weaning male and female pups from each group were sacrificed for experiments and the remaining were fed with the normal chow diet for 16 weeks. Meanwhile, some of the weaning female pups from maternal low calcium diet group were fed with the normal calcium, low calcium and high calcium mature diets respectively for 8 weeks. Maternal insufficient or excessive calcium status during pregnancy and lactation programmed an abnormal expression of hepatic and adipose genes (PPAR-γ, C/EBP-α, FABP4, Fasn, UCP2, PPAR-α, HMG-Red1, Acc1, and SREBP-1c) in the offspring and this may lead to dyslipidemia and accumulation of hepatic triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) in later life. The effects of maternal calcium status on lipid metabolism were found only in the female adult offspring, but were similar between offspring males and females at postnatal 21 days. Additionally, the dyslipidemia and hepatic lipid accumulation caused by insufficient calcium status in early life may be reversed to some extent by dietary calcium supplementation in later life.

Objective: To investigate the effects of calcium supplementation during the pregnancy and early infancy stage on body mass index (BMI) and gut microbiota in the infants. Methods: A total of 1 752 healthy pregnant women and their infants (breast feeding) in two maternal and child health care hospitals of Beijing were chosen as the subjects in this study from May to October 2016. Questionnaires were used to obtain the general information and supplementation of calcium and vitamin D in mothers and their infants. The body length and weight of infants at birth and 6 months were recorded to calculate the BMI. The random number table method was used to randomly select 40 infants from each group for gut microbiota analysis (If less than 40 infants were all included in this study, 23 infants in the pregnancy and early infancy would be all treated with calcium supplements. There were 6 infants who was not added calcium during the pregnancy but added in the early infancy). Then it was compared that the effects of calcium supplementation during the pregnancy and early infancy on the BMI and gut microbiota composition of infants were determined at birth and 6 months. Results: Compared to the group with no calcium supplementation during the pregnancy ((12.76±1.23), (17.68±0.76)kg/m(2)), the BMI of infants at birth and 6 months in the group with calcium supplementation during the pregnancy ((13.51±0.47), (17.91±0.23)kg/m(2)) were significantly higher(P<0.05). In the group with maternal calcium supplementation, the BMI at 6 months ((18.63±0.52)kg/m(2)), BMI increment ((5.71±0.54)kg/m(2)) and the content of lactobacillus (21.04%±3.68%) in the only calcium supplementation subgroup in the early infancy were higher than those in only vitamin D supplementation subgroup ((17.69±0.89) kg/m(2), (4.17±1.01) kg/m(2) and 12.28%±3.86%) (P<0.05). In the group without maternal calcium supplementation, the content of lactobacillus (20.15%±4.87%) in the only calcium supplementation subgroup were also higher than those in only vitamin D supplementation subgroup (14.64%±3.71%) (P<0.05). Conclusion: Appropriate calcium supplementation during the pregnancy is good for the growth and development of the fetus. Calcium supplementation in the early infancy could increase the BMI of infants, and promote the growth of intestinal lactobacillus.

Objective: To investigate the effects of docosahexenoic acid (DHA) supplementation on infant's growth and BMI during pregnancy. Methods: A total of 1 516 healthy pregnant women delivered their babies in two maternal and child health care hospitals in Beijing and were chosen as the subjects in this cohort study from May to October 2015. Self-developed questionnaires were used to gather general information of the subjects, including age, height, weight, weight gain during pregnancy, delivery mode, DHA supplementation etc., before giving birth. Information on body length, weight, head circumference and BMI at birth and 6 months postnatal, of the infants were recorded. Breast milk was collected to test the fatty acid profiles by using the gas chromatography (GC) method at one to three months postnatally. Results: The overall rate of DHA supplementation was 47.76% among the pregnant women, in which introduction of DHA from the early and second stage of the pregnancy accounted for 49.31% and 39.64% respectively. When DHA supplementation began from the early pregnant stage, the DHA concentration showed an increase in the milk (P<0.05), whereas the supplementation began from the second and third stages did not affect the milk DHA concentration (P>0.05). Higher height and lower BMI were seen in the infants at birth and 6 months in the supplementation group when comparing to the non-supplementary group (P<0.05), with the greatest effects noticed in the earliest supplementation group. Specifically, the head circumference appeared larger from the early pregnant stage in the DHA supplementary group, than that in the non-supplement group (P=0.001). The increment of head circumference was larger than that in the other groups when the infants were 6-month old (P<0.01). Results from the partial regression analysis showed that during pregnancy, there were positive correlations between DHA supplementation and height (r=0.324, r=0.216), head circumference (r=0.221, r=0.302) as well as the increment of head circumference (r=0.276) at birth and 6 months (P<0.05). Whereas, a negative correlation was shown between DHA and the infants' BMI (r=-0.310, r=-0.371) (P<0.05) when supplementation was given during maternal pregnancy. Conclusions: When DHA supplementation program was carried out during maternal pregnancy, it could increase the height and head circumference and inhibit the rapid increase of BMI in the infants BMI. Our findings seemed helpful in promoting brain development and preventing the childhood obesity.