Nitrogen (N) losses from agricultural soils harm environmental quality and reduce fertilizer efficiency, highlighting the need for sustainable N management. Plant-derived inhibitors offer an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic stabilizers, but their efficacy across soil types and their effects on soil N cycling regulated by soil carbon (C)-related properties remain underexplored. This study combined controlled incubation experiments and field validation to evaluate four fertilizer treatments: control (CK, no N), urea alone (U), urea + synthetic urease/ nitrification inhibitors (ND), and urea + plant-derived inhibitor cyclopentenone (CCO). Results showed that ND and CCO reduced N losses compared to U. ND reduced ammonia (NH3) volatilization by 14.47-30.34% and CCO by 12.38-19.28% across all four soils. CCO reduced nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions by 17.81-77.70% in red, yellow, and black soils, but increased N2O by 142.6% in arid-irrigated soil. ND reduced N2O emissions by 15.22-59.75% across all four soils. In red and black soils, ND and CCO reduced dinitrogen (N2) emissions by 75.99-92.15%, though effects on N2 were limited in yellow and arid-irrigated soils. Random forest modeling identified soil organic C (SOC), pH, total C (TC), and initial mineral N status as important drivers of N cycling, with TC interpreted as an integrated soil carbon background variable that may include both organic and inorganic C fractions. Partial least squares path modeling revealed treatments mitigated N losses via direct and indirect pathways. Field validation confirmed ND and CCO enhanced N accumulation at critical growth stages, maintaining higher inorganic N levels in the 0-20 cm plow layer during late growth. Relative to U, ND increased maize yield by 16.9%-34.2% and CCO by 4.9%-17.0%. These findings highlight the soil-specific performance of synthetic and plant-derived stabilizers and demonstrate that CCO can serve as a promising biological stabilizer for improving N use efficiency and reducing gaseous N losses, though its effects on N2O are soil-dependent and require careful evaluation under alkaline conditions.

The relationship between soil microorganisms and the effectiveness of nitrogen inhibitors remains poorly understood. This study explores how microbial communities shaped by different soil types affect inhibitor performance. We examined three soil types—red soil, arid-irrigated soil, and black soil—under four treatments: (1) control (CK), (2) urea alone (U), (3) urea with NBPT and DMPP (ND), and (4) urea with the plant-derived inhibitor CCO (CCO). We found that microbial communities interacted differently with each inhibitor across soils. Co-occurrence network analysis showed that microbial diversity and complexity increased with latitude, while connectivity increased from inland to coastal regions. All soils exhibited deterministic microbial assembly. Inhibitors reduced NH3 and N2O emissions while increasing N2 production. In alkaline soils, long-term microbial adaptation enabled CCO to lower NH3 by 12.38%–19.28% and N2O by up to 65.53% through multi-target inhibition and increase in the genetic potential of nosZ, resulting in superior nitrogen emission control. ND reduced NH3 by 18.63%–30.34% and N2O by up to 58.78%, performing better in acidic soils due to its reliance on a single functional gene. However, long-term acidic conditions limited its full efficacy. Overall, CCO showed more consistent performance than NBPT and DMPP in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing nitrogen conversion efficiency. These findings highlight how long-term soil formation shapes microbial communities that influence inhibitor effectiveness, supporting their targeted use for improved nitrogen management in agriculture.

Improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and reducing reactive N losses are essential for sustainable agriculture, yet quantitative understanding of how plant-derived dual-function inhibitors regulate fertilizer N fate remains limited. We evaluated cyclopentenone (CCO), a novel plant-derived dual urease and nitrification inhibitor, via ¹ ⁵N microplot experiments. Six treatments included: unfertilized control (CK), chemical fertilizer (U), U + NBPT (UN), U + DMPP (UD), U + NBPT + DMPP (ND), and U + CCO (UC). Three-year field observations showed inhibitor treatments raised maize yield by 7.4%–14.9% compared with U. In the 2023 isotopic tracing season, inhibitor treatments increased yield by 6.3–12.9% and NUE by 6.6–14.1%, with UC achieving the highest yield and NUE by promoting root-to-shoot N allocation. Functionally, UN reduced NH₃ volatilization by 6.4%, UD suppressed N₂O emissions by 44.8%, while ND exhibited limited synergy. Conversely, CCO simultaneously mitigated both pathways, reducing total NH₃ volatilization by 8.1% and total N₂O emissions by 12.8% relative to U, which reflects its balanced dual regulatory characteristic. ¹ ⁵N tracing revealed that fertilizer N residue in the 0–100 cm profile decreased to 18.6% of applied N, with fertilizer-derived NO₃⁻-N concentrated in the 0–20 cm layer (46.1% lower than U) and negligible residues in 40–100 cm. These results suggest CCO delays urea hydrolysis and nitrification simultaneously, alleviates nitrate leaching risk, and enhances crop N uptake. This study quantifies CCO’s efficacy in synchronizing high crop productivity with low N loss, highlighting its potential for precision N management and pollution mitigation.

The short-lived effectiveness of conventional urease and nitrification inhibitors constrains their potential for sustainable nitrogen (N) management. Here we present a novel microencapsulation strategy using modified melamine resin, enabled controlled release of active compounds to increase the functional lifespan of these inhibitors. We systematically investigate the multi-dimensional impacts of this approach on agroecosystems using an integrated field-microbiome analysis. Through comparative field trials, we evaluated the performance of traditional (N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) and 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP), against their microencapsulated counterparts (NPK+MN and NPK+MD). This study assessed the impacts of the microencapsulated inhibitors on soil N dynamics, microbial community structure, and functional gene expression. The results demonstrated that microencapsulated inhibitors significantly extended the release of active compounds, leading to a 22.5-24.7 % improvement in N use efficiency (NUE). This approach also synergistically reduced emissions of ammonia (NH3) by 3.9-8.9 %, nitrous oxide (N2O) by 5.7-7.6 %, and carbon dioxide (CO2) by 8.9-10.1 %, while boosting maize yield by 4.6-6.7 %. Metagenomic analysis revealed that these benefits were driven by a fundamental shift in soil microbial activity. Specifically, the inhibitors suppressed key N transformation pathways, nitrification and denitrification, through targeted downregulation of key functional genes (e.g., amoA and amoB genes reduced by 3.1-9.7 % and nirS and nirK genes reduced by 6.4-9.3 %). As a result, the technology achieved dual climate-smart outcomes: lowering both global warming potential (GWP) and greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) by 5.7-13.5 % compared to non-encapsulated inhibitor treatments through synchronized emission mitigations and yield gains. Particularly, microencapsulation decreased N-cycling specialist micro-organisms (Nitrosospira and Nitrobacter), while enriching beneficial microbes like Sphingomonas. These microbial and biogeochemical shifts indicate that microencapsulation not only enhances fertilizer efficiency but also fosters ecological stability within the soil system. Overall, this study provides mechanistic and field evidence that microencapsulation of N inhibitors integrates agronomic productivity with ecosystem sustainability, offering a scalable pathway toward climate-smart and environmentally balanced nitrogen management.

ABSTRACT Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) dehydrogenase is an oxidoreductase involved in many physiological processes and metabolic pathways. However, its role in filamentous fungal physiology is still unclear. In the present study, three canonical NADPH dehydrogenase genes (Panph1, Panph2, and Panph3) in the fungus Podospora anserina were deleted, and multiple mutants were constructed. Results show a significantly increased number of fruiting bodies in the NADPH dehydrogenase mutant, with the nphΔΔΔ triple mutant exhibiting higher sensitivity to oxidative stress, suggesting an active‐site protein misfolding. Specifically, the antioxidant genes Nox and CAT in the WT were significantly down‐regulated, confirming NADPH availability; however, in the NADPH mutant, these genes were significantly upregulated (p ≤ 0.001) as a response to nullify the constraint imposed by NADPH deletion and alleviate oxidative stress. Furthermore, an increase in substrate‐level phosphorylation compensated for a significant decrease in oxidative phosphorylation due to NADPH gene deletion. The NADPH/NADP+ ratio, a driving force for the intracellular redox potential, showed a significant increase in the nphΔΔΔ triple mutant. Meanwhile, the NADPH mutant inhibited the β‐oxidative pathway, decreasing fatty acid degradation, but promoted fatty acid biosynthesis, reflecting the role of NADPH in the metabolic programming of cellular respiration and energy utilization processes in fungi. Our study provides genetic evidence for the role of the NADPH dehydrogenase gene in oxidative defence and energy metabolism in P. anserina.

Urease inhibitors (UI) and nitrification inhibitors (NI) enhance nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency (NUE). Microencapsulated materials using melamine–formaldehyde resin as wall material can slow the degradation rate of inhibitors and improve their efficacy. However, the ultimate fate of fertilizer N under microencapsulated inhibitor treatment remains to be quantified. This study systematically quantified the fate distribution of fertilizer N, between gas emissions, soil material uptake, and crop absorption, after application to soil under microencapsulated inhibitor treatment using 15N isotope tracing technology. Results indicate that microencapsulation technology, via the melamine-formaldehyde resin wall material that retards inhibitor degradation in soil, extended the detectable shelf life of N-(n-butyl)thiophosphorotriamide (NBPT) and 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) from 35 days to 63-72 days. At the seedling stage, fertilizer-derived soil ammonium N (NH₄⁺-N) was 23.6

Castanopsis hystrix (C. hystrix) is one of the most dominant and ecologically important species in subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests of China. Interactions between its root and rhizosphere microorganisms play a pivotal role in nutrient acquisition and in mediating plant response s to environmental stresses. In this study, high-throughput 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) sequencing combined with untargeted metabolomics was employed to systematically characterize the rhizosphere microbial community and root exudates in C. hystrix. The results showed that, compared with non-rhizosphere soil, bacterial diversity in the rhizosphere of C. hystrix was significantly reduced, while several specialized and potentially efficient taxa were selectively enriched, particularly Candidatus_Solibacter, Candidatus_Xiphinematobacter, and Candidatus_Koribacter, thereby reshaping a distinct rhizosphere-specific community structure. Metabolomic analyses further revealed that 129 metabolites were significantly enriched in the rhizosphere, including four major classes of compounds associated with plant stress resistance: lipids and lipid-like molecules, organoheterocyclic compounds, organic acids and derivatives, and phenylpropanoids and polyketides. The enrichment of these metabolites likely contributes substantially to stress tolerance in C. hystrix. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis identified six defense-related metabolic pathways, including pyrimidine metabolism, steroid biosynthesis, nucleotide metabolism, plant hormone signal transduction, ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABC transporters), and the biosynthesis of various plant secondary metabolites. Further correlation analysis and co-occurrence network analysis suggested that C. hystrix may potentially influence the enrichment of beneficial microorganisms through rhizosphere metabolites selectively, which could reduce the reliance on external nutrient acquisition and enhance the stress resilience of C. hystrix. Our study provides a comprehensive perspective for elucidating rhizosphere interaction networks and their ecological functions in C. hystrix, thereby enhancing our understanding of the environmental adaptability of dominant tree species in subtropical forests.

Conventional inhibitors, such as N-Butylthiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) and 3,4-Dimethylpyrazol phosphate (DMPP), have been widely used to mitigate nitrogen loss, but their long-term environmental impacts remain a concern. Previous studies have indicated that 2-cyclopenten-1-one (CCO), a plant-derived compound, exhibits a dual-acting of suppressing urease activity and inhibiting nitrification. This unique property endows CCO with the potential to be developed into an eco-friendly and highly efficient novel inhibitor. In light of these findings, a field experiment was carried out to comprehensively assess the yield-increasing and emission-decreasing effects of this novel inhibitor and to explore the underlying microbial mechanisms. The experiment involved four treatments, each with three replicates: (i) Control (no fertilizer application); (ii) chemical fertilizer (NPK); (iii) NPK with NBPT and DMPP (NPK+ND), and (iv) NPK with CCO (NPK+CCO). The results demonstrated that both CCO and ND treatments effectively increased yield and reduced emissions. Compared to NPK treatment, the CCO treatment significantly decreased NH3, N2O, and CO2 emissions by 11.4 %, 9.9 %, and 12.8 %, respectively, and enhanced CH4 uptake 27.32 g ha-1. Furthermore, the ND treatment efficiently regulated the relative abundance and structure of microbial communities associated with genes such as amoB, nirS, and nisK. In contrast, CCO treatment acted more specifically on genes like norB and nirD. CCO significantly impacted target microorganisms, including Nocardioides and Nitrospira, by elevating bacterial abundance and intensifying community competition. Consequently, soil microbial metabolism, especially denitrification, was inhibited, reducing greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions and enhancing maize yields. These findings provide valuable insights for evaluating nutrient-retention mechanisms of novel inhibitors and strategies to mitigate the greenhouse effect.

Nitrogen (N) transformation inhibitors have been widely recognized as a promising strategy to enhance crop productivity and mitigate N losses. However, the effectiveness of individual or combined inhibitors can vary significantly across different agroecosystems. Using meta-analysis and cost-benefit analysis (CBA), we synthesized findings from 41 peer-reviewed studies (285 observations) globally to evaluate the efficacy of urease inhibitors (UIs), nitrification inhibitors (NIs), and combined inhibitors (UINIs). We assessed their influence on soil inorganic N transformations, greenhouse gas emissions, and crop productivity across diverse climates, soil types, cropping systems, and fertilization practices. Our results indicated that combined UINIs were the most efficient, increasing crop yields by 5% and mitigating gaseous emissions by 51% compared to UIs or NIs alone. UINIs achieved these benefits by enhancing crop ammonium (NH4 +) availability through regulating urea hydrolysis and prolonging NH4 + retention by suppressing nitrification in the soil. The CBA revealed that the overall economic benefits of UINIs application outweighed the costs, resulting in a net monetary benefit of $23.36 ha-1, equivalent to a 6.4% increase in revenue. Both meta-regression and random forest analyses suggested that UINIs performance was strongly influenced by factors such as N application rate, organic matter content, and soil pH. Notably, more substantial responses were observed in fine-textured soils and/or crops exposed to high N fertilization rates. Acidic soils (pH < 6.5) exhibited the largest effect sizes, with increased crop productivity and reduced NH3 volatilization due to specific inhibitory interactions. In conclusion, these findings highlight UINIs beneficial impacts on crop productivity and environmental conservation, achieving a "win-win" scenario by addressing various N-loss challenges while enhancing economic outcomes. Further exploration and optimization of the interaction between climate, soil, plant, and management systems and the use of appropriate inhibitors are crucial for maximizing their positive impact on global climate and reaping corresponding economic benefits.

目的:探究黑木耳黑色素对缺铁性贫血(iron deficiency anemia,IDA)小鼠生理及肠道菌群的影响.方法:选取45只24日龄的雄性昆明小鼠随机分为2组:对照组(15只)始终饲喂正常饲料,饮用去离子水;模型组(30只)饲喂低铁饲料、饮用超纯水2周进行造模,随后将模型组随机平均分为2组(IDA组和IDA-M组),继续饲喂低铁饲料,饮用超纯水3周;IDA-M组在造模2周后灌胃200mg/(kg mb·d)黑木耳黑色素,灌胃体积0.2 mL,干预3周,干预期间IDA组灌胃等体积超纯水.每周测定各组小鼠体质量,实验结束时测定各组小鼠血常规并采用高通量测序分析小鼠粪便菌群组成.结果:造模2周后,与对照组相比,模型组小鼠体质量显著降低(P＜0.05);黑木耳黑色素干预3周后,与IDA组相比,IDA-M组小鼠体质量显著增加(P＜0.05),白细胞计数、红细胞计数、血红蛋白质量浓度、红细胞比容、平均红细胞体积等贫血指标均恢复至正常水平,表明黑木耳黑色素具有改善IDA的效果;Illumina Miseq高通量测序分析结果表明,IDA会导致小鼠肠道菌群紊乱,极显著改变肠道菌群多样性指数(Shannon、Chao1、Ace、Simpson指数)(P＜0.01);灌胃黑色素后,与IDA组相比,IDA-M组小鼠肠道菌群多样性指数和整体结构得到显著改善(P＜0.01),在门水平上,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)相对丰度明显降低,厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)相对丰度明显升高并均恢复至正常水平,在属水平上,黑木耳黑色素干预可以增加主要优势菌属相对丰度,有益菌另枝菌属(Alistipes)和阿克曼氏菌属(Akkermansia)相对丰度高度显著增加(P＜0.001),条件致病菌副拟杆菌属(Parabacteroides)相对丰度极显著降低(P＜0.01).结论:黑木耳黑色素可以通过改善IDA小鼠的体质量和血常规指标来缓解IDA症状,并可以增加IDA小鼠肠道菌群多样性和优势菌群相对丰度,使有益菌相对丰度增加、致病菌相对丰度降低.

【目的】旨在探究硫酸亚铁(FeSO 4 )对缺铁性贫血（Iron Deficiency Anemia，IDA）小鼠肠道健康的影响。【方法】选取45只24日龄体重（16.0±1.2） g的雄性昆明小鼠，随机分成3组，每组15只，即对照组（正常饲料，饮蒸馏水）、IDA组（低铁饲料造模2 w，饮去离子水）、IDA-Fe 2+ 组(造模结束后灌胃FeSO 4 3 w，饮去离子水)，实验结束时采样。【结果】试验结束时，与IDA组相比，IDA-Fe 2+ 组小鼠的红细胞、血红蛋白、红细胞压积、平均红细胞体积、平均红细胞血红蛋白量、平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度等贫血指标均恢复至正常水平（P＞0.05），表明FeSO 4 具有改善IDA的功能；与对照组相比，IDA和IDA-Fe 2+ 组小鼠的氧化应激指标和肿瘤坏死因子α均显著升高（P＜0.01）、紧密连接蛋白Occludin显著降低（P＜0.001），IDA-Fe 2+ 组与IDA组除结肠总抗氧化能力（TAC）外均无差异显著性（P＞0.05）。结肠组织HE染色结果表明：与对照组相比，IDA组小鼠的结肠组织黏膜层萎缩，黏膜层上皮细胞排列缺损，固有层萎缩。灌胃FeSO 4 3 w后，观察到IDA+Fe 2+ 组小鼠黏膜层上皮细胞排列仍有缺损，黏膜层腺泡部分存在坏死与缺损，固有层萎缩。对粪便微生物群进行的Illumina Miseq高通量测序结果表明：IDA会导致小鼠肠道菌群紊乱，菌群多样性指数显著改变（Shannon、Chao1、Ace和Simpson指数，P＜0.05）；灌胃FeSO 4 后，相较于IDA组，IDA-Fe 2+ 组小鼠菌群多样性指数显著增加、肠道菌群的整体结构显著改善（P＜0.05）；在门水平上，Bacteroidetes显著降低（P＜0.05），Verrucomicrobia显著升高（P＜0.01），均恢复至正常水平；在属水平上，改变了主要优势菌属的丰度，有益菌Akkermansia、Coprobacter丰度显著增加（P＜0.05），致病菌Parabacteroides丰度显著降低（P＜0.01）。【结论】FeSO 4 可以通过改善IDA小鼠的血液指标来缓解IDA症状，但对IDA小鼠的结肠氧化应激指标、炎症指标和结肠组织病变情况没有改善作用。补充FeSO 4 可以增加IDA小鼠肠道菌群多样性和优势菌群丰度，使有益菌丰度增加，致病菌丰度降低。

Objective: To explore the protective mechanism of Auricularia auricula melanin (AAM) on iron deficiency anemia (IDA) induced ulcerative colitis (UC) in mice. Methods: Forty-five Kunming male mice were randomly divided into blank control group, model group, and AAM group (n = 15 each). The mice from all groups except the blank control one were provided with a low-iron diet to establish an IDA-induced UC model. After two weeks, AAM was administered by gavage to the mice from the AAM group for three weeks, whereas those from the model group continued receiving the low-iron diet. The effects of AAM on anemia indexes, colonic inflammation characteristics, oxidative stress, inflammatory factor expression levels and inflammatory signaling pathways in UC mice were evaluated. Results: Compared with the model group, the symptoms of anemia in the AAM group were alleviated. The body mass returned to the normal level, and the colonic pathological score was significantly reduced (P < 0.000 1). In addition, the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the colon of mice from the AAM group were significantly enhanced compared with the model group (P < 0.000 1), and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), hydroxyl radical (·OH), and superoxide anion radical (O2-·) were significantly decreased (P < 0.000 1, P < 0.01, P < 0.001), indicating that AAM could enhance antioxidant capacity and attenuate oxidative damage in mice. Further mechanistic studies showed that intervention with AAM significantly regulated protein expression associated with Toll-like receptors-4/nuclear factor-kappa B (TLR4/NF-κB) signaling pathway, significantly down-regulated the gene expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) (P < 0.01), and significantly increased the gene expression level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Auricularia auricula melanin may regulate oxidative stress and inhibit the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, thereby reducing intestinal mucosal ulcer, oxidative stress injury and inflammatory cell infiltration in colon tissue, and finally alleviating IDA-induced UC in mice.

为全面了解汉氏葡糖醋杆菌(Komagataeibacter hansenii,K.hansenii)HDM1-3 的发酵特性,为提高纤维素产量提供基因组信息,对其基因组数据进行测序分析.采用PacBio RS Ⅱ平台对该菌株进行全基因组测序,基因组由1 个3 659 612 bp染色体和2 个质粒组成,编码3 820 个蛋白质,含有7 个纤维素合成酶基因.基于16S rRNA的系统发育分析表明了K.hansenii HDM1-3 相对于醋酸杆菌科菌株的进化地位.在基因组中,共注释到碳水化合物活性酶88 个.通过KEGG注释到代谢通路相关基因共 3 132 个,其中碳水化合物代谢相关基因 287 个.通过基因组测序获得了K.hansenii HDM1-3 完整的基因组信息,为改造该菌株提供了基因组学基础.

以蓝靛果为原料发酵制备酵素,探究最佳发酵菌种及发酵工艺,使得蓝靛果酵素具有更强的抗氧化功能.分别使用4 种发酵菌种对蓝靛果进行发酵,测定其花色苷含量、多酚含量以及SOD酶活力,来确定最佳发酵菌种.结果表明,佰生优发酵菌种发酵120 h后的多酚含量以及SOD酶活力均为最高(P<0.05),确定为最佳发酵菌种.通过单因素实验,确定最佳发酵工艺条件为发酵温度30℃、发酵时间72 h、接种量为15％(每100 mL水中加入15％的发酵菌种).研究确定了一种更优的蓝靛果酵素的加工工艺,能更好提升蓝靛果酵素的抗氧化功能.使蓝靛果资源高效利用,为蓝靛果酵素的精深制备及品质优化提供理论依据.

The lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase(LPMO)in the auxiliary active protein family(AA family)catalyzes the oxidative depolymerization of various refractory carbohydrates including cellulose,chitin and starch.While accumulating studies investigate the enzymology of LPMO,the research on the inactivation of LPMO genes has been rarely explored.In this study,five LPMO genes PaLPMO11A(Pa_4_4790),PaLPMO11B(Pa_1_5310),PaLPMO11C(Pa_2_7840),PaLPMO11D(Pa_2_8610)and PaLPMO11E(Pa_3_9420)of the AA11 family in the filamentous fungus Podospora anserina were knocked out by homologous recombination.Single mutants ΔPaLPMO11A(ΔA),ΔPaLPMO11B(ΔB),ΔPaLPMO11C(ΔC),ΔPaLPMO11D(ΔD)and ΔPaLPMO11E(ΔE)were constructed,and then all polygenic mutants were constructed via genetic crosses.The differences in the growth rate and sexual reproduction between wild type and mutant strains were observed on different carbon source media.The alteration of oxidative stress and cellulose degradation ability were found on DAB and NBT staining and cellulase activity determination.These results implicated that LPMO11 genes play a key role in the growth,development,and lignocellulose degradation of P.anserina.The results showed that the spore germination efficiency,growth rate and reproductive capacity of mutant strains including ΔBΔCΔE,ΔAΔBΔCΔE,ΔAΔCΔDΔE and ΔAΔBΔCΔDΔE was significantly decreased on different cellulose carbon sources and the remaining strains have no difference.The reduced utilization of various carbon sources,the growth rate,the spore germination rate,the number of fruiting bodies,the normal fruiting bodies,the shortened life span and the ability to degrade cellulose were found in strains which all five genes in the PaLPMO11 family were deleted.However,the strain still had 45%cellulase activity compared to wild type.These results suggest that LPMO11 genes may be involved in the growth and development,sexual reproduction,senescence and cellulose degradation of P.anserina.This study provides information for systematically elucidating the regulatory mechanism of lignocellulose degradation in filamentous fungus P.anserina.

嗜黏蛋白阿克曼菌是定殖在胃肠道黏液层中的可以特异性的降解黏蛋白的严格厌氧的革兰氏阴性菌,最初是从人体粪便中分离出来的,在各种疾病的治疗过程中发挥着重要作用,有望成为下一代益生菌.综述了现有的嗜黏蛋白阿克曼菌的培养方法,准确地认识嗜黏蛋白阿克曼菌与肥胖、早衰和阿尔兹海默症之间的关系,有利于为这些疾病的治疗提供新的治疗思路和理论依据.

The sucrose non-fermenting 1/AMP-activated protein kinase (SNF1/AMPK) is a central regulator of carbon metabolism and energy production in the eukaryotes. In this study, the functions of the Podospora anserina SNF1 (PaSNF1) ortholog were investigated. The ΔPaSNF1 mutant displays a delayed development of mycelium and fruiting bodies and fails to form ascospores. The expression of the PaSNF1 gene in the strain providing female organs in a cross is sufficient to ensure fertility, indicating a maternal effect. Results of environmental stress showed that ΔPaSNF1 was hypersensitive to stress, such as osmotic pressure and heat shock, and resistant to fluconazole. Interestingly, the knockout of PaSNF1 significantly promoted sterigmatocystin (ST) synthesis but suppressed cellulase [filter paperase (FPA), endoglucanase (EG), and β-glucosidase (BG)] activity. Further, transcriptome analysis indicated that PaSNF1 made positive regulatory effects on the expression of genes encoding cellulolytic enzymes. These results suggested that PaSNF1 may function in balancing the operation of primary and secondary metabolism. This study suggested that SNF1 was a key regulator concerting vegetative growth, sexual development, and stress tolerance. Our study provided the first genetic evidence that SNF1 was involved in the ST biosynthesis and that it may also be a major actor of lignocellulose degradation in P. anserina.

Komagataeibacter hansenii HDM1-3 (K. hansenii HDM1-3) has been widely applied for producing bacterial cellulose (BC). The yield of BC has been frequently limited by the acidification during sugar metabolism, due to the generation of organic acids such as acetic acid. In this study, the acid resistance mechanism of K. hansenii HDM1-3 has been investigated from the aspect of metabolic adaptability of cell membrane fatty acids. Firstly, we observed that the survival rate of K. hansenii HDM1-3 was decreased with lowered pH values (adjusted with acetic acids), accompanied by increased leakage rate. Secondly, the cell membrane adaptability in response to acid stress was evaluated, including the variations of cell membrane fluidity and fatty acid composition. The proportion of unsaturated fatty acids was increased (especially, C18-1w9c and C19-Cyc), unsaturation degree and chain length of fatty acids were also increased. Thirdly, the potential molecular regulation mechanism was further elucidated. Under acid stress, the fatty acid synthesis pathway was involved in the structure and composition variations of fatty acids, which was proved by the activation of both fatty acid dehydrogenase (des) and cyclopropane fatty acid synthase (cfa) genes, as well as the addition of exogenous fatty acids. The fatty acid synthesis of K. hansenii HDM1-3 may be mediated by the activation of two-component sensor signaling pathways in response to the acid stress. The acid resistance mechanism of K. hansenii HDM1-3 adds to our knowledge of the acid stress adaptation, which may facilitate the development of new strategies for improving the industrial performance of this species under acid stress.

通过不同漂烫温度、漂烫液配方和不同复水浸渍液品种、浓度、浸渍时间对产品色差、硬度、含水率等综合指标的评定,确定龙牙楤木嫩茎叶前处理的最优配方及条件为:漂烫采用每100 L水中添加玉米油300 mL,抗坏血酸30 g,90 ℃对龙牙楤木嫩茎叶漂烫2 min后迅速捞出于冷水中冷却;复水采用15%的黑木耳多糖水溶液中浸渍8 h,料液比为1:1.

In this paper,we investigated differences in the nutritional contents,texture and microstructure of Auricularia auricula-judaes from Tibet and Dongning of Heilongjiang province.The results indicated that total sugar,reducing sugar,fiber and fat contents of A.auricula-judaes were significantly affected by genotype,while the unique geographical environment of Tibet influenced the accumulation of mineral elements,such as calcium,iron,zinc and magnesium,and functional compounds,such as polyphenols,flavonoids and melanim.Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis demonstrated that environmental factors had a greater impact on the nutritional contents than genotype.Along with the changes in nutritional contents,geographical environment influenced the springiness,cohesiveness,gumminess,chewiness,and resilience,while genotype influenced only the hardness of A.auricula-judae.Electron microscopy analysis demonstrated that different A.auricula-judae strains from Tibet had similar morphology,while significant morphological differences were observed between A.auricula-judaes cultivated in Dongning and Tibet.These results suggested that the differences in the nutritional contents and texture properties in A.auricula-judae depend more heavily on environmental factors and less on the genetic background.This study can provide an important guidance for A.auricula-judae cultivation and for further studies on the underlying physiological and molecular mechanism.