为探究热泵水热分离除湿方式对密集烤房烘烤效果的影响,以粤烟97烟叶为样品,设计了热泵除湿(HP)和传统燃煤(TC)密集烤房烘烤效能试验,通过采集系统获得烤房内22个测试点温度和烤房电耗数据,分析2种方式密集烤房的温度场均匀性问题,并结合烤后烟叶经济成本、外观质量和主要化学成分等多个特征指标,明确HP方式能有效提高烟叶品质,降低烘烤能耗.结果表明,在设定相同烘烤工艺条件下,TC方式标准差为1.313℃,偏差平均值为1.855℃,而HP方式标准差为0.540℃,偏差平均值为0.754℃;结合水平和垂直方向温度场试验可知,HP方式温差波动较小,能形成稳定的温度流场,有利于提高烟叶烤后品质;在干烟质量相当情况下,HP方式总成本为TC的46.28％,单位干烟叶成本为TC的41.88％;HP方式烤后烟叶外观质量和主要化学成分协调性均优于TC烤后烟叶.

In order to objectively analyze and evaluate the usability of flue-cured tobacco chemical constituents in the Guangdong tobacco-growing area, an evaluation system of chemical composition of flue-cured tobacco was constructed by adopting fuzzy mathematics, multiple statistics and others with C3F flue-cured tobacco samples collected from 8 major producing counties in the Guangdong tobacco-growing area from 2013 to 2017. The time and regional characteristics of chemical components in the leaves of flue-cured tobacco were analyzed, and the usability of tobacco chemical components was evaluated. The results showed that in the recent 5 years, the contents of total sugar (25.09%), reducing sugar (21.83%), chloride ion (0.25%), the sugar nicotine ratio (8.52) and nitrogen nicotine ratio (0.69) in middle leaves were relatively low. The chemical composition usability of tobacco leaves of"moderate" and above accounted for 85.00%. There were significant differences in total nicotine, total nitrogen, potassium ion content, sugar nicotine ratio and nitrogen nicotine ratio in tobacco leaves between years and the regions, but there was no significant difference in the usability of chemical components in tobacco leaves between producing areas. According to chemical composition, there are three types of flue-cured tobacco in the Guangdong tobacco-growing area, each of which is relatively concentrated in the same ecological area respectively.

为建立一种快速、特异、简便的多重烟草病毒检测方法,用胶体金标记和免疫层析技术研制了双重(TMV-CMV、CMV-PVY、TMV-PVY)和三重(TMV-CMV-PVY)病毒试纸条.测试结果表明,三重病毒检测试纸条对目标病毒(TMV、CMV和PVY)的检测具有良好的灵敏性和特异性.检出TMV、CMV和PVY的最低浓度分别在1.02～10.2、1.10～11.0、1.20～12.0 ng/mL之间.对烟草危害严重的TEV、PVA和TSWV均无交叉反应.用三重病毒检测试纸条对苗棚中的烟株进行检测,其结果与RT-PCR检测结果的符合率≥90％.

To effectively control virus disease at tobacco seedling stage, pot experiments were conducted to study the effects of seed transmitted virus on the occurrence of virus disease. Vigorous tobacco seeds were cultured in a floating system after soaking in solutions of TMV, CMV and PVY at different concentrations. Virus carrying rates and contents of tobacco seedlings were measured at four true leaves stage. The results showed that the seeds soaked in TMV, CMV and PVY solutions were infected with virus disease to different extents. The lowest(threshold)virus concentrations of TMV, CMV and PVY were 7.46×104, 7.44×104 and 7.52× 104 copies/μL, respectively. There was no correlation between the amount of virus carried by tobacco seedling and the virus content in solution. Tobacco seedlings infected virus disease when the amount of virus carried by tobacco seeds was higher than the threshold.

Objective]To study effects of climatic factors on yield components and chemical compositions of tobacco in Nanxiong , Guangdong Province .[Method]This research employed data survey , correlation analysis, and regression analysis to study the relationship between main climate factors ( temperature, sunshine and rainfall ) in Nanxiong and tobacco yield components , chemical compositions .[Result]The tobacco leaf yield and its components were mainly affected by rainfall , followed by sunshine hours and temperature .The mass per leaf of the top or bottom leaves and the yield ratio of the bottom and middle leaves were positively correlated with temperature at mature stage , sunshine hour in late May , and rainfall in vigorous growing stage and early April .The amounts of reducing sugar and potassium ions , the ratios of total nitrogen to total nicotine , and reducing sugar to total sugar of the top leaves were significantly cor-related with air temperature and sunshine hour .For the middle leaves , the amounts of total sugar , reducing sugar and potassium ions were significantly positively correlated with sunshine hour;the ratio of total nitrogen to total nicotine was significantly negatively correlated with rainfall in late May;the ratio of reducing sugar to total sugar was significantly positively correlated with rainfall in late March and rainfall in early June.[Conclusion]It is feasible to change the climate conditions in the field of flue-cured tobac-co by adjusting the transplanting time , and thus to regulate the yield components and chemical constitu-ents of tobacco leaves in production .

为克服土壤退化,提高烟叶品质,利用土壤有益微生物菌群与有机物发酵技术,配制成两种生物菌肥,通过盆栽试验,研究两种菌肥对烟草品质和植烟土壤的影响.结果显示,施用烟草专用复合肥+菌肥A的组合施肥效果最佳,该施肥处理在整个烟草生育期内叶面积大,硝酸还原酶活性高,在成熟期明显降低了烟叶中蛋白质的含量,改善了烟叶品质.菌肥A施用总体效果优于菌肥B,菌肥A对烟草团棵期和成熟期叶部干物质积累具有促进作用.两种菌肥都能提高烟草生育后期游离脯氨酸的积累、成熟期色素、以及根、茎、叶中钾含量.

【Objective】Characteristics of total volatile alkali,total volatile acid and pH value were researched in flue-cured tobacco samples from Guangdong tobacco-growing areas,in order to provide theoretical references for cultivation and utilization of Guangdong flue-cured tobacco.【Method】Contents of total volatile alkali,total volatile acid and pH value in flue-cured tobacco leaves from Guangdong Province among different production areas,different tobacco grades and different tobacco cultivars were compared,and the relationship among total volatile alkali,total volatile acid and pH value was researched by partial correlation analysis.【Result】Content of total volatile alkali in Guangdong flue-cured tobacco was low,with the mean content of(0.27±0.09)%,and total volatile acid content was very low,with the mean content of(0.11±0.04)%,and the average pH value was 5.32±0.20.Contents of total volatile alkali,total volatile acid and pH value in Guangdong flue-cured tobacco leaves had some differences among different tobacco-growing areas,different grades and different cultivars,and difference of pH value was bigger.Contents of total volatile alkali and total volatile acid of Guangdong flue-cured tobacco leaves had no significant difference(P0.05)among different tobacco-growing areas,different grades and different cultivars,and pH value had highly significant difference(P0.01) among different tobacco-growing areas and different cultivars,but there were not significant differences among different grades.Total volatile acid had highly significant negative correlation with total volatile alkali and pH value in Guangdong flue-cured tobacco leaves,and total volatile alkali had highly significant negative correlation with pH value.【Conclusion 】Total volatile alkali content is low,and total volatile acid contents are generally low in Guangdong flue-cured tobacco samples.Total contents of volatile alkali and volatile acid in flue-cured tobacco can be increased appropriately by improving maturity degree of tobacco harvest,applying ammonium and nitrate nitrogen reasonably and fermenting tobacco leaves scientifically.

A pot experiment with the volatilization device, was conducted to study the effect of N application amount and ratio of basal to top-dressing fertilizer (T1: no N fertilization; T2: conventional N fertilization with N application amount of 300 g (N)·kg-1 (soil) and ratio of basal to top-dressing fertilizer of 7:3; T3: optimization of N fertilization with N application amount of 150 g (N)·kg-1 (soil) and ratio of basal to top-dressing fertilizer of 3:7) on N volatilization from the aerial part of tobacco 'Yueyan 97' at the vigorous and maturity stages. Results showed that, compared with T1 and T2, T3 significantly improved the tobacco shoot NO volatilization rate at maturity stage. However, for N2O at this stage, it was net absorption for all the three treatments, and there was no significant difference among their average absorption rate. Among the three treatments, the average shoot N2O volatilization of T2 at both the vigorous and maturity stages, was the largest, and then was the T3, and T1 was the smallest. Shoot N2O volatilization loss of T2 and T3 at maturity stage was, respectively, 3.06 and 6.12 times of that at the vigorous stage, respectively. There was no significant difference in tobacco shoot NH3 volatilization rate among three N treatments at the vigorous stage. While at maturity stage, compared with T2, T3 obviously increased the shoot NH3 volatilization rate. Reduced N application amount and optimizing the base fertilizer ratio could decrease aerial part N2O volatilization at the vigorous and maturity stages, while increased NH3 volatilization at maturity stage. Above results showed that, optimizing applying N (N postponed) although promoted N absorption in the middle and late period of tobacco, promoted the formation of endogenous N2O and volatilization. Therefore, the regulation of optimizing applying N (N postponed) on inhibition of tobacco N volatilization was not distinct.

通过盆栽试验,采用地上部氮挥发研究装置研究施氮量和基追比[对照处理:不施氮;传统施氮处理:施氮量为0.30 g(N)·kg-1(土),基追肥比为7∶3;优化施氮处理:施氮量为0.15 g(N)·kg-1(土),基追肥比为3∶7]对烤烟“粤烟97”在旺长期和成熟期地上部氮素挥发的影响.结果表明,与不施氮处理和传统施氮处理相比,优化施氮处理显著提高了成熟期烤烟地上部NO的挥发速率;但是3种施氮处理下成熟期烤烟对NO2表现为净吸收,且平均吸收速率差异不显著.3种施氮处理中,传统施氮处理无论是旺长期还是成熟期烤烟地上部平均N2O挥发损失量最高,其次是优化施氮处理,对照处理最小;传统施氮处理和优化施氮处理成熟期烤烟地上部平均N2O挥发损失量分别是旺长期的3.06倍和6.12倍.旺长期3种施氮处理之间烤烟地上部NH3挥发没有显著差异;但成熟期时,与传统施氮处理相比,优化施氮处理显著提高了烤烟地上部NH3挥发速率.减少施氮量和优化基追比例可减少旺长期和成熟期烤烟地上部N2O挥发,但增加成熟期NH3挥发.上述结果表明,优化施氮(氮肥后移)尽管促进烤烟中后期氮素吸收,但也促进了烤烟内源N2O形成、排放.因此,优化施氮(氮肥后移)对抑制烤烟氮素挥发的调控作用不明显.

Cell wall material of tobacco was composed of non-active substances,which could provide the framework of the physical structure of tobacco.Consist and content of cell wall material of flue-cured tobacco was researched,and the relationship between cell wall material of flue-cured tobacco and grade,position,colour,body,oil,physical property,chemical composition,smoking quality and the controlling measures were analyzed.

In term of the new situation of cigarette advance in China tobacco industry,the performances and reasons of the structural contradiction of supplying and demanding for tobacco as raw material was analyzed,and the countermeasures to solve the contradiction was suggested aimed to provide the reference for the supplying of the tobacco raw material.

The contents and variation characteristics of potassium,chlorine and sulfur of flue-cured tobacco leaves collected in Guangdong tobacco-growing areas from different production areas,different tobacco gradings,different tobacco cultivars and different years were analyzed.The results indicated that the contents of potassium,sulfur and the ratio of potassium to chlorine were medium with the mean of(2.29±0.33) %,(0.46±0.10) % and(11.33±5.68),respectively,and chlorine content was lower with the mean of(0.26±0.13) %.The variation coefficient(51.16 %) of chlorine content was the highest,the variation coefficient(14.26 %) of potassium content was the lowest.Extremely significant differences of the contents of potassium,chlorine and the ratio of potassium to chlorine of flue-cured tobacco were found among the different production areas.Extremely significant differences of potassium content of flue-cured tobacco were found among the different gradings.The differences of content of potassium,chlorine,sulfur and the ratio of potassium to chlorine of flue-cured tobacco leaves didn't reach to the significant level among different cultivars and different years.

In order to study the status of soil degradation in the tobacco-planting fields in Nanxiong of Guangdong province, 54 farmers from 8 villages, whom totally planted 431.2 km2 tobacco, were investigated, which involved 103.4 km2 Purple soil, 109.4 km2 Niugantutian soil and 75.4 km2 Shanitian soil, and the average yield was 244.4 kg/km2. The results indicated that the tobacco output and quality were relatively higher in the Niugantutian and Purple soils. The tobaccoes planted in the continuous planting Shanitian soils were easy to be infected by Ralstonia solanacearum (bacterial wilt), meanwhile, the fertilization was more in the high-yield fields, but the relationship between them was not significantly correlated.In addition, soil samples were collected for studying the soil microbes.The figures indicated that the amounts and populations of bacteria, fungi and nitrogen-fixing bacteria were obviously different, namely the community diversity of the culture-dependent microbes is different. The bacteria and nitrogen-fixing bacteria amount were the most in the soybean and tobacco rotation field, and most for the fungi in the fields of slightly-infected by Ralstonia solanacearum, however, the fungi was less in the rhizosphere of tobaccos infected by Ralstonia solanacearum.Nitrobacteria amounts were more in rhizophere soil than in non-rhizophere soil.The abilities of dissolving CaCO3 were also different for the nitrogen-fixing bacteria form different soils.

Contents of sugar,nitrogen and the coordination were analyzed in flue-cured tobacco samples from Guangdong tobacco-growing areas.The results indicated that contents of total sugar,reducing sugar and Shmuck value were high,contents of total nitrogen,nicotine,the ratio of reducing sugar to nicotine and total nitrogen to nicotine were medium,content of protein was low,coefficient of variation(32.28 %) of the ratio of reducing sugar to nicotine was the biggest,coefficient of variation(11.62 %) of protein content was the smallest.Content of total sugar,nicotine,the ratio of reducing sugar to nicotine,total nitrogen to nicotine and Shmuck value in flue-cured tobacco leaves had highly significant difference among different grades,reducing sugar had significant difference among different grades.Contents of reducing sugar,total nitrogen and protein in flue-cured tobacco leaves had highly significant difference among different areas.Content of total nitrogen had highly significant difference among different cultivars,content of reducing sugar had significant difference among different cultivars.