为深入推进化肥施用量零增长行动,武穴市深化测土配方施肥技术,不断优化施肥结构.针对武穴市粮油作物及主要经济作物生产中化肥施用量大、利用率低、区域施肥差异大等问题,提出减量增效施肥关键技术.大力推广应用有机肥替减化肥、水稻侧深施肥、油菜种肥同播、水肥一体化等技术,总结形成了较为完善的化肥减量增效技术集成模式.

采用雨养山药田间小区试验的方法,研究了稻草覆盖与化肥减量对山药生长、土壤温度和湿度的影响.结果表明,稻草覆盖还田既能明显降低高温时段(14:00)0～5 cm表土层的温度(平均降低1.5～2.4℃),又能明显提高高温干旱期0～5 cm表土层的水分保持能力(平均提高1.2～3.4个百分点),在稻草覆盖还田量相同条件下,化肥减量15％对0～5 cm表土层温度和湿度影响均不明显.由于稻草覆盖的降温保墒效应,山药成熟期产量和生物量均有所提高,分别增产1070～3490 kg/hm2和450～1780 kg/hm2,而在稻草覆盖还田量相同条件下,化肥减量15％则相反,分别减产1420～3615 kg/hm2和550～1368 kg/hm2.就土壤降温保墒和山药增产效应而言,可选择稻草覆盖量为4000～6000 kg/hm2条件下化肥减量15％.

[Objective]To reveal the law of dry matter accumulation, N, P, K nutrients absorption and utilization in rice-ratoon rice system and lay a theoretical basis for scientific fertilization, [Method]two years of field trials were conducted to study the dynamics of dry matter accumulation and N, P, K distribution and transformation in rice-ratoon rice system by investigating the dry matter weight and nutrients contents in different organs at various growth stages(tillering stage, young panicle differentiation stage, booting stage, full heading stage, filling stage, ripening stage) under the condition of adequate supplying of nutrients. [Result]Total dry matter accumulation of the first-season rice followed the growth trend of 'slow-fast-slow' in the whole growth duration. The rapid accumulation period in stem and leaf were 'tillering-full heading stage' and 'before the booting stage', respectively, and the accumulation in stem and leaf accounted for 81.1% and 43.8% of their maximum. In addition, the dry matter accumulation in stem and leaf were not decreased significantly during the grain filling stage. The rapid dry matter accumulation period of panicle was from full heading stage to middle filling stage, which accounted for 58.8% of the total. The total dry matter accumulation of ratoon rice followed an S-shape curve. Dry matter accumulation in stem and leaf peaked at the filling stage and heading stage respectively, and that of the first-season rice stubble showed a downward trend in the whole growth period. The results of nutrient absorption showed that total N accumulation of the first-season rice was equal to that of the dry matter accumulation, as well as that of the stem and panicle. But the total accumulation of phosphorus and potassium of the first-season rice were decreased at the late filling stage. Nutrients accumulation of stem and leaf reached the maximum at heading stage. After harvest of the first season rice, accumulation of N, P and K in stubbles showed a downward trend, and that of ratoon rice stem and leaf were increased firstly and then decreased. However, that of panicle were increased constantly. From heading stage to ripening stage, N translocation in each organ showed a tendency of leaf>stem>stubble, for P translocation, stem>stubble>leaf, and for K translocation, stubble>leaf>stem. [Conclusion]The rapid dry matter and nutrient accumulation period of the first-season rice was from booting stage to middle filling stage, and the critical period of ratoon rice was from the harvest of the first-season rice to full heading stage. The nutrient in stubbles could be transferred to the organs of ratoon rice after the harvest of the first season rice. Satisfying the nutrients demands between heading stage and filling stage of the first-season rice and timely nutrients supply to ratooning buds served as the basis and guarantee of high yield in rice-ratoon rice system.

通过在“油菜-早稻-晚稻”模式上试验,研究了不同氮肥用量对三季作物产量及氮肥利用率的影响.结果表明,氮肥的施用能够显著影响作物产量,与推荐施氮处理相比,不施氮后三季作物分别减产2 073 kg/hm2、2 220 kg/hm2和1 356 kg/hm2,减产率分别为29.6％、27.5％和60.3％.连续三季不施氮肥后,作物产量对氮肥的依赖明显增加,早稻、晚稻和油菜合理施用氮肥对产量贡献依次为29.6％、27.5％和60.3％.通过方程拟合计算得出三季作物的推荐最佳施氮量分别为151 kg/hm2、247.5 kg/hm2和190 kg/hm2,对应产量分别为6 941 kg/hm2、8 475 kg/hm2和2 169 kg/hm2.结果表明,只有合理施用氮肥才能实现“稻-稻-油”轮作模式的高产高效.

试验以双季稻为材料,研究了不同施肥处理对鄂东南双季水稻产量及养分吸收利用的影响.结果表明,与不施肥处理(CK)相比,习惯施肥、测土施肥和控释氮肥处理的双季稻周年产量分别增产18.0％、20.9％和12.8％.施肥处理双季稻的株高、有效穗数和每穗实粒数也有明显增加,而千粒重和结实率无显著变化.与CK相比,各施肥处理明显提高了双季稻各器官对N、P、K的吸收累积量.不同养分的吸收累积量在双季稻不同器官中的分布存在差异,N和P表现为子粒大于秸秆,K则表现为秸秆大于子粒.施肥降低了N、P、K在子粒中的分配比例.双季稻的肥料利用率结果显示,测土施肥处理肥料偏生产力和农学利用率均最高;与习惯施肥处理和拉释氮肥处理相比,早稻肥料偏生产力和农学利用率分别提高了28.7％、8.6％和62.5％、48.6％,晚稻分别提高了19.7％、6.4％和17.6％、90.5％.

Field trials were conducted to study the effect of Silicon(Si) fertilizer application on the growth,yield and nutrient accumulation of early rice.Results showed that the application of Si fertilizer promoted the growth and increased the grain yield of rice significantly.Compared to NPK treatment,the dry matter amount of rice shoot in the treatment of NPK+Si increased by 4.1% and the grain yield increased by 6.2%.The key factors affecting the yield of rice were panicles and grain number per panicle.The panicles and grain number per panicle of rice in the treatment of NPK+Si increased by 12.1% and 19.2% respectively compared to that in NPK treatment.Results also showed that Silicon fertilizer application enhanced the fracture resistance force of the rice stem by 16.3% compared to that of NPK treatment.The results of nutrient accumulation showed that applying silicon fertilizer improved the accumulation of N,P and K by 15.7%,10.1% and 15.5% respectively.These results showed that the effect of silicon fertilizer application on early rice in double rice cropping regions of Southeast Hubei was significant.