油菜是我国重要的油料作物.为了解决稻油轮作油菜种植茬口紧张、劳动力短缺等问题,本文比较了免耕飞播、翻耕直播、移栽3种种植模式的产量和经济效益.结果表明:移栽的产量最高,翻耕直播和免耕飞播相比于移栽减产率分别为16.13％、5.91％;免耕飞播的经济效益最高,达到12435元/hm2,其次是翻耕直播的6375元/hm2.总体而言,免耕飞播模式可在稳产的基础上提高油菜种植的经济效益.

通过研究新型腐植酸氮肥对水稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响,以期为促进新型肥料的广泛应用提供理论依据.采用两地水稻田间肥效试验,共设4个处理:CK1(不施氮肥)、CK2(普通尿素N 180kg/hm2)、HA1(脲基活化腐植酸氮肥N 180 kg/hm2)、HA2(常规掺混腐植酸氮肥N 180 kg/hm2),对比分析水稻成熟后籽粒产量和氮肥利用率的指标.结果表明:与普通尿素相比,梅川镇和大金镇水稻施用腐植酸氮肥均能显著提高籽粒产量和产值;梅川镇和大金镇水稻施用腐植酸氮肥的氮肥利用率分别提高15.0、6.7个百分点和10.9、4.2个百分点.综上,脲基活化腐植酸氮肥综合效果更好.

【Objective】Weed is one of the important factors limiting the high yield of oilseed rape. The reasonable management of nutrients plays a key role in weed control. This study explored the effects of N, P and K fertilizer application rate on the biomass and nutrient competition between oilseed rape and weed under field conditions, so as to provide a basis for ecological grass control and sustainable agricultural development.【Method】The field experiment was carried out in Wuxue City, Hubei Province, and a single factor experimental design was adopted. Four different rate gradients of N (0, 90, 180 and 270 kg N·hm-2, expressed by N0, N1, N2 and N3 respectively), P (0, 45, 90 and 135 kg P2O5·hm-2, expressed by P0, P1, P2 and P3 respectively), and K (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg K2O·hm-2, expressed by K0, K1, K2 and K3 respectively) were set. Oilseed rape yield, the biomass of oilseed rape and weed were investigated at the mature stage. The corresponding nutrient content was measured, the nutrient accumulation was calculated, and the nutrient competition relationship between oilseed rape and weed and its response to the rate of fertilizer were analyzed.【Result】Fertilization significantly increased oilseed rape yield, total shoot biomass and corresponding nutrient accumulation, among the three nutrients of N, P and K, the growth and nutrient accumulation of oilseed rape were the most sensitive to phosphorus deficiency. The yield of oilseed rape treated with N0, P0 and K0 were 560, 227 and 1 490 kg·hm-2 respectively, accounting for 18.2%, 7.5% and 50.1% of the highest yield of corresponding nutrient treatments (N3, P3 and K3), respectively. The variation trend of total shoot biomass with nutrient input was consistent with yield. The oilseed rape corresponding nutrient accumulation of N0, P0 and K0 treatments were 19.96, 0.88 and 26.21 kg·hm-2, respectively, which accounted for 12.24%, 3.72% and 22.26% of the highest nutrient accumulation of corresponding nutrient treatments, respectively. With the increasing of the application rate of three kinds of nutrient, the weed biomass and corresponding nutrient accumulation decreased (except the highest treatment P2 in the P fertilizer rate test), the weed biomass of N0, P0 and K0 treatments were 1 365, 3 060 and 1 535 kg·hm-2, respectively, which were the corresponding minimum weed biomass (N3, P2 and K3 treatment) 7.59 times, 5.19 times and 3.61 times, respectively; the corresponding nutrient accumulation of weed in N0, P0 and K0 treatments were 17.60, 1.91 and 9.38 kg·hm-2, respectively, which were 3.78 times, 1.54 times and 1.52 times higher than that in the corresponding minimum weed nutrient accumulation (N3, P2 and K3 treatment), respectively. Compared with P and K, the weed and oilseed rape had the greatest nutrient competitiveness to N, and the all N fertilizer treatment, the N content of weed was higher than that of oilseed rape. Fertilization increased the ratio of biomass and corresponding nutrient accumulation between oilseed rape and weed, except for no P application, the ratio of biomass and corresponding nutrient accumulation between oilseed rape and weed in other treatments was greater than 1, and this ratio increased with the increase of fertilization (except the highest treatment P2 in the P fertilizer rate test), which showed adequate nutrient supply can significantly improve the growth and nutrient absorption capacity, meanwhile it played a role in weed suppression.【Conclusion】The harm degree of weed in winter oilseed rape field was controlled by nutrient supply, fertilization effectively made up for the deficiency that herbicide in the early stage could not completely control weed in the whole growth period. The sufficient application of N, P and K fertilizer could significantly reduce weed biomass and corresponding nutrient accumulation, under the experimental conditions, the response degree of three nutrients to the competitiveness between oilseed rape and weed was P>N>K.

在相同茬口条件下,比较油菜两种飞播种植模式的产量及效益,为鄂东地区晚收稻田油菜轻简化生产提供技术支撑.以冬油菜为试材,通过两年的田间试验,获得两种飞播种植模式的油菜产量和效益数据.与旋耕飞播相比,两年免耕飞播的油菜籽产量平均增加561.5kg/hm2,增产率平均为25.7％,增产的主要原因是单株角果数显著增加,平均增幅为28.6％;两年免耕飞播的油菜产值平均增加3023元/hm2,毛收入平均增加4523元/hm2,主要原因是免耕飞播减少了秸秆离田、种子农药用量、旋耕整地和除草防病四个方面投入,两年投入共计平均减少1500元/hm2.油菜免耕飞播种植模式不仅降低了油菜生产成本,还提高了油菜产量和效益,具有节本增效的优势,适宜在鄂东晚收稻田推广应用.

为有效改善土壤酸化对武穴佛手山药安全生产的不良影响,保障农产品质量安全,促进武穴市山药产业可持续发展,特比较了不同土壤改良剂在山药上的应用效果.试验结果表明,施用土壤改良剂不仅能显著提高酸化土壤的pH值和养分含量,还能提高山药产量与产值,其中钙镁磷肥处理对土壤的改良效果较好,且山药效益最高,因此,建议本地山药种植区域的适宜土壤改良剂为钙镁磷肥.

多年来,湖北省武穴市高度重视高标准农田建设工作,通过集中领导凝聚合力,规范规划、设计、施工、监理、管护等各环节管理制度,发挥政府主导作用、激发市场主体作用和调动社会主动氛围,取得了不错的建设实效,实现了社会、经济、生态效益"三效合一".

为深入推进化肥施用量零增长行动,武穴市深化测土配方施肥技术,不断优化施肥结构.针对武穴市粮油作物及主要经济作物生产中化肥施用量大、利用率低、区域施肥差异大等问题,提出减量增效施肥关键技术.大力推广应用有机肥替减化肥、水稻侧深施肥、油菜种肥同播、水肥一体化等技术,总结形成了较为完善的化肥减量增效技术集成模式.

为有效改善土壤酸化对水稻安全生产构成的威胁,探讨不同土壤改良剂在水稻上的应用效果,选择武穴市2个镇通过田间试验比较4种不同土壤改良剂在酸化稻田上的应用效果.结果 表明:施用土壤改良剂不仅能不同程度提高酸化稻田的土壤pH,还能显著提高酸化稻田的水稻产量与产值.与基础土壤相比,四望镇和大金镇施用生石灰、有机肥、钙镁磷肥、土壤调理剂的土壤pH分别提高0.31、0.14、0.20、0.32和0.24、0.13、0.22、0.30.通过两镇的水稻产量与产值分析比较,施用土壤调理剂和生石灰处理的产量较高,且均是生石灰处理获得了最大利润和最高产投比,四望镇和大金镇的水稻亩纯利润、产投比分别为50元、1.83和70元、2.17.建议本地区酸化稻田适宜土壤改良剂为生石灰.

采用雨养山药田间小区试验的方法,研究了稻草覆盖与化肥减量对山药生长、土壤温度和湿度的影响.结果表明,稻草覆盖还田既能明显降低高温时段(14:00)0～5 cm表土层的温度(平均降低1.5～2.4℃),又能明显提高高温干旱期0～5 cm表土层的水分保持能力(平均提高1.2～3.4个百分点),在稻草覆盖还田量相同条件下,化肥减量15％对0～5 cm表土层温度和湿度影响均不明显.由于稻草覆盖的降温保墒效应,山药成熟期产量和生物量均有所提高,分别增产1070～3490 kg/hm2和450～1780 kg/hm2,而在稻草覆盖还田量相同条件下,化肥减量15％则相反,分别减产1420～3615 kg/hm2和550～1368 kg/hm2.就土壤降温保墒和山药增产效应而言,可选择稻草覆盖量为4000～6000 kg/hm2条件下化肥减量15％.

为探究稻-再-油/肥轮作和施氮对水稻产量及籽粒灌浆特性的影响,于2015-2017年在湖北省武穴市进行稻-再-油/肥轮作定位试验,设置4个处理.T1:稻-再-油轮作,三季均不施氮;T2:稻-再-油轮作,三季施氮量为165、120和180 kg·hm-2;T3:稻-再-肥轮作,三季施氮量与T2相同;T4:稻-再-闲轮作,前两季施氮量与T2相同.研究各处理水稻产量及产量构成因子的变化,并利用Richards方程拟合水稻强、弱势粒的灌浆过程.结果表明:①2015-2017年头季稻和再生稻产量均表现为T3＞T2＞T4＞T1.与T4相比,2016-2017年T2处理的头季稻和再生稻分别增产8.4％和14.4％、22.2％和17.7％,T3分别增产12.7％和17.9％、25.1％和24.4％;与T1相比,2015-2017年T2处理的头季稻和再生稻分别增产35.1％和22.0％、36.4％和30.3％、65.1％和65.6％.②在稻-再-油/肥轮作和施氮条件下,2017年头季稻和再生稻籽粒灌浆特性表现一致.与T4相比,T2、T3均能提高头季稻和再生稻强势粒起始势和弱势粒达到最大灌浆速率的干物质量;与T1相比,T2延长头季稻和再生稻强、弱势粒有效灌浆期,从而实现头季稻和再生稻籽粒粒重增加,产量提高.

通过田间试验比较不同锌肥用量下,低产冷浸田水稻施用锌肥效果.结果表明:施用锌肥能显著提高低产冷浸田水稻产量.通过线性加平台的肥效模型拟合,2018 年和2019 年当硫酸锌亩用量分别为699、697 g 时的水稻亩产量最高,分别为566、550kg.通过综合比较肥料投入、水稻产量、经济效益等指标,本地区低产冷浸田水稻上适宜锌肥亩用量为600 g.

以水稻-油菜轮作系统为研究对象,设3个钾肥用量,分别为K2O用量0、120、240 kg/hm2,其中K2O用量为120 kg/hm2是当地测土配方推荐钾肥量,通过一个轮作周期的田间试验,研究了钾肥用量对水稻-油菜轮作系统作物产量、钾素吸收和利用特性的影响.结果 表明,水稻-油菜轮作系统作物产量随钾肥用量的增加先增加后降低,在K2O用量为120 kg/hm2时达最高.水稻季和油菜季的钾肥利用效率随钾肥用量的增加而下降,且水稻季钾肥利用率明显低于油菜季.在本试验条件下,K2O用量为120 kg/hm2时,湖北省武穴市水稻-油菜轮作系统可获得较高的钾肥利用率,并可获得高产.

为探明肥料在绿肥油菜上的施用效果和适宜施用量,设置6个不同施肥用量处理,研究不同施肥用量对绿肥油菜物候期、冬至苗情及生物量的影响.结果表明,施肥不仅有助于延长绿肥油菜生育期和改善冬至苗情,且对于提高绿肥油菜生物量也有一定作用.与不施肥处理(T1)相比,施肥处理(T2至T6)的绿肥油菜生育期分别推迟2～5 d,冬至苗株高增加6.3～9.7 cm,根茎粗增加4.7～5.0 mm,单株叶片数增加1.7～2.8片,单株叶面积增加21.1～41.3 cm2;与T1相比,施肥处理(T2至T6)的绿肥油菜薹期和成熟期生物量鲜重分别增加14775～31410、16290～33585 kg/hm2,干重分别增加9300～21990、10140～24345 kg/hm2.武穴市绿肥油菜最佳施肥量为施N 75 kg/hm2、P2O530 kg/hm2、K2O 45 kg/hm2.

在大田条件下,研究了镁肥基施及后期喷施对直播冬油菜产量与品质的影响,为冬油菜科学施肥提供理论依据.试验采用裂区设计,主处理为基施镁肥,用量分别为MgO 0、15、30、45、60 kg/hm2;副处理为叶面喷施清水和镁肥,于油菜终花期(即播种后180 d)喷施等量(750 L/hm2)清水和0.5％硫酸镁.结果表明:(1)镁肥基施显著提高了油菜产量和产油量,与不施镁相比,施镁的油菜产量和产油量分别增加了370～675和253～409 kg/hm2,增幅分别为14.08％ ～25.68％和21.12％ ～34.19％.(2)镁肥基施及后期喷镁可进一步提高油菜产量和产油量,与喷水相比,喷镁的油菜产量和产油量分别增加了89～267和44～138 kg/hm2,增幅分别为2.74％ ～9.36％和2.81％ ～9.56％.基施MgO 15 kg/hm2时,喷施镁肥的油菜产量和产油量增产效果最佳,分别为266和138 kg/hm2;基施镁肥超过MgO 30 kg/hm2时,喷施镁肥的增产效果不明显.因此,在土壤交换性镁含量界于缺乏与潜在缺乏时,油菜基施MgO 30～45 kg/hm2即可满足整个生育期的镁养分需求;基施镁肥用量较低(MgO 15 kg/hm2)时,后期喷施叶面镁肥可以达到相应的增产效果.

Six different polysulphte fertilizer treatments(0,375,750,1 125,1 500,1 875 kg／hm2) were set up to study the effects of different polysulphte fertilizers on the yield and economic benefits of rape (Brassica napus L.). The results showed that compared with the control(NPB), the application of polysulphte fertilizer for two consecutive years(2016—2018) increased the yield by 20.1%~42.3% and 27.0%~58.7%, respectively. The highest yield were achieved at 1 182 and 1 167 kg／hm2, respectively, with maximum yield of 3 234 and 2 438 kg／hm2, respectively. Compared with the control(NPB), the economic benefit of rape was the highest when the dosage of polysulphte fertilizer was 375 kg／hm2 for two consecutive years, which were 852 and 661 yuan／hm2, respectively. The application of polysulphte fertilizer not only helped to increase rape yield, but also had a certain effect on improving the economic benefits of rape. It is suggested that the suitable application rate of polysulphte fertilizer on rape is 375 kg／hm2.

为了探究高钾地力下油菜(Brassica napus L.)镁肥施用效果和适宜施镁量,设4个施镁处理(0、22.5、45.0、67.5 kg/hm2),研究不同镁肥用量对油菜产量和品质的影响.结果表明:(1)与对照(不施镁肥处理)相比,施用镁肥处理产量增加17.1％～40.2％,当镁肥用量为45.0 kg/hm2时产量达到最高,为2884 kg/hm2,当镁肥用量超过45.0 kg/hm2后不再增加.(2)与对照(不施镁肥处理)相比,施用镁肥处理油菜籽粒含油量提高0.19～0.86个百分点,蛋白质含量降低0.08～1.77个百分点,当镁肥用量为45.0 kg/hm2时含油量达到最高,最高含油量为45.17％,当镁肥用量超过45.0 kg/hm2后籽粒含油量不再增加.高钾地力下,施用镁肥不仅有助于提高了油菜的产量,而且对于提高油菜籽的品质也有一定作用.湖南省衡阳地区油菜产区高钾地力下油菜生产上镁肥(硫酸镁)的适宜用量为45～60 kg/hm2.