西藏朋曲河流域分布着多种淡水生态系统类型,蕴涵着巨大的生态效益与经济效益.本文采用市场价值法、影子价格法、影子工程法和当量因子法等方法,对朋曲河流域淡水生态系统服务价值进行评估.经估算,2014年流域内淡水生态系统服务总价值为792 937.95万元.其中,调节服务价值远远高于其他服务价值,供给服务价值最小.因此,本研究建议地方政府应高度重视流域内淡水生态系统的保护与恢复,促进流域生态安全和经济社会可持续发展.

As an important economical method used to deal with the contradiction between environmental protection and economic and social development, ecological compensation is paid more attentions. Ecological compensation of construction projects is an important field of ecological compensation but with less theories and practice studies. On the basis of practical cases, in this paper, concept, principles and some points concerned for the ecological compensation of construction projects are initially put forwards. Finally, two aspects are suggested for the future researches in the future including identification of the connotation and scope of ecological compensation of construction projects and definition of the means and standards for ecological compensation of construction projects.

基于生态压力、生态弹性力及社会生态发展水平之间的相互作用关系,利用综合评价法构建生态承载力评价指标体系,研究区域生态承载力水平,采用主成分分析法对指标进行赋权并求解易门县生态承载力水平.针对易门县主要的生态环境问题利用GIS技术并结合相关数据,对该区域矿产资源承载力、耕地承载力和森林承载力进行计算.结果显示:2005-2013年,易门县的生态承载力水平呈现先增大后减小的趋势,并在2010年恶化为超载,但是社会生态发展水平保持持续增长的态势.2015年易门县的铜矿可承载的经济能力为1200.932亿元,保证年限为23.829a;最大允许耕地面积为13100.752km2;适合天然林生长的生境面积为135470.780km2.

利用遥感和GIS技术方法,对哈巴雪山2000-2010年TM影像进行人工目视解译得到研究区域的生态系统分类数据,并对研究区生态系统格局时空变化特征进行分析.结果表明:①研究区生态系统的格局变化主要集中在2000-2005年,而2005-2010年变化剧烈程度减缓,生态类型的变化主要集中在人为活动最为集中的金沙江流域的河谷区域;②生态格局分布的总体变化特征是:农地转化为居住用地、冰川/永久积雪和河流湖泊转化为草地或林地.人为因素对森林生态系统环境保护产生了积极影响,而对农业生态系统稳定性造成了一定干扰.

Climate change is projected to impact on biodiversity conservation and the effectiveness of the existing protected area network in biologically rich Yunnan Province of southwestern China. A statistically derived bioclimatic stratification is used to analyze projected bioclimatic conditions across Yunnan by the year 2050. The multi-model approach is based on an ensemble of CIMP5 Earth System Models, down-scaled to a set of 1 km(2) resolution climate projections (n = 63), covering four representative concentration pathways (RCP). Nine bioclimatic zones, composed of 33 strata, are currently found within Yunnan. By 2050, the mean elevation of these zones is projected to shift upwards by an average of 269 m, with large increases in area of the warmer zones, and decreases in the colder, higher elevation zones. Temperate and alpine areas of high biodiversity value are at risk. Displacement in the geographic distribution of bioclimatic conditions is likely to have substantial impact across all bioclimatic zones, vegetation types, and habitats currently found in Yunnan. On average, across all RCPs, 45% of the total combined area of the protected area network will shift to a completely different zone, with 83% shifting to a different strata. The great majority of protected area will experience substantially changed, spatially shifted, and novel bioclimatic conditions by 2050. The spatial displacement and upwards shifting of bioclimatic conditions indicates a prolonged period of significant ecological perturbation, which will have a major impact upon the conservation effectiveness of the established protected area network, and other conservation efforts across Yunnan. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

In the greater Himalayan region, wetland ecosystems such as lakes, marshes, and peat lands play an important role in regulating the flow of major rivers. These ecosystems are often overlooked and not well represented on land-use planning and conservation maps. Wetland complexes are partly ephemeral and difficult to map accurately either with digital image processing or visual interpretation. This study developed a hybrid method of extracting spatial patterns of wetland areas which combines month-on-month multispectral classifications of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer data with a sample wetland extraction method based on knowledge of the spectral characteristics of satellite data and wetland ecological systems. The results were compared with the best available sources for lakes and wetlands on global and national scales. It was demonstrated that the method could extract wetlands automatically to a reasonable degree of accuracy and, therefore, reduce the need for extensive ground knowledge. The model was transferred by adjusting parameters through application of high-resolution satellite data (Landsat) in some sub-basin areas. These findings are cognizant with field interviews conducted by wetland experts. The hybrid method and high-altitude wetlands maps will provide decision makers with valuable information about wetland distribution and change in response to global warming and human activities.

Taking as an example the establish of the computer software system for the ecosystem assessment in Yunnan province,we have designed the modeling framework based on GIS,through the analysis of the key components such as the index system model,the data organization model and the functional module data stream model.It provides the methods and basis for the computer software programming.

As global environmental issues become increasingly prominent,wetlands get widespread attention and related research has become hot pot.This article has reviewed and summarized the ecological functions,research contents and methods about wetlands.Scholars at home and abroad have carried out intensive researchs,the emphasis mainly on the analysis of wetlands degradation and the reasons;wetlands protection,recovery and management;relationship between wetlands and global change;health assessment about wetlands ecological system;wetlands appraisal and so on.Reseach mathods have developed to quantitative and positioning level rather than limited to the qualitative appraisal about wetlands feature descreption in the past,3S technology and mathematical models have been widely applied in the study of wetlands.Progress and prospect of research on wetlands at home and abroad.

The soil erosion types of Laojun Mountain in the year of 1990 and 2000 and 2007 are studied by remote sense maps.The changing trend and reasons are analyzed.The results indicate that the soil erosion has become more and more serious from 1990 to 2000,but from 2000 to 2007,the soil erosion was descending.The main reasons were natural forest conservation projects and conversion of cropland to forest project and small watershed comprehensive management projects implemented in the region since 1998.The soil erosion has been controlled in the area.

Tibetan nomads in the Tibetan Autonomous Region of China have experienced profound transitions in recent decades with important implications for land use, livelihoods, and health development. The change from being traditional nomads to agropastoralists engaged in permanent agriculture, a sedentary village life (known as "sedentarization"), has been associated with a remarkable change in diet and lifestyle, decline in spatial mobility, increase in food production, and emerging infectious and noncommunicable diseases. The overarching response of the government has been to emphasize infrastructure and technological solutions. The local adaptation strategies of Tibetan nomads through maintaining balanced mobile herding, reindeer husbandry, as well as off-farm labor and trade could address both the cause of environmental degradation and improve the well-being of local people. Drawing on transdisciplinary, preliminary field work in Gangga Township of Dingri County in the foothills of Mt. Everest, we identify pertinent linkages between land use and health, and spatial and temporal mismatch of livelihoods and health care services, in the transition to sedentary village life. We suggest emerging imperatives in Ecohealth to help restore Tibetan livelihoods in transition to a sedentary lifestyle.

The paper brings forward the index system of ecological environmental assessment applied in the SEA of GeKaiMeng urban agglomeration.Combined with ecological dynamic assessment and scenario simulation and spatial overlay tools etc.,the SEA report is finished with different developing stages of urban agglomeration.The article is also useful as SEA reference file for the generalization and application of the ecological environmental assessment method.

The paper introduces the research on comprehensive control technology of soil and water loss and nitrogen and phosphorus loss in stormed crack and excessive eroded soil in Dianchi lake basin.

The paper introduces the situation of background value of soil erosion modulus and the measure of observation of soil and water loss in typical small river basin.The objective is to test the efficiency of the control engineering carried out in Dayu town in Chenggong county and provide background value of soil erosion modulus of the areas.

This paper studied the land use and land cover changes between 1990 and 1999 in Tacheng township,Weixi County of Northwest Yunnan.The results showed that there was little change in main land use type and in spatial structure within 10 years,with the land still predominantly forested.However,the forest structure had changed from predominantly high dense canopy to middle canopy and open canopy,among which the open canopy increased from 9.93% to 18.30%,with a net gain of 8.37%,high dense canopy lost 5.35% and middle canopy lost 5.15%,resulting in the decrease of forest quality.The landscape of land use/land cover changes mainly happened in southeast and southwest of Tacheng above altitude 3 400 m.The decrease of landscape diversity and landscape fragmentation had great impacts on the habitats of Rhinopithecus bieti in the region.

以金沙江流域西南区为研究区,通过两个时相NDVI的比较判断地表植被的变化情况,生成差值图像,提取变化区域,处理判读结果.

一个流域或地区土地现状,是过去自然、社会和经济等各要素综合作用的结果,其利用的合理性程度,直接影响和制约着未来的利用和发展.尤其是流域,有其形成原因和发展规律,土地利用的合理性需要有一个最佳的空间构形以支持生态的完整性.本项目以景观生态学的原理和方法为基础,以水土保持为主线,借助于3S技术,对掌鸠河流域土地利用现状作深入剖析研究.为解决昆明市区饮用水严重缺乏的问题,修建和引用本区云龙水库之水,保证水库水源和引水河道畅通,促进土地合理利用和生态环境建设.研究结果将为流域生态环境管理和监测提供可靠的基础材料.

It is usually difficult to obtain information and make vegetation maps or land use maps in mountainous areas ,such as the north-west of Yunnan Province,China from satellite image.Because of the diversity of the land covers and the difference of the electromangnetic radiation , it is difficult to interpret the remotely sensed data in these areas,especially with the super Vised Classifiaation on computers,due to the probability that some different land features have same spectra,nhile some same land features have different spectra.To meet the need of fast regional investigation and to improve the effciency of auto-interpretation , this paper describes a method of interpreting region by region,picking up layer by layer,and mutual support of man and computer,The existing research results in these areas are also put into use in the interpretation.Satisfied results have been achieved the application of this method.

认识一个地区的植被,首先涉及到的是鉴别植物类型和植被分类问题.《中国植被》分出29个植被型,560余个群系,植被类型描述的主要对象是群系[1].《云南植被》根据所采用的植被分类原则和依据,划出12个植被型,169个群系和209个群丛,植被分类至群丛一级[2].面对如此庞大的分类系统,在中比例尺图上却只能反映到植被亚型和群系.为满足本课题研究目标,我们采用以反映现状植被的原则,便于今后动态监测.经过近二年的研究,金沙江流域(云南部份)1.091×105km2范围内有自然植被和栽培植被共23个植被类型,制作了1:250000的数字化植被图.