地球科学是一门基础自然科学,是节约资源、保护环境的理论基础.长期以来,我国基础教育将地球科学的分支学科地理学等同于地球科学,过于强调地理学而忽视了地球科学其他分支学科的教学.大学地球科学相关专业学生人数少、非地球科学专业很少开设地球科学课程,造成公众普遍缺乏地球科学知识、资源与环境意识淡薄.在高等教育中推动地球科学通识教育是对基础教育地球科学存在问题的补救措施,能有效普及地球科学知识、传播地球科学文化并培养公众的资源与环境意识.

The stratigraphic redivision and sedimentary facies analysis are made for the upper member of the Guantao Formation in northern Xinbei Oil Field, Shandong according to the core logging and well logs in combination with the previous data. The first three sand sets are redivided into 12 layers. The upper member of the Guantao Formation is composed of the delta plain subfacies which may be subdivided into distributary channel, interdistributary bay and natural levee microfacies, occasionally with crevasse splay microfacies, and the distribution patterns of the sedimentary facies were less variable. During the deposition of the upper member of the Guantao Formation,the sedimentary environments were relatively stable,and the sediments mainly derived from the northeastern part of the basin.

在储层建筑结构划分、测井多参数处理结果的基础上,根据熵的原理,应用熵权法定量计算了胜坨油田二区沙河街二段3砂层组4小层(简称沙二段(34))河流相储层的非均质综合指数,按照不同的开发时期详尽分析了储层的层间、层内、平面非均质性特征,并阐述了储层非均质性的主要影响因素.结果表明:沙二段(34)储层层内、层间及平面非均质性中等-较强；随着注水开发的进行,非均质性有继续增强的趋势,平面非均质性较之层内和层间非均质性更强烈.同一小层及韵律层在不同开发时期的非均质程度有明显的差异.建筑结构控制储层非均质程度,成岩作用使非均质性复杂化,注采井网不完善加剧了非均质性的差异性.研究成果为剩余油的挖潜提供了重要依据.

以胜坨油田坨7断块沙二段91层为例,进行夹层三维空间分布随机建模研究,以探索夹层分布与剩余油分布关系.综合研究区内的钻井、测井资料,共识别出泥质夹层、钙质夹层和物性夹层3种夹层.通过时各种模拟方法进行对比研究和分析,优选序贯指示模拟方法在研究区内建立夹层三维空间分布模型.模型分析显示,钙质夹层分布范围最广,泥质夹层次之,物性夹层最少.泥质夹层平均厚0.6 m,延伸距离50～105 m,分布面积一般为0.01～0.05 km2,分布密度范围为0.11～0.63 m/m,分布频率范围为0.52～1.24个/m;钙质夹层平均厚0.4 m,延伸距离40～180 m,分布面积一般为0.01～0.08 km2,夹层分布密度范围0.15～0.76 m/m,分布频率范围为0.61～1.39个/m;物性夹层分布范围小,数量少,对剩余油产生作用小.在2-163、3-33、5-228、4-10、7-221、5-213等井区,剩余油饱和度较高.在这些井区剩余油富集.

Miall architectural structure analysis is applied to study the reservoir architecture structure of the subbed of Es234 of Shengtuo oil field. Thirteen types of lithofacies are distinguished through core observation. Based on the observation, correlation of connecting-well sections and recognizition of well logging curves, with the conception of stratification, six scales of bounding interfaces are defined. Based on the recognization of lithofacies and the classification of sequences, seven kinds of structures are identified, and they are channel sediments(CH), channel retention sediments(CHL), channel bar(CB), fall-siltseam(FS), natural levee(LV), crevassesplay (CS), Overbank fine sediments(OF). And finally, the planar and sectional assemblage models of architecture structure of 34 sand body are established. Channel filling(CH) and channel bar (CB)are the main architectural elements in the plane and three hierarchies are divided in the section.

Taking the No.34 layer in the second member of Shahejie Formation in Shengtuo Oilfield as an example,the stochastic modeling for spatial distribution of fluvial facies architecture was studied to investigate the remaining oil distribution rules.Seven coring holes were analyzed.Considering many factors such as lithology,sediment feature and electrical feature,nine lithofacies types,seven rank interfaces and seven architectural elements were established by lots of log data.A 3D distribution model for architectural element was developed with the sequential indicator simulation method.The model analysis revealed that the rate of channel charge and channel bar reached 63.1%.The natural levee accounted for 10.6%,and the crevasse splay,floodplain fine grain,channel lag deposit and interlayer accounted for 8.9%,8.1%,4.9% and 4.4%,respectively. Taking architectural element and remaining oil saturation model into a comprehensive element,the remaining oil was forecasted.Then,the same method was used for remaining oil distribution study of multi-architectural-elements combination.The remaining oil saturations of four blocks are above 50%.These areas would have rich remaining oil.

以胜坨油田二区沙二段34小层辫状河沉积砂体为例,建立其流动单元和建筑结构模型.通过2种模型对比研究可知,建筑结构和流动单元具有很好的对应关系,两者均是按照沉积体内部水动力条件变化所划分出来的储集体,具有相似储集条件的流动单元和建筑结构单元具有相同的平面和空间分布范围.将流动单元和建筑结构模型分别与剩余油饱和度模型进行叠合分析可知,储集物性较差的流动单元和建筑结构单元的大部分区域有剩余油分布,储集性能较好的流动单元和建筑结构单元的边缘部位及不同类型流动单元和建筑结构单元的交界部位也有剩余油分布.

With oilfield entering late development stage,analysis of inner architectural structure of underground fluvial reservoir becomes more difficult,and heterogeneity becomes more serious.To discuss the problems,based on cores,outcrop,drilling and well log data,architectural structure of Guan(5+6) sand sets in Zhong-1 district of Gudao Oilfield was analyzed according to Mialls classification.Then characteristic parameters were extracted by using well log data,and principal component was analyzed to establish quantitative fuzzy diagnosis model.Finally,a set of software was programmed.The results show that the bounding surfaces of study reservoir can be divided into six grades,lithofacies into eleven kinds and architectural elements into four kinds,among which the architectural element restricted by the fourth bounding surface is the most primary unit.By using the software,the architectural elements of underground reservoir can be discriminated effectively.The lateral and vertical extend of reservoir is discriminated,transformation of architectural structure and overlap mode of sand body are traced effectively,and thus complicated distribution law and heterogeneity degree of fluvial reservoir are predicted to instruct development operation of remaining oil.

Based on field measurements and experimental analyses of underwater shrinkage cracks, we discuss formation processes of the cracks, sedimentary models of their filling, factors that influence them. and propose theoretical models. There are four steps that lead to the formation of cracks: (1) the primary muddy state of underwater sediments in low-lying areas; (2) sedimentary compacting processes; (3) the forming of shrinkage cracks after falling water levels and increasing salinity; (4) the filling of cracks. Abnormal pressure plays an important role in the initial step of crack formation, discharging water from sedimentary pores, and developing a primary flow-channel matrix. An homogeneous layer is different from a sand-mud interbedded layer in many aspects, such as the lubricating action of sandy layers and the initial type of filling in shrinkage cracks. The sedimentary models of filling in two types of cracks correspond to the input frequency of mud-water mixtures, showing a clear rhythmicity. In the vertical section of cracks, there is a biological layer, where seed plant can germinate and grow in suitable conditions, which has a vital function on changing the physical and chemical properties of crack filler.

Saline-deposits in most basins are formed through evaporation and some are the products of deep thermal brine.Research shows that(1) the formation environments for saline deposits,dominated by evaporate environments in continental lake basins,are favorable for the preservation of organic matters and the generation of hydrocarbon;(2) the upward intrusion of deep thermal fluid enhances transformation ratio of hydrocarbon in source rocks and provides for the formation of inorganic oil and gas accumulations;(3) saline deposits are favorable for the maintenance of high porosity and the formation of secondary pores and fissures in the underlying strata,but sometimes they may cause the plugging of the primary pores,and apart from that,saline deposits themselves serve as excellent hydrocarbon migration pathways or reservoir space.Their presence is regarded as an important condition for the formation of the underlying abnormally-high pressure systems,thus is favorable for the preservation of oil and gas pools;(4) saline deposits have wonderful sealing capacity and make good cap rocks by themselves or in combination with faults;(5) saline deposits have an impact upon the regional structural styles of layers above and under it and controls over migration pathways and accumulation horizons.

To discuss the problem that the analysis of interior architectural structures of underground fluvial reservoirs is difficult, and the heterogeneity is serious. Based on cores, outcrop, drilling and well log data, this paper analyzes the fluvial characteristics of the 3 Sand Sets in the 2 member of Shahejie Formation(S32) in 2 District, Shengtuo Oilfield(TDSO), and recognizes all kinds of hierarchical bounding surfaces, lithofacies and architectural elements in the sandbody according to Miall's suggestion. Then the paper analyzes well logs of the architectural elements, and extracts characteristic parameters, to establish quantitative fuzzy digital model and develop a set of effective software to discriminate the types of architectural elements, and the results coincide very well with the interpretation of the geological specialist. Finally, geological models are established by using this software in Shengtuo Oilfield, and this method provides scientific foundation for enhancing oil recovery in mature oilfield.

On the basis of expeditionary research and experimental analysis of seven work areas in the coastland of Tangdao Bay,this paper attempts to research the subaqueous mud-shrinkage cracks(SMSC)in present muddy sediments on some significant aspects,such as continuous course of forming cracks,quantitative classification,fitting relation of its parameters,pattern of crack growth,sedimentary models of filling compounds,and the respectively geologic succession models.The course of forming cracks is divided into four phases,as follows:(1)the turbid phase of mud—water mixtures in the beginning;(2)the compacted phase of muddy sediments;(3)the forming phase of SMSC;(4)the filling phase of SMSC.The quantitative grade of SMSC in the size is described by some parameters including the length of longitudinal crack or lateral crack,the area of cracks or crack segments and so on(having 4 grade).The cracking pattern of mud cracks and the matched relation of its parameters are important characters to describe the physical and chemical properties of mud or soil,to reflect the environment of forming cracks and forecast the distribution of area cracks.The 'abnormal pressure action' in the process of crack growth on sand—mud layer(the forming mechanism of abnormal pressure is similar with the one in the geotectonic framework)and the statistical analysis for angles of bifurcation(the maxima is 90°,the second is 120°)are all first putted forward to investigate SMSC,where the abnormal pressure plays an important role in initial step of forming cracks,discharging water from sedimentary pores,and developing on the primary flow matrix.It is different between the homogeneous layer and the sand—mud interbedded layer in many aspects,such as the lubricating action of sand layers and the initial filling style in shrinkage cracks.In vertical section of cracks,there is a biological layer,where seed plants can germinate and grow on suitable conditions,which has a vital function on changing the physical and chemical properties of crack filling.

The subaqueous shrinking cracks have been studied in detail by the textual research and field observation,the laboratory analysis and data processing and so on,which includes the forming process,sedimentary models,quantitative grade,linearization of various parameters and influence of the minute disturbance,etc.The geological models of the cracks are also established and some suggestions and comments are put forward to future research in this field.All of these conclusions are significative to describe quantitatively the configuration and structure of the cracks and its changes,forecast the territorial dimensions and the distributed areas and differentiate the territorial geo-circumstantialities.

储层流动单元是空间上连续分布的具有相似的岩石物理特征和渗流特征的储集体,流动单元是储层岩性、物性和渗流特征的综合反映,代表特定的沉积环境和渗流场.

Periodic increments in the growth of organismal shells and fossils in the intertidal zone were studied by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and chemical composition analyses. The results were used to calculate the orbital parameters of the Earth-Moon system from the Ordovician to Quaternary period. The annual, semi-annual, biweekly (14-day), daily and subdaily growth rhythms were identified on the surface of shells. The periodic changes in the growth increments of shells and the rhythmic variations of microelements in fossils and organisms were reliable indicators of environmental changes. There were 415.69 days for an annual period in Ordovician, 407.1 days in Devonian, 400.51 days in Carboniferous-Permian, 393.98 days in Tertiary, 374.13 days in Triassic and 367.4 days in Quaternary. The data collected and calculated from these growth increments show that – from the Ordovician to the Quaternary period – the rate of Earth’s rotation has been slowing down and that the distance from the Earth to the Moon has been increasing, while the rate of lunar retreat has been decreasing.

越来越多的资料表明月球的旋转速度在不断增加,而地球的旋转速度在不断减慢.通过显微镜、扫描电镜以及微量化学成分分析对奥陶纪以来瓣鳃类、腹足类、腕足类、头足类等贝壳生长纹层以及地球自转速度的演变、地月距离、月球后退速率变化等进行了初步研究.

Defined here as essentially in place calcareous deposits created by sessile organisms, organic reefs are favorable place for hydrocarbon and some ore reserves due to the well-developed pore and cavity, and therefore its study is full of practical significance, and gets more and more attention. Organic reefs, with a long geological history, are diverse and complex in structure, composition and form, resulting in fierce debate on classification. The identification criteria for organic reef are often characterized by reliance on subjective features such as wave-resistance and so on, therefore resulting in sharp disagreement on reef recognition for more than 100 years. All these are in fact the resultant of the basic problems such as concept, definition and meaning of terms. The confusion of these aspects seriously hindered the study of organic reef home and abroad. During the past 20 years, great progress was made in the study of organic reef, especially in the identification criteria, which are placed on the objective characteristic of the type of sedimentary support, which largely determines the sedimentary composition of the deposit. It extended the study scope and depth for the organic reef to a large extent. Hence, the introduction and review of the current study is important for our research on organic reef. Therefore, this paper, based on the current documents home and abroad, is to introduce the history and current study result of organic reef; summarize the widely acceptable concept and definition, and the classification according to the structure supporting; review the growth process, controlling factors and the relation with environment, as well as bioconstruction in different times and reef geochemical study.

通过显微镜、扫描电镜以及微量化学成分分析,对现代瓣鳃类粗饰蚶、花蛤和腹足类纺锤螺,第三纪美壳螺,三叠纪克氏蛤,石炭-二叠纪燕海扇,泥盆纪云南贝、颠石燕,奥陶纪震旦角石、赫南特贝等贝壳生长纹层进行了综合研究.结果表明,奥陶纪以来贝壳生长纹层具有年、半年、双周、日、半日生长周期的变化,年中所含双周生长纹层数、双周所含日生长纹数均呈递减的趋势.通过观测计算得出:奥陶纪每年的日数为415.69 d,泥盆纪为407.1 d,石炭-二叠纪为400.51 d,三叠纪为393.98 d,第三纪为374.13 d,第四纪为367.4 d,表明自奥陶纪以来有地球自转速度变慢、地月距离增大、月球后退速率减小等变化趋势.