Grape white rot, primarily caused by Coniella diplodiella and Coniella vitis, is a major fungal disease threatening grape production worldwide, with C. vitis more prevalent in China. Temperature is a critical environmental factor influencing pathogen development and disease outbreaks, but how temperature influences the biological characteristics, pathogenicity, and fungicide sensitivity of these two pathogens remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of temperature on mycelial growth, conidial germination, extracellular enzyme activity, pathogenicity, and fungicide sensitivity of C. diplodiella 2019 and C. vitis GP1. The growth, conidial germination, extracellular enzyme production, pathogenicity, and fungicide control efficacy against the two pathogens were systematically evaluated under different temperature conditions (5, 15, 25, 35, and 45 °C). Results showed temperature significantly affected all investigated traits in both species. Optimal mycelial growth, conidial germination, and pathogenicity occurred at moderate temperatures (25 °C), whereas extreme temperatures (5 °C and 45 °C) significantly markedly inhibited fungal development and disease severity. C. vitis GP1 showed greater adaptability and consistently higher pathogenicity than C. diplodiella 2019 across the tested temperature range. Fungicide sensitivity also differed between the two species, and the inhibitory activity of difenoconazole was significantly reduced under temperature extremes, indicating that fungicide performance is influenced by environmental temperature. These findings demonstrate that temperature regulates both fungal development and fungicide efficacy, providing new insights into the temperature-dependent epidemiology of grape white rot and a scientific basis for optimizing disease management under changing environmental conditions.

Food waste (FW) is a significant renewable resource because of its high organic content and superior biodegradability. It can be effectively converted into clean energy (like methane) using anaerobic digestion technology. However, the pervasiveness of microplastics (MPs) in FW, which comes from plastic items like food packaging and throwaway tableware, not only degrades the FW's physical and chemical characteristics but also has the potential to impair the stability and effectiveness of anaerobic digestion by changing the digestion environment and microbial metabolic processes. In this paper, the occurrence characteristics and migration behavior of MPs in FW are systematically reviewed, along with the dynamic effects of the physical and chemical properties of MPs (e.g., type, particle size and concentration) on the performance of methane production, the accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and the stability of the system during anaerobic processes. Additionally, it concentrates on examining how MPs impede activity via processes such as chemical leaching, enzyme activity interference, reactive oxygen species (ROS) induction and disruption of the microbial population. The objective of this study is to guide the effective resource exploitation of polluted organic solid waste and to theoretically support improving the tolerance of FW digestion processes to MPs stress.

Grape white rot caused by Coniella spp. is a common disease, resulting in quality decline, yield loss, and extensive resource waste. This work aimed to analyze the impact of white rot on red wine quality and evaluate the potential of thermal and microwave maceration for quality improvement. C. vitis-infected grapes were subjected to three maceration treatments: room-temperature (T1), thermal (T2, 60 degrees C for 6 h), and microwave (T3, 1024 W for 3 min), with room-temperature maceration of healthy grapes serving as the control (CK). The results indicated that C. vitis infection led to significant reductions in wine sourness, astringency, and saltiness (P < 0.05). It also reduced the concentration of total volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by 20%, while increasing undesirable odors such as herbaceous, earthy, and chemical notes. Compared to T1, both T2 and T3 exhibited increased levels of various monomeric phenols and enhanced most taste characteristics, particularly the aftertastes, while maintaining the overall balance of wine. T2 and T3 also increased the levels of higher alcohols, ethyl esters, aldehydes, fatty acids, and total VOCs. OPLS-DA and multiple comparisons identified the key VOCs responsible for the aroma improvements associated with the two maceration techniques, including nonanal, methionol, ethyl octanoate, ethyl lactate, and ethyl butyrate. This study provided novel insights into the rational utilization of infected grapes.

Rare earth smelting wastewater has become a major environmental constraint on the sustainable development of the rare earth industry because of its high salinity, extreme acidity or alkalinity, complex pollutant composition, low biodegradability, and potential radiological hazards. This review summarizes the sources, characteristics, treatment technologies, resource recovery pathways, and implementation challenges of rare earth smelting wastewater. The results show that wastewater is mainly generated from acid leaching, precipitation, solvent extraction, ion-exchange, washing, and related separation processes, and its composition varies strongly with ore type, reagent system, process route, and wastewater recycling. Typical pollutants include residual rare earth ions, Fe, Al, Mn and other metal ions, fluoride, sulfate, chloride, ammonia nitrogen, organic extractants, and radioactive elements such as Th and U. Their coexistence through hydrolysis, complexation, adsorption, precipitation, redox transformation, and colloidal migration increases treatment difficulty and reduces recovery selectivity. Chemical precipitation and other physicochemical methods remain the most mature options for bulk pollutant removal, whereas adsorption, ion-exchange, membrane separation, and electrodialysis show greater potential for selective rare earth recovery and water reuse. Biological treatment is attractive for low-energy polishing but remains constrained by high salinity, extreme pH, and metal toxicity. Integrated systems combining precipitation, adsorption, membranes, advanced oxidation, biological polishing, and zero- or minimal-liquid-discharge strategies are more promising for simultaneous pollution control and resource recovery. Future studies should emphasize selective materials, source-classified treatment, fouling control, safe radioactive waste management, techno-economic assessment, and low-carbon closed-loop reuse.

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is a fruit that is widely cultivated worldwide, but white rot, caused by Coniella vitis, significantly impacts its yield and quality. The lack of resistance genes poses a major challenge to breeding grapevine varieties resistant to white rot. The LysM-containing receptor-like kinase (LYK) family genes are known to mediate immune responses to pathogens by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns. To explore the resistance genes underlying white rot resistance, whole-transcriptome sequencing was carried out on grapevine cv. Guifeimeigui (GF, resistant phenotype) and cv. Red Globe (RG, susceptible phenotype) after challenge with C. vitis. Functional characterization and mechanistic analysis were conducted through virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in grapevine, stable overexpression in grapevine calli, and heterologous expression in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) enriched in the “Plant-pathogen interaction” pathway were identified, followed by expression clustering analysis to pinpoint 14 candidate genes. Silencing of VvLYK6 in GF resulted in a significant reduction in resistance to white rot, while its overexpression in grapevine calli inhibited the growth of C. vitis. VvLYK6 is localized to the cell membrane. SlLYK1 was involved in the resistance to C. vitis in tomato that was mediated by VvLYK6. The overexpression of VvLYK6 in tomato also activated the salicylic acid signaling pathway and upregulated related pathogenesis-related genes, moreover induced a burst of reactive oxygen species, thereby increasing resistance to white rot. This study identifies VvLYK6 as a critical regulator of white rot resistance, and reveals its immune mechanism, and highlights its potential as a target for breeding and genetic improvement of durable resistance in grapevine.

The rapid expansion of lithium-ion battery applications has led to the generation of substantial discharging wastewater (DW) during recycling processes, presenting both an environmental challenge and a potential resource opportunity. This study demonstrates, for the first time, the anaerobic bioconversion of DW into medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) and butanol. We conducted the process in batch serum bottles with open-culture inocula at 32 degrees C and pH 6.5-7.0, employing a staged ethanol addition strategy over 40 days. Under these conditions, approximately 70% of the organic carbon in DW was microbially processed, yielding 7.88 g/L butyrate, 2.11 g/L caproate, and 3.79 g/L butanol. Notably, this butanol concentration represents the highest value reported to date in chain elongation (CE) systems, likely attributable to elevated hydrogen partial pressure and high ethanol availability. Microbial community analysis revealed that Lachnoclostridium and Anaerostignum were the dominant hydrolytic genera, while Clostridium kluyveri and g_Haloimpatiens emerged as key species during the chain elongation phase. Co-occurrence network and correlation analyses indicated a highly cooperative microbial community, with significant overlap between microbial taxa capable of producing MCFAs and those producing butanol. This work presents a sustainable strategy for resource recovery from high-salinity lithium-ion battery DW and provides insights into metabolic regulation for steering product spectra in CE-based bioprocesses.

The high concentration of salt ions in saline organic wastewater poses significant challenges for wastewater treatment technologies, particularly impacting the stability of anaerobic digesters. Aceticlastic methanogenesis is a crucial pathway for converting acetate into methane through methanoarchaea whose metabolism is adversely impacted by salt stress. To address this, long-term adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) was conducted to cultivate halotolerant aceticlastic methanoarchaea, incorporating metagenomics, metatranscriptomic sequencing, metabolomics, and metabolic modeling to delineate genetic and metabolic responses. The evolved microbiome achieved a substantial increase in methanogenic activity at 5% sodium chloride, reaching 82.25% theoretical conversion of acetate to methane, significantly outperforming the original microbiome. This ALE process overcame the natural scarcity of aceticlastic methanogens in hypersaline environments. Key adaptation mechanisms were confirmed at the transcriptional level, primarily involving the upregulation of genes for inorganic ion transport, compatible solute uptake, and de novo biosynthesis. Horizontal gene transfer also contributed significantly through the transfer of osmoregulation genes, particularly those for compatible solute transport, suggesting an energy-efficient adaptation strategy of accumulating rather than synthesizing solutes. Metabolic flux analysis revealed that adjustments in energy distribution under salt stress are driven by the energetic cost of synthesizing compatible solutes, which highlights the importance of solute transporters for energy conservation. This study elucidates the complex interplay between metabolic reprogramming and gene transfer in enhancing microbial resilience under salt stress, thereby deepening our understanding of microbial adaptations in extreme environments and advancing biotechnological approaches for saline wastewater treatment.

The rare earth elements(REEs)extraction by chemical leaching from ion-adsorption type rare earth ores(IAREO)has led to serious ecological and environmental risks.Conversely,demand for bioleaching is on the rise with the advantage of being environmental-friendly.As one of the organic acids produced by biological metabolism,citric acid was used to leach REEs and explore the performance and process.The results demonstrate that citric acid exhibits higher leaching efficiency(96.00％)for REEs at a relatively low concentration of 0.01 mol/L compared with(NH4)2SO4(84.29％,0.1 mol/L)and MgSO4(83.99％,0.1 mol/L).Citric acid shows a preference for leaching heavy rare earth elements,with 99％leaching efficiency in IAREO,which shows higher capacity than(NH4)2SO4 and MgSO4(as inorganic leaching agents).Kinetic analysis indicates that the leaching process of REEs with citric acid is controlled by both the internal diffusion kinetics and chemical reaction kinetics,which is different from inorganic leaching agents.Visual Minteq calculations confirm that RE-Citrate is the main constituent of the extract solution in the leaching process of the IAREO,thereby enhancing the leaching efficiency of REEs from the IAREO.It suggests that citric acid may be used as a promising organic leaching agent for the environmental-friendly extraction of REEs from IAREO.

Grapevine white rot is a fungal disease that frequently occurs during the growing season, resulting in reduced fruit quality and severe yield losses. This work aimed to compare the differences in flavor profiles between wines made from different percentages of Coniella vitis-infected grapes by using FTIR spectrometer, sensory analysis, HS-SPME-GC-MS and HPLC-DAD. C. vitis infection significantly increased the soluble solids, glycerol and glucuronic acid contents, decreased the ethanol, malic and tartaric acid contents, altered the sensory characteristics of wines. Volatile phenolics, i.e., phenol, 4-ethylphenol and 4-ethylguaiacol, were the most significant difference volatile organic compounds of C. vitis infection, and methyl octanoate could be considered as an early marker of infection. C. vitis infection significantly increased most phenolic compounds contents and improved the antioxidant capacity of wine. This study would provide some new insights to understand the effect of grapevine white rot on characteristics flavor profiles of wines.

The extraction of rare earth elements (REEs) via chemical leaching from ion-adsorption type rare earth ores has led to serious ecological and environmental risks. Organic acid leaching agents possessed advantages in environmental friendliness and differential leaching capabilities. This study investigated the leaching behaviors of REEs from ion-adsorption type rare earth ores using organic acids and focused on the differential leaching properties of light rare earth elements and heavy rare earth elements. The leaching conditions using acetic acid, malic acid, and citric acid were optimized, and the influences of organic acid on mineral properties and soil ecological functions were elaborated. The experimental results indicated that acetic acid, malic acid, and citric acid had unique REEs differential leaching properties, without significantly altering the mineral structure. The leaching efficiency of full-phase, and colloidal sediment phase REEs reached 49.75%, and 28.03% for acetic acid, 52.07%, and 26.65% for malic acid, 51.79%, and 33.07% for citric acid, respectively. Furthermore, the patterns of the soil enzyme activity also confirmed the perspective that the soil ecology had not been affected obviously by the organic acids leaching process and rapidly recovered after leaching. Subsequently, Visual Minteq simulation and Density Functional Theory calculations indicated the differential leaching mechanism of light and heavy rare earths elements depended on the differences in complexation effects of organic acid, and the leaching of colloidal sediment phase REEs was the result of combined effects of acid leaching and complexation competition. The work provided molecular-level insights into the colloidal sediment phase REEs leaching and differential leaching mechanisms of light and heavy rare earths elements by organic acids, contributing to the understanding of REEs extraction processes.

The growing demand for rare earth elements has intensified environmental concerns in mining areas, particularly with respect to soil contamination by heavy metals and nutrient imbalances. This study investigated the potential of coal gangue-based silicon fertilizers (CG-SF) for the remediation of ion-type rare earth tailings soil (RETS). CG-SF was applied at various concentrations in controlled pot experiments, with ryegrass cultivation used as a bioindicator of soil health. The results demonstrated that CG-SF significantly improved the soil physicochemical properties, increased pH, CEC, and OM content, while enhancing water retention and nutrient availability. Additionally, CG-SF reduced the bioavailability of heavy metals by promoting their immobilization in stable soil fractions. Soil enzyme activities, particularly dehydrogenase, were stimulated, indicating enhanced microbial activity and nutrient cycling. The results of PiecewiseSEM suggested that silicon fertilizer primarily facilitated the ecological restoration of ion-type rare earth mining areas by enhancing the growth of ryegrass and improving soil chemical properties. This study highlights the dual benefits of CG-SF in recycling industrial waste and providing a sustainable, cost-effective solution for soil remediation in mining areas. The findings underscore its potential for large-scale application in ecological restoration and sustainable land management.

Burkholderia gladioli is a multifaceted bacterium with both pathogenic and beneficial strains, and nonpathogenic Burkholderia species have shown potential as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) and biocontrol agents. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying their beneficial functions remain poorly characterized. This study systematically investigated the antimicrobial mechanisms and plant growth-promoting properties of B. gladioli strain ZBSF BH07, isolated from the grape rhizosphere, by combining genomic and functional analyses, including whole-genome sequencing, gene annotation, phylogenetic and comparative genomics, in vitro antifungal assays, and plant growth promotion evaluations. The results showed that ZBSF BH07 exhibited broad-spectrum antifungal activity, inhibiting 14 grape pathogens with an average inhibition rate of 56.58% and showing dual preventive/curative effects against grape white rot, while also significantly promoting grape seedling growth with increases of 54.9% in plant height, 172.9% in root fresh weight, and 231.34% in root dry weight. Genomic analysis revealed an 8.56-Mb genome (two chromosomes and one plasmid) encoding 7431 genes and 26 secondary metabolite biosynthesis clusters (predominantly nonribosomal peptide synthetases), supporting its capacity for antifungal metabolite secretion, and functional analysis confirmed genes for indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) synthesis, phosphate solubilization, and siderophore production. These results demonstrate that ZBSF BH07 suppresses pathogens via antifungal metabolites and enhances grape growth through phytohormone regulation and nutrient acquisition, providing novel insights into the dual mechanisms of B. gladioli as a biocontrol and growth-promoting agent and laying a scientific foundation for developing sustainable grapevine disease management strategies.

Creating more stable chemical precipitates containing lead using biochar composite represents a significant and promising strategy for the treatment of lead contamination. Biochar, a porous and carbonaceous material, was fabricated by pyrolyzing plant biomasses (i.e., soybean straw) under anoxic conditions. In this research, a high capacity of adsorbent called carboxymethyl cellulose-loaded sulfur-phosphorus co-doped biochar composite was prepared, and the optimal lead adsorption parameters and mechanism were also investigated. The experimental results showed that CMC@SP2BC exhibited excellent Pb2+ removal capacity, reaching 829.3 mg/g maximum adsorption under optimum conditions (dosage 0.5 g/L, temperature 308 K, initial pH 5, initial lead concentration 2000 mg/L), which was in agreement with the Langmuir and second-order kinetic models. Moreover, the sequential extraction results indicated that the predominant passivation mechanism for Pb was chemical precipitation, followed by ion exchange, complexation, and physical adsorption. In addition, structural characterization revealed that the passivated lead was mainly in the form of minerals such as PbSO4, Pb3(PO4)2, Pb5(PO4)3OH, and Pb5(PO4)3Cl, which was also further confirmed by PHREEQC model simulation at different pH value and Pb2+ concentrations. Finally, Pb2+ was effectively removed from actual ground water by CMC@SP2BC to achieve Class I and Class II ground water standard. The current work offers an efficient solution for immobilizing Pb2+, which has enormous promise for stabilizing heavy metals.

Grape white rot caused by Coniella vitis is a global concern in the grape industry. pH regulation is essential for cell growth, reproductive processes and pathogenicity in phytopathogenic fungi. In this study, we observed that the growth rate, spore production and virulence of C. vitis significantly declined in alkaline pH, as well as the suppressive effect on secretion of hydrolytic enzymes. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were used to investigate the responses of C. vitis to acidic (pH=5), neutral (pH=7) and alkaline environments (pH=9). We identified 728, 1780 and 3386 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at pH 5, pH 7 and pH 9, when compared with the host pH (pH=3), and 2122 differently expressed metabolites (DEMs) in negative and positive ion mode. Most DEGs were involved in carbohydrate metabolic process, transmembrane transport, tricarboxylic acid cycle, peptide metabolic process, amide biosynthetic process, and organic acid metabolic process. In addition, metabolomic analysis revealed ABC transporters, indole alkaloid biosynthesis, diterpenoid biosynthesis, and carotenoid biosynthesis pathways in response to the pH change. Furthermore, we found that the aspartate synthesis metabolic route associated with the TCA cycle is a key limiting factor for the growth and development of C. vitis in alkaline environments, and aspartate supplementation enables C. vitis to grow in alkaline environments. Plant cell wall-degrading enzymes (PCWDEs) could contribute to the pathogenicity, when C. vitis infected at pH 3. Importantly, aflatrem biosynthesis in acidic environment might contribute to the virulence of C. vitis and has a risk of causing human health problems due to its acute neurotoxic effects.

Coal gangue is a typical industrial waste, which will bring environmental challenges and resource depletion when piled up in large quantities, and heavy metal pollution is a prominent problem. In this study, Ca3(PO4)2 and calcium superphosphate fertilizer (CSF) were utilized to passivate coal gangue at different pollution levels, and its passivation mechanism was discussed. The results show that both Ca3(PO4)2 and CSF can effectively passivate coal gangue and effectively reduce moderate or high levels of coal gangue pollution to a slight or clean level. The passivation effect of CSF is slightly better than that of Ca3(PO4)2. Through characterization of coal gangue before and after passivation and simulation with Visual MINTEQ and PHREEQC software, it is found that Ca3(PO4)2 can provide PO32-, while CSF releases HPO3-, which is ionized to generate more PO32-, and finally forms insoluble or slightly soluble phosphate with heavy metals. Leaching experiments show that the treated samples contain obviously more stable heavy metal components, and the leaching risk is lower than that of untreated coal gangue. In summary, this method proves its effectiveness in fixing heavy metals in coal gangue and provides an effective method for the harmless treatment of coal gangue.

Coal gangue, a typical industrial waste with high silicon content but low resource utilization, has significant potential as a raw material for silicon fertilizer preparation. This study explored the preparation mechanisms of coal gangue-based silicon fertilizers, focusing on the effect of various carbonate additives on the release of effective silicon. Results demonstrated that adding 20% Na2CO3, followed by roasting at 700 degrees C for 2 h, achieved a silicon fertilizer with an effective silicon content of 22.63 %. Mechanistic studies, including activation energy experiments, Hydrocarbon System Calculator (HSC), and Density functional theory (DFT) simulations, revealed that Na2CO3 preferentially decomposes to generate Na-O particle cluster, which break Si-O bonds, significantly enhancing silicon release and conversion efficiency. Additionally, the preparation cost of silicon fertilizer is 522 yuan per ton, highlighting the advantages of Na2CO3 in economic feasibility and energy efficiency compared to K2CO3 and CaCO3. Future research should focus on further optimizing process parameters, exploring alternative low-cost additives, and scaling up the proposed method for industrial applications. This study provides theoretical insights and practical guidance for the efficient and sustainable utilization of coal gangue resources, offering a promising approach for industrial applications and sustainable agricultural development.

As global energy demand continues to grow, shale gas has garnered increasing attention as a clean energy resource. In particularly, technological improvement and cost reduction have driven the rapid expansion of its extraction worldwide. Hydraulic fracturing, one of the most commonly used treatments, aims to enhance reservoir productivity but also substantially releases naturally occurring heavy metals from subsurface shale formations into groundwater or soil systems, posing threats to ecosystems and human health. This review outlines the potential migration pathways of heavy metals during shale gas extraction, including the aqueous phase, solid phase, and biological migration, and discusses the transformation mechanisms of heavy metals, such as redox reactions, coordination reactions, and microbial-mediated routes. The study demonstrates that the migration and transformation of heavy metals are governed by a combination of environmental conditions, mineral properties, and hydraulic fracturing fluid composition, which consequently promote their accumulation and bioavailability within ecosystems. Despite significant advances in understanding pollution mechanisms and assessing environmental risks, major challenges remain to be addressed, such as uncovering the synergistic effects of multiple pollutants, integrating technology evaluations, and incorporating long-term monitoring data. Future research should focus on the reinforcement of environmental monitoring systems, optimization of predictive models for heavy metal migration and transformation, and the application of green remediation strategies to address the growing issue of heavy metal pollution.

The escalating global demand for sustainable energy has propelled the exploration of biohydrogen production with a promising avenue for simultaneously generating clean energy and managing waste effectively. This review mainly focuses on advances in sustainable biohydrogen production from saline wastewater, especially in a process that leverages the unique abilities of halotolerant and halophilic microorganisms adapted to high-salinity conditions. It provides an extensive understanding of various biohydrogen production methods, which are biophotolysis, photofermentation, dark fermentation, and microbial electrolysis. Additionally, this review elaborated on the enzymology of hydrogen production and the impact of salt stress, with a particular emphasis on the adaptive mechanisms of “salt-in” and “compatible solute” strategies. These adaptations are crucial for maintaining enzymatic activity and structural integrity under hypertonic conditions. Through a comprehensive examination of microbial pathways and strategies, this review aimed to furnish foundational insights that will drive future research and technological innovations in biohydrogen production.

Most previously studies had considered that plant fungal disease spread widely and quickly by airborne fungi spore. However, little is known about the release dynamics, aerodynamic diameter, and pathogenicity threshold of fungi spore in air of the greenhouse environment. Grape gray mold is caused by Botrytis cinerea; the disease spreads in greenhouses by spores in the air and the spore attaches to the leaf and infects plant through the orifice. In this study, 120 μmol/L propidium monoazide (PMA) were suitable for treatment and quantitation viable spore by quantitative real-time PCR, with a limit detection of 8 spores/mL in spore suspension. In total, 93 strains of B. cinerea with high pathogenicity were isolated and identified from the air samples of grapevines greenhouses by a portable sampler. The particle size of B. cinerea aerosol ranged predominately from 0.65–3.3 μm, accounting for 71.77% of the total amount. The B. cinerea spore aerosols were infective to healthy grape plants, with the lowest concentration that could cause disease being 42 spores/m3. Botrytis cinerea spores collected form six greenhouse in Shandong Province were quantified by PMA-qPCR, with a higher concentration (1182.89 spores/m3) in May and June and a lower concentration in July and August (6.30 spores/m3). This study suggested that spore dispersal in aerosol is an important route for the epidemiology of plant fungal disease, and these data will contribute to the development of new strategies for the effective alleviation and control of plant diseases.

The bioaccumulation and toxicity of heavy metals are serious threats to human activities and ecological health. The exploitation of environmentally friendly passivated materials is major importance for the remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil. This research developed a new type of environmental functional material with a core-shell structure, which is an iron-based material functionalized with phosphorus and carbon from sludge for heavy metal pollution remediation. The results indicated that the C/P@Fe exhibits excellent heavy metal removal ability, and the maximum removal rates of the two heavy metals in simulated wastewater could reach 100% under optimum reaction conditions. It also effectively converts the labile Cr/Pb into the stable fraction after 28 days of incubation, which increased the maximum residual fraction percentage of Cr and Pb by 32.43% and 160% in soil. Further analysis found that the carbon layer wrapped around the iron base could improve the electron transport efficiency of reducing iron, phosphorus and ferrum could react with heavy metal ions to form stable minerals, such as FeCr2O4, FeO·Cr2O3, Pb5(PO4)3OH, PbCO3, 2PbCO3·Pb(OH)2 and PbS, after reacting with C/P@Fe. The study demonstrated that the Iron-based materials functionalized with carbon and phosphorus from sludge provided a more efficient way to remove heavy metals.