培养小学生解决实际问题的能力、发展数学思维是课程标准的重要目标.教师在教学时,要善于从生活中的数学分析数量关系,学会用数学的眼光观察现实生活和周围事物,敢于发现和提出有价值的数学问题,发展学生的思维能力.

结核性脑膜炎(TBM)病死率高,易导致尿潴留、尿路感染、颅高压等急症,而留置导尿这项基本的护理工作,却可以为患者的治疗提供重大的保障,继而减少后遗症.本文就导尿及留置导尿方面的最新进展做一综述.

Objective To provide some references for developing new nurse training scheme observing nursing behaviors of new recruited nurses after short-term training.Methods Four new recruited nurses trained 3 months were selected as observation objects.Their hospital infection operation,routine nursing care,basic nursing care,and nursing records,including 31 items,were observed for 3 months.The non-standard nursing behaviors were recorded and analyzed.Results These 4 nurses had 41,30,32,and 22 non-standard nursing behaviors (totally 125) during these 3 months,respectively,with an average of 1 person-time every three days.The orders of non-standard nursing behaviors from high to low frequency were routine nursing care (37 cases),nursing records(37 cases),basic nursing care(29 cases),and hospital infection operation(22 cases).In the first,second,and third month,non-standard routine nursing care occurred 10,15,and 12 times,non-standard nursing records 10,12,and 15,non-standard basic nursing care 8,11,and 10,non-standard hospital infection operation 10,9,and 3.Conclusions The non-standard nursing behaviors of new recruited nurses after short-term training are serious and have uncertain characteristics.The training and management for these new recruited nurses must be systematic,classified,specific,and individual.

Objective To improve safe pathway of nursing care so as to reduce the risk factors of nursing care to prevent the incidence of inpatients to fall down. Methods Since January 2010,the safe pathway of nursing care,which consisted of fall risk assessment,predictive nursing care of preventing inpatients to fall down,application of the informed consent in hospitalization safety and establishment of the reporting system in non-punitive errors in accident,were fully implemented in the inpatients. Results The fall risk factors assessment for the patients could timely find potential risk factors so as to implement timely predictive nursing care and to give prevention and treatment as necessary,which could effectively prevent the occurrence of patients' fall. Conclusions They are basal to prevent the incidence of inpatients to fall down and to improve the safe pathway of nursing care and it is key to increase awareness of nursing staff for risk precaution and assessment of risk factors,and it is assuring to facilitate understanding and cooperation of patients and their families.