为研究近交对中国荷斯坦牛泌乳性能影响,收集 2008 年 5 月至 2022 年 2 月河南 37 家奶牛场 67150头中国荷斯坦牛 1～5 胎次共 128282 条泌乳性能记录数据,筛选后用于分析的数据共 23933 头奶牛 40737 条数据.个体近交系数Fped是基于系谱信息采用R(v4.1.2)nadiv包计算,将奶牛按照近交系数分为无近交组(Fped=0)、低近交组(Fped≤6.25％)和高近交组(Fped>6.25％)3 个组.采用R(v4.1.2)方差分析(aov)函数,分析不同近交系数分组对泌乳性能指标的影响.采用DMU软件(v6)和动物模型按照总数据和分胎次对泌乳性能进行近交衰退评估,在评估模型中近交系数作为协变量,近交系数回归系数即为近交衰退效应值,并进行显著性检验.结果表明:近交对奶牛 305 d产奶量、305 d乳脂量和 305 d乳蛋白量有极显著影响;近交系数每增加1％,305 d产奶量、305 d乳脂量和305 d乳蛋白量分别减少8.55 kg(P<0.01)、0.22 kg(P<0.05)和 0.23 kg(P<0.01);近交系数每增加 1％,1 胎次和 2 胎次 305 d产奶量分别下降 6.61 kg(P<0.05)和12.74 kg(P<0.01)、1 胎和 3 胎次及以上 305 d乳蛋白量分别下降 0.21 kg和 0.34 kg(P<0.05).本研究为奶牛育种中近交控制提供数据支撑.

随着河南奶业的快速发展，奶牛乳房炎的发病率不断攀升，已成为影响奶业生产的主要因素。为了提高奶产量和乳品质，更好地预防奶牛乳房炎，笔者对河南省部分区域的规模养殖场、个体养殖户和养殖小区进行了乳房炎发病状况调查及致病菌的分离鉴定。结果表明，豫北地区奶牛乳房炎发病率相对较高；主要致病菌为大肠杆菌、葡萄球菌、无乳链球菌。

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of Chinese Herbal Medicine on production performance of dairy cattles in different Lactation periods.Parity,milk yield similar and health 24 Holstein cattle were divided into four groups according to the periods of lactation,using self-control before and after adding 1% Chinese herbal additives to the basal diet.The trial lasted 28 d.The results show that,Except the milk production quantity decline in lactation131~158 d of the cows,the milk production quantity have been improved to varying degrees of each experimental group,especially lactation 237-277d of the cows increased milk effect which the test significantly increased by 4.3%（P 0.05）compared to before,and the incidence of mastitis and hoof disease was 0.These results suggested that Chinese herbal medicine in the basic diet of lactating dairy cows can improve lactation milk yield,delay the downward trend in the late cows,confront the heat stress,reduce the incidence of mastitis,and improve the economic efficiency of production.