从圆明园盛期的施工文件《圆明园内工则例》入手,探讨其盛期的植物种类,以期为圆明园的修复展示工作和皇家园林植物配置研究提供参考.对《圆明园内工则列》中的《花果树木价值清单》定种中有争议和模糊定种的植物如刺松、马英花、槟子、沙果、探春花、黄海棠、欧栗子,以及笔者提出异议的罗汉松、红白丁香、白樱桃进行了详细考据和论证定种.

蜡梅(Chimonanthus praecox)在中国已有千余年的栽培历史,栽培品种繁多,是人民喜闻乐见的传统园林花卉.我国传统诗词和书画中有不少蜡梅的身影,研究发现蜡梅不仅具有重要的园林观赏价值,其凌寒盛开的特性还被人们赋予了高风亮节的品格特征;花香幽远常被用来寄托思念之情;金黄的花色、不俗的意境还颇具宗教色彩.研究相关传统书画得知蜡梅的园林应用场景、配景植物、配景构筑物、切花瓶插等方面的信息,可为蜡梅的现代园林和瓶插应用提供借鉴.

中国是蜡梅(Chimonanthus praecox)的世界分布中心,有着大量的蜡梅野生分布及人工种植区域,蜡梅种质资源丰富.作为在我国栽培了千余年的传统名花,蜡梅的栽培品种繁多,花文化历史悠久,蜡梅凌寒开放,花期长,花色鲜艳,花香怡人,具有重要的园林应用价值.简要介绍了蜡梅的特性、资源分布、分类体系、同物异名和新品种等内容,对蜡梅的园林应用展开初步研究,探讨蜡梅产业的现状问题及发展建议,以期为相关研究提供参考.

对'香瑞白'梅、'粉月香'梅等8种梅花优良品种进行茎段启动培养的试验研究.通过对消毒方式、外植体取材时间、基础培养基种类以及不同的试验品种探索影响梅花茎段腋芽萌发及生长的因素.结果表明:以'香瑞白'梅的半木质化茎段为外植体,最佳消毒方式为2％NaClo消毒12min;5月中下旬是'I-II-5'梅茎段培养的最佳时期;茎段启动基础培养基WPM培养基明显优于MS培养基;在茎段启动培养中,不同品种的萌发率和增殖系数具有一定的差异,萌发率和增殖系数均较高的有'粉月香'梅、'送春'梅、'江南朱砂'梅.

随着城市化进程的持续推进,北京老城已进入存量更新时代,大批失去原有景观特征的“失落空间”亟待改善,与此同时,北京大力开展城市修补、生态修复的工作,强调公众参与的老城更新模式悄然兴起.以西城区三庙社区花园的设计与营造为主要案例,解析其多方共建、共治、共享的角色与机制,多层次公众参与的社区花园设计方法,精细化更新承载社区活动的公共空间,多样化因地制宜的社区花园绿化形式,以及基于社区花园建设的社区凝聚力重塑,为未来历史城市里的社区花园研究与实践提供借鉴.

Chrysanthemum'Yuren Mian'(YRM)and Chrysanthemum'BingTianYuRen'(BTYR)were the experimental materials and separately selected 5 flowering period to carry on the experiment.Organic acids,crude fat,crude protein,crude fiber,soluble sugar,free amino acids,vitamin C,flavonoids,polyphenols,chlorogenic acid were analyzed and evaluated.The results showed that the quality indexes of 10 samples of tea chrysanthemum were different.The cluster analysis results were as follows.When classified into 2 classes,YRMS,BTYRS,YRM4 and BTYR4 clustered into one group,and YRM2,BTYR2,BTYR3,YRM3,BTYR1and YRM1 clustered into another group.When the cluster was 4,BTYR4 and BTYR1 were separately clustered into one class,YRM4,YRM5 and BTYR5 were clustered into one class,and other tea chrysanthemum samples were clustered into one class.When gathers was 6,YRM5,BTYR5,YRM4 still gathered into a group,BTYR2,BTYR3,YRM3 got together for a class,YRM2,BTYR4,BTYR1,YRM1 gathered separately for the category.Based on the principal components analysis discovery,BTYR4,BTYRS,BTYR2,YRM3 and YRM5 scored were higher.Sensory quality assessment results showed that YRM4,BTYR5,YRM5,YRM3 and BTYR4 scored were higher.Based on the comprehensive analysis of scores of principal component and the sensory quality evaluation results,higher scores were BTYR4,BTYR5,YRM3and YRM5.

For students majoring in Landscape Gardening,Landscape Architecture and Ornamental Horticulture, mastering a considerable a-mount of ornamental plants' Latin names was very important.However,in the teaching practice of Landscape Dendrology,it commonly showed that students had some difficulties in mastering Latin names.According to the practical and teaching experience for years,we summarized the corresponding teaching methods, which had helped greatly improve the teaching quality and build up students' comprehensive understanding ability of what they had learned by stimulating students interest in learning effectively.

The objective was to study the effects of different cutting date on softwood-cutting rooting and related phys-iological and biochemical changes during rooting of Prunus mume Meiren. The upper and middle parts of semi-hard wood stems were collected and treated with IBA at a concentration of 2 500 mg·L-1 with water dipping as control in May and August, respectively. Contents of soluble sugar, starch, soluble protein and activities of peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), indoleacetic acid oxida-se (IAAO) in phloem at various rooting phase were measured. The results showed as follows:(1) In different seasons, the adventitious root displayed three distinct pha- <br> ses:induction (0-10 d), expression (10-30 d) and elongation (30-40 d). (2) IBA treatment had an obvious effect on accelerating rooting of cutting. During induction phase, the contents of soluble sugar and starch increased while the soluble protein content declined;POD activity rose and IAAO activity was in a lower level, which was good for growth of root induction. During expression phase, IBA treating could accelerate decomposition of starch, and POD activity increased after slightly decreased, and the continuous elevation of IAAO activity could benefit rooting expression. During elongation stage, POD activity decreased and IBA could make soluble protein content keeping as-cending. (3) During the rooting process, PPO activity changed on the contrary in May and August, at the same time the soluble sugar content and oxidases activity in May were higher than those in August during expression phase. The cuttings treated with IBA in May rooted better, which could provide technical support and theoretical basis for the cutting propagation of cold-resistance Prunus mume.

To breed new Mei cultivars with cold-resistant and blossom early characteristics,we investigated the interspecific compatibility between Prunus mume and P.davidiana by observing fruit set and the pollen tube growth by means of fluorescence microscopy,and immature embryo culture.Results showed that:(1)The fruit set was quite low in all crosses,especially the cross of P.mume ‘Jiangmei'×P.davidiana‘Alba'failed to form fruits.The cross of P.mume‘Dan Fenghou'×P.davidianaobtained the highest fruit set 7.4%,and part of fruits were abortive.(2)After cross-pollination,the pollinations of P.davidianaand P.davidiana ‘Alba'could germinate normally on the stigma of P.mume,but the pollen tube growth was hindered along the style.A higher number of pollen tubes stopped growing when reaching the middle section of the style,and some bended,twined and fractured,but no pollen tubes were observed reaching the base of the style or growing down to the ovary.A large amount of callose accumulated in the process of pollen tube growth which showed the cross-incompatibility.There were differences between cross combinations.(3)Hybrid has been successfully obtained by culturing immature embryo,which indicates that embryo rescue techniques facilitate hybrid creation.

For improving the seed germination rate of Prunus mume, the experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different pretreatments on the seed germination of P.mume ‘Xiang Rui Bai ’ .The pretreatments included darkness pro-cessing, warm and cold stratification, Gibberellin A3(GA3), cold stratification, and GA3 combined with cold stratification and removing endocarp .The highest seed germination rate is 30%when GA3 content is around 150 or 300 mg· L-1 for 90-day chilling.The seed germination rate can be enhanced significantly by removing endocarp compared with that without endo-carp.Darkness treatment can obviously advance the sprout date of P.mume ‘Xiang Rui Bai’ seed and generation rate is doubled.There is no significant effect on seed germination under warm and cold stratifications with germination rate of 0.

为了指导梅花在北京地区的园林应用,对鹫峰国家森林公园、北京植物园、北京林业大学校园、钓鱼台国宾馆梅园、中山公园、明城墙遗址公园和龙潭西湖公园7个北京重要梅花景区进行了梅品种及数量的初步调查,记录了梅花在其栽培地点的越冬防护措施,并对梅花的越冬防护提出了一些建议。

Mei flower is one of the favorite subject plants used in Chinese traditional garden.The artistic conception of traditional mei garden is a kind of realm which is romantic and aesthetic-oriented pursued by Chinese traditional literati.The aesthetic orientation of mei flower,emphasizing on the unity of the subjectivity and the objectivity by Chinese traditional literati,is still in use to guide the mei flower planting and landscaping.From the modern environmental aesthetics point of view,the aesthetics-generating mechanism of traditional mei gardens was analyzed.In order to enlighten the design of specialized gardens of mei flower,it was pointed out that the aesthetic feelings in mei garden had comprehensive values which were composed of sense value,formal value and associational value.

We conducted embryo culture of Prunus mume 'Dan Fenghou' derived from open pollination.Factors affecting the embryo culture of this cultivar were investigated by comparative experiments from such aspects of post-maturity days,type of media,activated charcoal,darkness,and low temperature treatment.Results showed that the optimum time for embryo culture was the 66th day after blooming;the optimum medium was MS+6-BA 1.0 mg/L+IBA 0.1 mg/L;darkness and activated charcoal were beneficial to sprouting and growth of roots;a low temperature treatment for 60-70 d helped to develop normal plantlets.

Low temperature is one of the main elements which limited the northern introduction of Palmae.It is very important to do some research on the cold resistance of spices in Palmae to enlarge its distribution area.The current progress of researches in cold resistance of Palmae were summarized,including technical methods of recognition of cold resistance as well as cultivation and maintenance.Some advices of development in this research area were given.

The Mei (Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.) is one of the most widely used landscape plants and important germplasm resources in China. The study of pollen cryopreservation and the construction of a pollen cryo-bank have great importance in Mei research. From 2003 to 2007 we cryopreserved pollen from 51 Mei cultivars. In vitro germination of cryopreserved pollen was not significantly different from that of fresh pollen, even after four years of storage in liquid nitrogen. Cryopreserved pollen of 19 cultivars was used successfully for intraspecific hybridizations at Wuhan and Beijing in 2005 and 2006.

The authors revised the classification system for mei cultivars(2007),and a new system(2008)including 11 cultivar groups proposed.A key for classifying the 11 groups is published,and reasons of establishing these groups explained.The revised system is better than the old one in which only 3 cultivar groups included.Both of the two systems are in agreement with the rules of I.C.N.C.P(International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants,2004),but the revised one reserves and expresses more superiorities of Dual Classification Method for Chinese traditional flowers.Meanwhile,on the basis of considering dot grottoes on stone surface as key criterion in group classification,it has been found recently that breath/thickness ratio of the stone also important as another key critorion.Moreover,special importance of these two groups both originated from interspecific hybridization,viz.apricot mei group and meiren(blireiana mei)group in acclimatization and development is pointed out.

梅(Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.)为我国十大名花之一，可分为花梅和果梅,花梅通常称为梅花.

Mei flower (Prunus mume) is an important Chinese traditional ornamental tree that is highly appreciated and admired in China for its early blooming seasons (January to March in central and south China). Since it was not hardy in North China, we tried to enhance its resistance to cold by acclimatization (through seed-sowing and selection), selection (among chance seedlings introduced from East China) and cross breeding (intraspecific and inter-specific hybridization) since 1957. Mei flowers have been planted in Beijing which extended it natural distribution boundary over 1000 km to the North. Three new cultivars were selected from seedling population and two new cultivars were bred by cross breeding. All of these cultivars can tolerate low temperatures between -19 degrees C to -35 degrees C. Meanwhile, embryo culture and AFLP study on promoting breeding efficiency were also discussed.

The authors discussed classification system of Mei flower Prunus mume cultivars under the rules of ‘International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (I.C.N.C.P.)’, when the book entitled ‘Chinese Mei Flower Cultivars’ is being written. There are 3 cultivar groups under Prunus mume species, the first is True Mume Group, the second is Apricot Mei Group and the third is Blireiana Group. There will be no further classification under each cultvar group. The spiritual content of so-called ‘Dual Classification System’ will be hidden into the name of each cultivar. The key character which is concerned of classification of Prunus mume, P.cerasifera and P.armeniaca is the dot grottoes on stone surface. Because both Blireiana Group and Apricot Mei Group are all with dot grottoes on stone surface, they should not be concerned as species and called in Latin name of Prunus blireiana and Prunus bungo, but should be remained as cultivar groups under Prunus mume.