The diaminodikhunophenoxy chloride indium phthalocyanine (Pc) was covalently bonded with carboxylated GO (GO-COOH) to obtain the diaminodikhunophenoxy chloride indium phthalocyanine-graphene oxide (Pc-GO-COOH), and the bonding products as raw material of the reaction initiator. Four kinds of polymer samples with different molecular weight were obtained by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) with methyl methacrylate (MMA) as polymerization monomer. The molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the prepared polymers were tested by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The test results show that the preparation of polymers has narrow molecular weight distribution, the polymer reaction presents good controllability. The results of third-order nonlinear optical properties test on polymer sample solution by Z-scan show that the preparation of polymer has excellent third-order nonlinear optical properties, and when the molecular weight of polymer, respectively 9 063 and 12 196, the third order nonlinear polarizability values are 8.1×10-11 esu and 2.1×10-11 esu. At the same time, the optical limiting performance test show the effective excitation and ground state absorption cross section ratios of the two samples are 2.69 and 2.20, respectively. It has a good limiting ability and a great application prospect.

Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) play broad biological roles in plants. We report on a conserved receptor-like protein kinase (RPK) gene from wheat and other Triticeae species. The TaRPK1 was isolated from the Triticum aestivum cv. Prins - Triticum timopheevii introgression line IGVI-465 carrying the powdery mildew resistance gene Pm6. The TaRPK1 was mapped to homoeologous chromosomes 2A (TaRPK1-2A), 2D (TaRPK1-2D) and the Pm6-carrier chromosome 2G (TaRPK1-2G) of IGVI-465. Under the tested conditions, only the TaRPK1-2G allele was actively transcribed, producing two distinct transcripts via alternative splicing. The predicted 424-amino acid protein of TaRPK1-2G contained a signal peptide, a transmembrane domain and an intracellular serine/threonine kinase domain, but lacked a typical extracellular domain. The expression of TaRPK1-2G gene was up-regulated upon the infection by Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici (Bgt) and treatment with methyl jasmonate (MeJA), but down-regulated in response to treatments of SA and ABA. Over-expression of TaRPK1-2G in the powdery mildew susceptible wheat variety Prins by a transient expression assay showed that it slightly reduced the haustorium index of the infected Bgt. These data indicated that TaRPK1-2G participated in the defense response to Bgt infection and in the JA signaling pathway. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that TaRPK1-2G was highly conserved among plant species, and the amino acid sequence similarity of TaRPK1-2G among grass species was more than 86%. Based on its conservation, the RPK gene-based STS primers were designed, and used to amplify the RPK orthologs from the homoeologous group-2 chromosomes of all the tested Triticeae species, such as chromosome 2G of T. timopheevii, 2R of Secale cereale, 2H of Hordeum vulgare, 2S of Aegilops speltoides, 2S(l) of Ae. longissima, 2M(g) of Ae. geniculata, 2S(p) and 2U(p) of Ae. peregrina. The developed STS markers serve as conserved functional markers for the identification of homoeologous group-2 chromosomes of the Triticeae species.

人工合成的双二倍体在遗传和植物育种中有重要作用.为探讨远缘杂交后代双二倍体育性提高及其细胞学稳定的分子机制,利用ALFP、MASP技术对节节麦-黑麦杂种及其双二倍体S1～S4代的基因组变异进行了分析.该双二倍的S1～S4代体细胞染色体数2n=28的植株的比例从57.1％提高到92.5％,2n=28的植株的花粉母细胞减数分裂中期二价体平均数目从11.7提高到12.25,平均结实率从24.5％提高到51.3％.利用两套分别扩增重复序列和单拷贝序列的酶切引物组合EcoR I/Mse I (E-M)、Pst I/Mse I (P-M)对节节麦-黑麦杂种F1和双二倍体S1～S4代扩增表明,基因组序列变异主要发生于F1代,且以序列消除为主.E-M和P-M引物扩增带中,节节麦基因组在F1代的序列消除带数占各代总消失带数的70.00％和52.95％,而在黑麦基因组为96.88％和81.64％.MSAP分析表明,节节麦和黑麦杂种和加倍能够导致节节麦和黑麦基因组序列甲基化状态改变,以甲基化为主,仅发生在F1和S1代.在S2～S4代中没有检测到甲基化变异.

'Hayan 4'is a hybrid fruit type cucumber variety derived from S220-12-1-4 as the female parent and S108-462 as the male parent.The cucumber variety is strong growth vigor,whole female plant,ripe early,melon short,no papilloma.The flesh is green,fragrant and heavy taste.The average fruit weight is 220 g.The variety has highly resistance.It is suitable for open and protected cultivation in the northern region in early spring.

Powdery mildew resistance gene Pm21, located on the chromosome 6V short arm of Haynaldia villosa and transferred to wheat as a 6VS·6AL translocation (T6VS·6AL), confers durable and broad-spectrum resistance to wheat powdery mildew. Pm21 has become a key gene resource for powdery mildew resistance breeding all over the world. In China, 12 wheat varieties containing Pm21 have been planted on more than 3.4 million hectares since 2002. Pm21 has been intractable to molecular genetic mapping because the 6VS does not pair and recombine with the 6AS. Moreover, all known accessions of H. villosa are immune to powdery mildew fungus. Pm21 is still defined by cytogenetics as a locus. In the present study, a putative serine and threonine protein kinase gene Stpk-V was cloned and characterized with an integrative strategy of molecular and cytogenetic techniques. Stpk-V is located on the Pm21 locus. The results of a single cell transient expression assay showed that Stpk-V could decrease the haustorium index dramatically. After the Stpk-V was transformed into a susceptible wheat variety Yangmai158, the characterized transgenic plants showed high and broad-spectrum powdery mildew resistance similar to T6VS·6AL. Silencing of the Stpk-V by virus-induced gene silencing in both T6VS·6AL and H. villosa resulted in their increased susceptibility. Stpk-V could be induced by Bgt and exogenous H2O2, but it also mediated the increase of endogenous H2O2, leading to cell death and plant resistance when the plant was attacked by Bgt.

The powdery mildew resistance gene Pm6, transferred to common wheat from the tetraploid Triticum timopheevii, is effective in most epidemic areas for powdery mildew in China. RFLP probe BCD135 was previously associated with Pm6. In the present research, four STS primers (NAU/STSBCD135-1, NAU/STSBCD135-2, STS003 and STS004) were designed from the sequence data of BCD135. These primers were used for PCR amplification using the genomic DNA of resistant near-isogenic lines with Pm6 and their recurrent parent, cv. Prins. No polymorphic product was observed using primers STS003 and STS004; however, primers NAU/STSBCD135-1 and NAU/STSBCD135-2 amplified two and one bands, respectively, polymorphic between the resistant near-isogenic-lines and Prins. The two primers were then used to amplify the F2 population from the cross IGV1-465 (FAO163b/7*Prins) × Prins. The amplification and the powdery mildew resistance identification data were analyzed using the software Mapmaker 3.0. The results indicated that both NAU/STSBCD135-1 and NAU/STSBCD135-2 were closely linked to Pm6 with a genetic distance of 0.8 cM. A total of 175 commercial varieties without Pm6 from different ecological areas of China were tested using marker NAU/STSBCD135-2 and none of them amplified the 230 bp-specific band. This marker thus has high practicability and can be used in MAS of Pm6 in wheat breeding programs for powdery mildew resistance.

cDNA文库的构建和简便、快速的筛选是获得全长基因的重要途径,基于PCR的筛库方法具有快捷、灵敏的特点.研究改进了基于PCR的噬菌体cDNA文库筛选方法,用液体分装的方法,替代了文库筛选的关键步骤--涂板分区,省去了噬菌体文库铺平板、浸粢、培养、划块洗脱的操作过程,使筛库的工作量减少,进一步提高了筛选速度和获得阳性克隆的效率.

Fusarium head blight, also called scab, is a serious disease of small grain cereals and maize. Scab can not only cause yield loss, more seriously is that it can also deteriorate seed quality by contaminating the infected grains with trichothecenes toxins harmful to human and animal health. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most important toxin members. It was proposed that DON acted first as a virulence factor during fungal pathogenesis and then accumulated in grain to levels posing a threat to human and animal health. In the present research, by expression analysis of DON-induced samples using GeneChip® Wheat Genome Array (http://www.affymetrix.com/products/arrays/specific/wheat.affx), a DON-resistance related gene TaUGT3 (GenBank accession FJ236328) was cloned and characterized from a scab resistant wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variety Wangshuibai. The full-length cDNA of TaUGT3 was 1,755 bp and contained a putative open reading frame (ORF) with 496 amino acids encoding a UDP-glucosyltransferase (UGT). TaUGT3 showed high similarity in amino acid level with DOGT1 gene in Arabidopsis, which is able to detoxify DON. TaUGT3 was located on the group 3 chromosomes of wheat using nulli-tetrasomic lines and deletion lines of Chinese Spring. Co-transformed of TaUGT3 with GFP genes to onion epidermis cells using transient transformation technique by microprojectile bombardment indicated the subcellular location of the protein encoded by TaUGT3 was in the plasma membrane and nuclear. Transformation and overexpression of the TaUGT3 gene in Arabidopsis could enhance tolerance against DON.

The ATP-binding cassette transporter genes include the pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) family found only in fungi and plants. These transporters transport toxic compounds across biological membranes. Here, we investigated the evolution of the PDR1 gene in Brachypodium distachyon, a widely distributed temperate grass species that belongs to the Poaceae (Gramineae) family, which also contains the domesticated cereal crops. Because this species has multiple ploidy levels, investigating PDR1 evolution in B. distachyon will offer insights into the formation and evolution of polyploidy. From 23 B. distachyon ecotypes, 39 PDR1 homologs were identified. All ecotypes had either one or two PDR1 copies. Based on restriction site analysis, the PDR1 homologs were classified as E or H type. All but one diploid and tetraploid ecotypes had only a single H type PDR1. All but one hexaploid ecotypes had both an E and a H type PDR1. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that each type formed a well-supported cluster. The two PDR1 types appeared to evolve differently. These different evolutionary patterns could indicate a difference in age between the two types or might indicate different mutation rates or selection pressures on the two types. The phylogenetic analysis also revealed that the hexaploid ecotypes shared a genomic origin for their E type PDR1, but there were multiple origins for hexaploid H type PDR1 homologs. Overall, the results suggest that tetraploid and hexaploid might be misnomers in B. distachyon and suggest a complex polyploidization history during B. distachyon evolution.

Fusarium heaFusarium graminearum reduce yield and its production of the trichothecenes toxins such as deoxynivalenol(DON) is very harmful to both human and animal health.Wangshuibai,a local variety of Jiangsu Province,shows both high level of scab resistance and low level of DON content.In order to understand the molecular mechanism of low DON content of Wangshuibai,gene profiling was performed using Affymetrix Wheat Chip on equally mixed RNA samples from 2 time points(12 h,24 h after DON or water treatment,respectively) of spikes.A total of 1 114 genes were found to be differentially expressed depending on the comparison when the 'signal ratio value' was set as more than 2.Among them,949 genes were upregulated and 165 were downregulated.Annotation results found that 496 upregulated genes have function description,including transcription factor,signal protein,centromere protein and many pathogenesis-related genes such as ATP-Binding Cassette transporter(ABC transporter),glatocnine S-tranferases(GSTs),Cytochrome p450(p450),phenylalanine ammonialyases(PAL),UDP-glucosyltransferases(UGTs) and resistance proteins.Several up-regulated genes were selected for RT-PCR analysis,and the results showed that their expression patterns were consistent with the result of Gene chip hybridization.The information will be helpful for the cloning of DON-resistance related genes,and characterize molecular mechanism of DON-resistance.

DON, as a virulence factor, plays an important role in the infection of Fusarium graminearum in wheat. The infection ability of F. graminearum depends on its capacity of producing DON. The production of DON by F. graminearum is significantly decreased in the wheat varieties with scab resistance. In this study, GeneChip analysis indicated that an EST encoding an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter was up-regulated by 45 times in a wheat landrace Wangshuibai, which is resistant to DON accumulation. A pair of EST-derived primers were designed based on the EST sequence, and a clone was then isolated from a wheat genomic DNA TAC library. The TAC clone was sequenced using chromosome walking and gene prediction was conducted using Softberry. A cDNA clone of this gene was subsequently isolated from Wangshuibai induced by DON using gene-specific primers designed according to the untranslated sequence of the gene. The genome size of the gene is 7377 bp, consisting of 19 exons with coding sequences of 4308 bp. It encodes a protein with 1435 amino acid residues and the calculated molecular weight is about 161 kD. BLAST analysis indicated that the gene may belong to pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) sub-family, and hence designated as TaPDR1 (Triticum aestivum pleiotropic drug resistance). TaPDR1 was located on chromosome 5A of wheat using nullisomic-tetrasomic lines of Chinese Spring. TaPDR1 was up-regulated by induction of both DON and F. graminearum. Expression patterns of TaPDR1 were different in wild-type Wangshuibai and the fast-neutron induced Wangshuibai mutant lacking FHB1, a major QTL of FHB resistance and DON resistance in chromosome arm 3BS. These results suggested that TaPDR1 might be a candidate gene responsible for DON accumulation resistance. The expression profile showed that TaPDR1 expression was neither induced by hormones typically involved in biotic stress, such as JA and SA, nor by abiotic stresses, such as heat, cold, wounding and NaCl. However, TaPDR1 expression was regulated by Al3+ and [Ca2+], indicating that [Ca2+](i) might mediate the signal of TaPDR1 expression.

脱氧血腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol, DON)在小麦赤霉病发病过程中起重要作用,是一种毒性因子.禾谷镰刀菌的侵染能力依赖于其产生DON的能力,抗病品种能显著降低病穗组织中DON的含量.本研究利用Affymetrix小麦基因组芯片,对抗赤霉病小麦品种望水白经DON诱导后的穗组织基因表达特点进行了分析,结果发现,一个编码PDR型转运蛋白的EST受DON诱导后上调表达45倍.根据该EST设计引物筛选小麦基因组TAC文库,得到一个包含该基因的TAC单克隆.利用染色体walking对该单克隆测序,用Softberry软件进行基因预测,根据预测基因的5'和3'非翻译区设计引物,从DON诱导的小麦望水白穗组织cDNA中克隆出该转运蛋白基因.该基因组全长7377 bp,包含19个外显子,CDS长度为4308 bp,编码长1435 an且分子量161 kD的蛋白.蛋白序列比对表明,该基因属于PDR蛋白家族,命名为TaPDRI(Triticum asetivum Pleiotropic Drug Resistance).利用一套中国春缺体.四体系将TaPDRI基因定位在小麦5A染色体上.半定量RT-PCR表明,TaPDRI在望水白穗中受DON和禾谷镰刀菌诱导表达,表明其参与了植物抗病防御反应.该基因在望水白感病突变体中低水平表达,进一步证明TaPDRI与赤霉病抗性有关.TaPDRI的表达不受与生物胁迫相关的激素(JA和SA)和非生物胁迫因子(热、冷、伤害和NaCI)的诱导,但受到Al~(3+)和游离Ca~(2+)的诱导表达,推测[Ca~(2+)]_i介导了TaPDRI的表达信号.

This study examined the effect of wheat pearling on distribution of phytase, phytic acid, iron, and zinc in wheat fractions derived from pearling and roller milling. Grains of four wheat varieties were first pearled by a rice polisher at four levels, i.e. non-pearling (unpearled), 5% pearling (∼5% of the original sample weight was pearled), 10% pearling, and 15% pearling, to produce pearling fines (PF) and pearled grains. The unpearled and pearled grains were then milled through a Bühler MLU-202 laboratory mill, producing eight milling fractions. Results showed that pearling had a positive effect on flour yield, which may be attributed to the reduced yield of coarse bran and the improved yield of first and second reduction fractions. PF had high levels of all the four components, indicating that they could be a valuable source of iron and zinc. In addition, the differences between flours from the pearled and unpearled wheat were slight in terms of these four components.

“隐性饥饿”,即铁、锌等微量元素缺乏症,已成为困扰我国居民的首要营养不良问题。选育高铁、锌含量、强植酸酶活性或低植酸含量的“微量营养强化型”小麦品种对于改善我国西部居民的营养状况具有重要的意义。本文主要介绍小麦铁锌营养品质的遗传改良研究进展,包括铁锌营养品质的相关化学组分（铁、锌、植酸和植酸酶）及改善小麦铁锌营养品质的遗传途径等两方面,并指出了小麦铁锌营养品质的研究方向和工作重点。

用185对SSR引物对52份中国西部特有小麦的遗传多样性进行了研究分析.在31份云南小麦材料中,共检测到488个等位变异,每一个SSR 引物可检测到1至9个等位变异,平均为2.64个;平均PIC值为0.2764.在15份西藏小麦材料中,共检测到472个等位变异,每个引物可扩增出1到8个等位变异,平均为2.55个;平均PIC值为0.3082.在6份新疆小麦材料中,共检测到308个等位变异,每一个SSR 引物可检测1到5个等位变异,平均为1.66个;平均PIC值为0.1944.185对SSR 引物在云南、西藏和新疆小麦的21条染色体、7个部分同源群和3个染色体组上检测到的等位位点的多态性存在明显差异.云南、西藏和新疆小麦均以3B染色体较高,而1D染色体最低;在7个部分同源群中,均以第三部分同源群最高,第六部分同源群最低;在A、B和D染色体组上,均以B染色体组最高,D染色体组最低,A染色体组居中.利用185对SSR引物计算了云南、西藏和新疆小麦群体内及其群体间的遗传距离(GD)和平均遗传距离,结果显示,西藏小麦和云南小麦群体内的平均遗传距离要高于新疆小麦,而云南小麦和西藏小麦间的平均遗传距离低于两者与新疆小麦的平均遗传距离.聚类分析结果也表明,云南小麦和西藏小麦的亲缘关系较近,但两者与新疆小麦的亲缘关系相对较远.

Genetic diversity of 15 cultivars of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindley) was analyzed in this paper using ISSR. Genetic relationship of these cultivars was analyzed by clustering amplified information with Jaccard's method of soft SPSS11.5. Amplification results showed great polymorphism of ISSR products among loquat cultivars, and all the cultivars could be distinguished by using 11 primers. Wide genetic diversity among loquat cultivars was found with an average similarity of 0.562. The highest similarity of 0.995 appeared between 'Jidanbai' and 'Gaoliangjiang', and the lowest similarity of 0.312 happened between 'Chuannao' and 'Bingtangzhong'. Fifteen cultivars were clustered into two identical groups on the dendrogram, ten cultivars in one group and five cultivars in another. When average similarity (0.562) was used as critical point, all the cultivars were clustered into four groups. Pedigree of 'Guanyu' was conjectured as a hybrid of 'Baiyu' and 'Tianzhong' according to their high similarity.

为了解目前云南、西藏和新疆小麦的研究现状,就三者的分类学地位、起源进化、独特性状和遗传多样性的研究进展进行了综述,并提出了进一步研究的问题和意见.分类学,形态学,染色体组组成,SSR分子标记等研究结果表明,云南、西藏小麦是普通小麦的一个亚种,而新疆小麦被划分为六倍体小麦内的一个独立的种(Tr.petropavlovskyio),推测云南小麦和西藏小麦可能是由中东等地传入中国的原始六倍体小麦的后代,而新疆小麦或许是外来原始六倍体小麦传入中国新疆后,再与新疆本地的波兰小麦杂交的后代.研究还表明,西藏小麦和云南小麦群体内的遗传多样性要大于新疆小麦.

Thinopyrum bessarabicum Lve and Chinese Spring-Thinopyrum bessarabicum amphiploid(the amphiploid hereafter)are reported with high salinity tolerance.Screen of molecular markers tagging different chromosomes of Thinopyrum bessarabicum would facilitate transfer of these genes or chromosomes into common wheat.Some specific proteins or enzymes,AFLP or RAPD markers have been described by different authors.However,use of SSR,STS,and RFLP markers identifying Thinopyrum bessarabicum chromosomes is seldom reported.To dig out the beneficial genes of this species,the amphiploid was introduced from Dr.Mujeeb-Kazi,CIMMYT,and several additions,and translocations have been independently developed and reported by Cytogentics Institute,Nanjing Agricultural University,China.Using SSR,STS,and RFLP markers of wheat and barley etc,7 disomic additions,3 alien lines including translocations and additions and 1 multiple additions were characterized in this study.The results revealed that 14 of 219 wheat SSRs,8 of 126 barley STS and 2 wheat STS,6 RFLP probes could be used to distinguish the chromosomes of Thinopyrum bessarabicum added in wheat.Of the alien chromosome lines,C7-17 and C7-17-2 were verified involving chromosome 1J encoding specific HMW-Glu subunit of Thinopyrum bessarabicum.Two STS markers MWG2303(2HL)and NAU/Xibao15(6S),one RFLP probe BCD135(2BL)and 4 SSR markers(Cfd168(2A),Xgwm526(2B),Xgwm311(2D),and Xgdm93(4B))could be used to tag the chromosomes added in CH05,while 6L probe PSR154 and one wheat 2AL-end STS KsuH9 failed to produce polymorphism indicating rearrangements occurred in this chromosome,therefore,the preliminary designed J3 based on the C-banded karyotype of Thinopyrum bessarabicum added in this line was deduced with closer relationship with group 2 chromosomes of wheat.Two STSs from 3HL(BCD269,MWG974),one probe PSR116 from wheat 3L and one SSR Xgwm114(3DS)could be used to tag the chromosomes added in CH09,the preliminary designed J7 was then deduced with closer relationship with group 3 chromosomes of wheat.One STS MWG808(7H),one probe mapped in the middle part of 4L(PSR163)and one SSR Xgdm131(3B)could be used to tag the chromosomes added in CH03,CH04 and CH34,while two other probes mapped in the distal part of 4L(WG114)and 4S(CDO669)without RFLPs,indicating these three additions might contain the same alien chromosomes,the preliminary designed J1,J2,and J? in these lines respectively were deduced with closer relationship with group 7 chromosomes of wheat,rearrangements with group 4 chromosomes also involved.Three SSR markers Xgdm35(2D),Xgwm515(2A,2D),and Xgwm614(2A,2B,and 2D)could be used to tag the large segmental translocation chromosomes added in CH12,and small segmental translocation chromosomes contained in CH11 which also included another pair of alien chromosomes similar to that of CH05,this result indicated that these translocations with different segments might be derived from the same chromosome of Thinopyrum bessarabicum.13 markers(5 barley STSs,3 RFLP probes and 5 wheat SSRs)could be used to trace the chromosomes not involved in the present lines.