激励(动机)这个词是一个名字化的词语--一个凝结在时间中的抽象名词,它代表一种过程.追问激励(动机)的特质就是一个陷阱.那么,隐含在这个词背后的过程是什么呢?它是符合促使我们采取行动的价值观的一种环境组合.这种环境可能源于外在(外在的激励),或是源于个人(内在动机).人们是否需要外在的激励(动机)?如果需要的话,那么,哪些事物会产生效用呢?哪些事物会激励人们呢?

Objective To investigate the management and the therapeutic effect of patients with old midfacial fracture.Methods The records of 93 cases with midfacial old fracture admitted to our hospital between Jan.2001 and Dec.2003 were retrospectively studied.Malunion of the fractures and secondary deformities were present in most of the patients.According to the fracture type,various operative approaches and reduction methods were selected to restore the craniofacial bony structure.Results Great improvement was achieved in both function and appearance of most patients.No severe complication was observed.Conclusion The choice of the most suitable therapeutic approach for different types of old midfacial fracture is essential for the satisfactory functional and cosmetic results in the patients with old midfacial fracture.

Objective To present a new method for correction of prominent malar complex by L-shaped osteotomy and simutaneusly correction of skin loss caused by the former surgery using Temporal Facialplasty. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the treatment process of 48 patients of prominent malar,evaluated the surgical design and results of Combined Surgery of L-type osteotomy with Temporal Facialplasty. Results This method was used in 48 patients with prominent malar complex.47 of the patients obtained good results.Only one patient complained of unsymmetricity,and she was satisfied after revition. Conclusion L-shaped osteotomy for correction of prominent malar complex is a relatively ideal surgical method.Simutaneous Temporal Facialplasty can solve the problems of skin sluggish.