Some countries or regions have taken measures to ensure food safety, such as food safety sampling monitoring plan. This paper focuses on the statistical analysis of domestic and foreign food safety sampling inspection data. It begins with an introduction to the laws and regulations, institutions, and characteristics of food safety sampling inspection reports in the United States, the European Union, Japan, Canada, and China. Then the analysis and discussion are carried out, and the similarities and differences of the countries or regions in the aspects of legal system improvement, risk assessment, analysis, and the content and form of the report are pointed out. Finally, it provides conclusions and suggestions, including scientific analysis of sampling inspection results, strengthening-departmental information exchange, and increasing the transparency of regulatory information, to provide the reference for food safety regulatory decision-making.

This study presents the first nationwide study on the chronic health risks of chlorothalonil and its metabolite (4-OH-chlorothalonil) for Chinese adults and breastfed infants via dietary intake. The determination of chlorothalonil and 4-OH-chlorothalonil in dietary samples was accomplished by cold-induced liquid-liquid extraction using liquid chromatography─high-resolution mass spectrometry. Chlorothalonil and 4-OH-chlorothalonil were detected in 43.1 and 46.1% of total dietary samples, respectively, while only 4-OH-chlorothalonil was detected in 100% of breast milk samples. Chlorothalonil and 4-OH-chlorothalonil residues in dietary samples of Northwest China and Shandong regions were higher in comparison to those of other regions. No correlation between 4-OH-chlorothalonil residues in breast milk and adult daily dietary intake to total chlorothalonil indicates the presence of other exposure routes besides dietary exposure. Furthermore, a residue analysis of 4-OH-chlorothalonil in breast milk between urban and rural areas in all sampling locales showed no statistical difference (p > 0.05). The findings of this study reveal that the chronic health risks caused by dietary exposure to chlorothalonil and 4-OH-chlorothalonil are low for Chinese adults and breastfed infants.

Perchlorate is an environmental contaminant that has both natural and anthropogenic sources. Widespread contamination of various foods with perchlorate can be caused by water, soil, and fertilizer. Because of concerns about the health effects of perchlorate, attention has focused on its occurrence in food and potential human exposure. In this study, the dietary exposures of Chinese adult males and breastfed infants to perchlorate were evaluated using data from the sixth China Total Diet Study and the third National Breast Milk Monitoring Program conducted between 2016 and 2019. In the sixth China Total Diet Study, perchlorate was detected in 94.8 % of composite dietary samples (n = 288) from 24 provinces in China, while for the third National Breast Milk Monitoring, perchlorate was found in 100 % of pooled breast milk samples (n = 100) collected from 100 cities/counties in China. Vegetables were found to be the main source of dietary exposure for Chinese adult males. Furthermore, the concentrations in breast milk between urban (n = 34, mean: 38.6 μg/L) and rural (n = 66, mean: 59.0 μg/L) regions from 100 cities/counties in China were not significantly different. On average, the estimated daily intake of Chinese adult males (18-45 years) to perchlorate was 0.449 μg/kg bw/day, while that for breastfed infants (0-24 months) was 3.21-5.43 μg/kg bw/day. The exposure to perchlorate in breastfed infants was almost 10-fold greater than that of Chinese adult males.

食品安全问题是公共卫生的重中之重,随着世界经济环境的不断发展,食品产品供应链范围扩大,食品安全在生产、加工、储存、分销等方面都面临着巨大的压力和挑战.此外,已报道的食品安全事件冲击着公众的信任,也影响消费者对食品安全风险的认知.随着研究的深入,对消费者风险认知的测量逐渐由双因素风险认知理论模型转变为多因素模型.影响人们食品安全风险认知的因素有人口特征属性,包括年龄、性别、种族和受教育程度等;接收食品信息的渠道,例如媒体、政府和企业;政府对于食品安全事件的响应速度和监管方式以及消费者对食品加工过程中涉及的技术和概念的了解程度等.这些因素会对消费者的食品安全风险认知产生积极或消极影响,本文对消费者的食品安全风险认知国内外发展概况及其影响因素进行综述,为有关部门的食品安全监管工作提供有效措施,提升消费者对食品安全和质量的信心.

We collected Chinese food fraud events from 2001 to 2019, and initially established a database of 454 data sets based on China's national conditions. This database supplements the gaps in the internationally established economically motivated adulteration (EMA) database. Statistical results showed that the data reported by the media accounted for 71.6% of the total amount of food fraud information. Most fraud incidents were recorded in eleven product categories, e.g. agricultural products, wines, dairy and meat products. Product fraud (72.2%) was the first type ranked food fraud information.

Food additives play an important role in the food supply, and it has been a food safety topic of great concern to the public. There has been no systematic research on Chinese consumers’ concerns, attitudes, feelings, or opinions on supervision and media coverage of food additives in the past decade, which is an area worth exploring. This study was carried out to deeply understand consumers’ cognition of food additives and formulate food safety risk communication strategies of food additives in China. Big data of consumers’ online public opinion of China on food additives from 2011 to 2020 was collected and cleaned up using Haina Network Public Opinion Monitoring System version 2.0 (HNPOMS V2.0), followed by data analysis and visual display with the Ansi Food Safety Risk Communication System version 2.0 (AFSRCS V2.0). The results showed that the types of food additives of concern to the public have changed from 2011 to 2020, but the amount of food additives has always been of concern. The type of incident that the public is most concerned about is the illegal addition or abuse of additives. The public’s confidence in food production enterprises has been insufficient, but the functions of market supervision are becoming clearer and clearer, and their expectations are constantly increasing. Consumers’ cognition level increases with the strengthening of publicity and popular science, but the influence of “self-media” on public cognition is increasing day by day, and there is cognitive deviation, making it easy to mislead the public. Consumers’ cognition of food additives is the basis of risk communication. Combined with the research results, this paper puts forward corresponding suggestions on the market and social supervision measures, network media guidance strategy and risk communication strategy of China, respectively.

Despite the widespread use of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in various consumer products as protective plasticizer, studies on human dietary exposure to these compounds are scare. In this study, nine bisphenol diglycidyl ethers (BDGEs) including BADGE, BFDGE, and seven of their derivatives were determined in the Chinese adult population based on composite dietary samples collected from the sixth (2016-2019) China total diet study (TDS). Contamination level of nine BDGEs was determined in 288 composite dietary samples from 24 provinces in China. BADGE·2H2O and BADGE are the most frequently detected and BADGE·2H2O presented the highest mean concentration (2.402 μg/kg). The most contaminated food composite is meats, with a mean ∑9BDGEs of 8.203 μg/kg, followed by aquatic products (4.255 μg/kg), eggs (4.045 μg/kg), and dairy products (3.256 μg/kg). The estimated daily intake (EDI) of ∑9BDGEs based on the mean and 95th percentile concentrations are 121.27 ng/kg bw/day and 249.71 ng/kg bw/day. Meats, eggs, and aquatic products are the main source of dietary exposure. Notably, beverages and water, alcohols were the main contributors of dietary exposure to BADGE and BADGE·2H2O, followed by animal-derived foods. Dietary exposure assessment demonstrated that human dietary BDGEs do not pose risks to general population based on the mean and 95th percentile hazard index with < 1. This is the first comprehensive national dietary exposure assessment of BDGEs in Chinese general population.

目的 建立一种超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,UPLC-MS/MS)测定中药材及植物性食品样品中23种有毒生物碱的检测方法.方法 样品用氢氧化钠调节pH至7.5,加入硼砂-氢氧化钠缓冲液,乙酸乙酯萃取,氮吹近干后,用UPLC-MS/MS法同时对23种生物碱进行定性定量分析,外标法定量.结果 在相应的质量浓度范围内,23种生物碱在不同基质样品中均有良好的线性关系,相关系数在0.9989～0.9999.全部样品回收率为61.2％～107.3％,相对标准偏差为1.1％～8.4％.各类样品检出限为0.01～0.40μg/kg,定量限为0.03～1.33μg/kg.结论 本方法简单、准确、快速,可实现23种常见生物碱的多组分同时测定,为生物碱中毒的快速筛查和确证提供了检测时间上的优势,可用于疑似中药材和植物性食品生物碱中毒的应急事件处理,并为临床治疗提供技术支撑.

氯丙醇酯作为食品中的一类新型污染物,得到世界各国和地区的广泛关注和研究.氯丙醇酯类物质种类繁多,其反应机制、毒理学和代谢转化研究尚不成系统,目前研究表明氯丙醇酯类物质具有一定的肾脏、生殖毒性及潜在的致癌性.国内外对氯丙醇酯的检测方法、污染水平和暴露评估等研究主要集中在3-氯-1,2丙二醇酯和2-氯-1,3-丙二醇酯,且主要集中在婴儿配方奶粉、油炸和烘焙食品等脂肪含量较高的食品上.通过研究发现,普通消费者从日常饮食中摄入氯丙醇酯类物质一般是无风险的,但对于一些年轻群体和仅食用配方奶粉的婴幼儿来说风险较高.国内外已相继开展了对氯丙醇酯的研究和监控,以减少食品中氯丙醇酯类物质污染水平.目前只有欧盟制定了3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯在部分食用油和婴幼儿配方食品中的限量要求,仅国际食品法典委员会制定了植物油中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯的控制规范,来降低食品中氯丙醇酯的风险.鉴于此,本文主要对氯丙醇酯形成机制、代谢、毒性、国内外食品中氯丙醇酯的污染水平、风险评估研究进展及其管理控制措施等方面进行了简要概述,以期为食品安全监管提供参考.

目的 建立符合我国国情的食品欺诈数据库,补充国际上已建立的经济利益驱动型掺假(economically motivated adulteration,EMA)数据库空白.方法 搜集2001～2019年发生的食品欺诈行为,初步建立具有中国国情的食品欺诈数据库.对数据库中信息完备的454条欺诈数据进行分析.结果 媒体报道数据占食品欺诈信息总数的71.6％;食用农产品、酒类、乳制品、肉制品等11类产品是欺诈事件发生较多的食品类别;产品欺诈(72.2％)高居食品欺诈类型的首位;2001～2019年食品欺诈事件数量呈现出先上升后降低,再上升再降低的"M"状趋势;目前食品欺诈检测技术主要以理化分析技术为主,针对的食品类别还有限;食品欺诈信息以中国为主(89.0％),涉及到世界各个地区.结论 食品欺诈是广泛存在的全球性问题,本研究建立的食品欺诈数据库为预防食品安全风险起到了重要的技术支撑作用.

氯丙醇和氯丙醇脂肪酸酯是近年来发现的在食品中广泛存在的一类污染物,它们引起的健康风险不容忽视,因此,氯丙醇和氯丙醇脂肪酸酯测定方法的研究已成为当今食品安全检测的一大热点. 检测方法的研究为探索食品中氯丙醇和氯丙醇酯的污染水平、膳食暴露风险及其毒性作用具有重要的意义. 本文主要从国外通用的检测方法、中国国家检测方法和其他检测技术3个方面系统地介绍氯丙醇和氯丙醇酯的检测技术进展.

氯丙醇酯是近年来国内外关注的热点污染物之一,氯丙醇酯在食用油等含脂类食品中污染水平较高,存在一定的健康风险,需要开展相关氯丙醇酯的膳食暴露评估.氯丙醇酯的毒性和代谢动力学研究结果及数据是开展食品中氯丙醇酯膳食暴露评估的重要基础,对氯丙醇酯的毒性和代谢动力学研究进展进行综述,并对发展前景作出了展望,为推动食品中氯丙醇酯的膳食暴露评估提供参考.

A selective and sensitive ultra-high performance liquid chromatography - triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method coupled with matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) extraction was developed for the direct determination of fatty acid esters of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD esters) in edible vegetable oils. The method integrated the isotope dilution technique, MSPD extraction and UHPLC - MS/MS analysis with multi-reaction monitoring mode (MRM). Matrix-matched calibration curves showed good linearity within the range of 0.01-10mgL(-1) with the correlation coefficient not less than 0.999. Limits of detection (LODs) and limit of quantification (LOQs) of the 3-MCPD esters fell into the range of 0.0001-0.02mgkg(-1) and 0.0004-0.05mgkg(-1), respectively. The recoveries for the spiked extra virgin olive oils ranged from 94.4% to 108.3%, with the relative standard deviations (RSD) ranging from 0.6% to 10.5%. The method was applied for the oil sample (T2642) of the official Food Analysis Performance Assessment Scheme (FAPAS) in 2014 and other real samples from supermarket, and the results showed that the present method was comparative to the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method based on the improved German Society for Fat Science (DGF) standard method C-III 18 (09) except for palm oil.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the levels of organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) in animal foods and to assess the diet exposure risk of OPPs to Chinese population.METHODS:115 samples, including pork, beef, mutton, chicken, fish, eggs, and milk were collected from 13 provinces in China, were analyzed by dual gas chromatography-dual pulsed flame photometry (GC-PFPD) for the contamination of 58 organophosphorus pesticide residues including their metabolites. The cumulative exposure assessment and high-end exposure assessment were used to assess the diet exposure risk of OPPs to Chineses population.RESULTS:The contamination levels of OPPs in animal foods were in the range of not detected (ND)-0.343 mg/kg, and the total detection rate was 37.4% (43/115). OPPs were frequently detected in samples of milk, fish and pork compared with other animal foods with the detection rate of 12/19, 9/16 and 7/16, respectively. The cumulative exposure amount of 10 OPPs to Chinese population was 0.12 µg×kg(-1)·d(-1), which accounted for 7.29% of the ADI.CONCLUSION:The residue levels of OPPs were low in animal food in the surveyed areas in China with some banned individual OPPs, such as methamidophos and monocrotophos, were detected. The dietary exposure risk of OPPs raised by the intake of animal foods in surveyed areas of China was low.

Objective A modified QuEChERS method for simultaneous determination of 109 pesticide residues in potato using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was established and validated. Methods The pesticide residues were extracted from the potato samples with acetonitrile,and purified by dispersion solid phase extraction( d-SPE) using N-propyl ethlene diamine( PSA) as the adsorbent. The GC-MS analysis was carried out under selected ion monitoring mode and the quantification was performed using the external standard calibration. Results The limits of quantification( LOQ) for 109 pesticide were in the range of 0. 001-0. 010 mg / kg. The recoveries were between 72. 7% and 118. 7% with the RSD of 1. 1%-17. 3%. When using electron impact( EI) mode,most pesticides exhibited matrix enhancement effects in potato matrix. To ensure an accurate determination,the matrix-matched calibration was used for quantitation. The established method was successfully applied to the potato samples provided by European proficiency test in fruits and vegetables organized by European Union Reference Laboratory for Residues of Pesticides in Fruits and Vegetables,and 13 pesticides were detected with the concentration in the range of 0. 002-1. 669 mg / kg with the Z-scores in the range of- 1. 00 to 1. 00. Conclusion The method was simple,sensitive,accurate and suitable for the fast screening test for multi-residue pesticides in potato.

Objective To develop a new method for quantitative determination of 65 herbicides belonging to different chemical families in vegetables by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).Methods Samples were ultrasonically extracted with acetonitrile and the extracts were cleanuped with Carb/NH2 cartridge before GC-MS analysis.Matrix-matched calibration was used for quantification.Results The linearity was satisfying within the range of 10~1000 μg/L,and the coefficients of determination(r)were above 0.998.The limits of detection(LODs)and the limits of quantification(LOQs)were 0.02~2.2 μg/kg and 0.1~7.4 μg/kg,respectively.The recoveries for spiked samples at the levels of 5,10 and 20 μg/kg ranged from 60.9% to 117.9%,except for EPTC and Etobenzanid in the range of 41.1%~59.4%.The relative standard deviations(RSD)were below 14.0%.Trifluralin was detected in 1 out of 9 vegetable samples collected from local market,with the concentration of 2.0 μg/kg.Conclusion The proposed method was rapid,simple and sensitive for the analysis of 65 herbicides in vegetables.

A new method for the quantitative determination of 49 kinds of organophosphorus pesticide residues and their metabolites in fish, egg, and milk by dual gas chromatography-dual pulse flame photometric detection was developed. Homogenized samples were extracted with acetone and methylene chloride (1 + 1, v/v), and then the extracts were cleaned up by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The response of each organophosphorus pesticide showed a good linearity with its concentration; the linearity correlation was not less than 0.99. The detection limits (S/N = 3) of pesticides were in the range of 0.001-0.025 mg kg⁻¹. The recovery experiments were performed by blank sample spiked at low, medium, and high fortification levels. The recoveries for fish, egg, and milk were 50.9-142.2, 53.3-137.2, and 50.3-139.4% with relative standard deviations (RSD, n = 6) of 2.3-24.9, 4.3-26.7, and 2.8-32.2%, respectively. The method was applied to detect organophosphorus pesticides in samples collected from the market, and satisfactory results were obtained. This quantitative method was highly sensitive and exact and could be applied to the accurate determination of organophosphorus contaminants in fish, egg, and milk.

A method was established for the quantitative determination of 54 organophosphorus pesticide residues and their metabolites in foods of animal origin by dual gas chromatography-dual pulse flame photometric detection. Homogenized samples were extracted with acetone and methylene chloride, and cleaned-up by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The response of each analyte showed a good linearity with a correlation coefficient not less than 0. 99. The recovery experiments were performed by a blank sample spiked at low, medium and high fortification levels. The recoveries for beef, mutton, pork, chicken were in the range of 50. 5% -128. 1% with the relative standard deviations (n = 6) of 1. 1% -25. 5%, which demonstrated the good precision and accuracy of the present method. The limits of detection for the analytes were in the range of 0. 001 -0. 170 mg/kg, and the limits of quantification were in the range of 0. 002 -0. 455 mg/kg. Animal food samples collected from markets such as meat, liver and kidney were analyzed, and the residues of dichlorovos and disulfoton-sulfoxide were found in the some samples. The established method is sensitive and selective enough to detect organophosphorus pesticide residues in animal foods.