In this study, the operation of a ground source heat pump system was investigated over a 25-year period with careful attention paid to the effects of groundwater flow and intermittent operation strategies. First, geological and hydrogeological investigations were conducted, after which ground thermal properties were determined by thermal response tests. In order to predict the heat transfer within borehole heat exchangers under a specific operating system, a numerical model was developed using finite element subsurface flow & transport simulation system (FEFLOW). The numerical model was validated with thermal response test measurements. Three operation conditions including continuous system operation without groundwater flow, continuous system operation with groundwater flow, and intermittent operation with groundwater flow were examined. Results indicate that ground temperature disturbance was effectively reduced during groundwater flow and the intermittent operation of the system. Compared with continuous system operation without groundwater flow, the borehole heat exchanger heat transfer rate increases by 10% with groundwater flow conditions and increases by 16% with further implementation of the intermittent operation strategy. Intermittent operation with groundwater flow is highly recommended for the sustainable operation of ground source heat pump system.

As a renewable clean energy,the ground source heat pump (GSHP) system has been developed rapidly and mainly applied in the large communal buildings in China.If the large-scale development and utilization of the ground heat,cold and heat accumulation in the soil will be caused,and the system efficiency will be affected.One GSHP system located in Zhangqiu has been continuously monitored during two heating periods and one cooling period,and the influence of soil temperature under heating and cooling performance of the GSHP system is analyzed both considering different depth and different soils.The study results show that in case of the unevenly distributed load with heating load greater than cooling load and U-pipe intervals at 3.5m in sandstone or mudstones,cold accumulation in central of the underground is worse than the surrounding,and energy efficiency is reduced.Solar heating system is suggested with intermittent operation in winter in order to keep soil thermal balance.

通过分析空气源热泵和土壤源热泵的运行特点,介绍了一种空气-土壤源双热源复合热泵,以济南市某别墅为例用DeST软件计算出其逐时冷负荷和热负荷,通过计算比较土壤源热泵从土壤中的吸热量和放热量,以土壤源热平衡为基准,确定了其最佳复合温度为3℃.通过统计分析空气源热泵和土壤源热泵的运行时间及运行性能,初步确定了空气-土壤源双热源复合热泵在济南地区使用的COP为3.77,证明了空气-土壤源双热源热泵比单一的土壤源热泵系统运行更稳定且COP更高,并且能够减少从土壤中的吸热量,缓解土壤的热不平衡,能够实现整个系统的长期和高效运行.

以现有系统为基础,采用地埋管与冷却塔、地源热泵与水源热泵联合运行的方式对项目进行供暖与供冷改造.同时在机房内增加了混水换热水池,增大了地下水可利用温差,提高了地下水利用率,充分利用了现有设备与系统,节约了地下水资源,提高了系统有效性、经济性和环境效益.

To study the rationality of the weighted average method for estimating the comprehensive thermal conductivity coefficient of stratified rock-soil body and enhance the accuracy of estimation:Different contribution to comprehensive thermal conductivity coefficient of different layers' thermal conductivity coefficient was taken into account to put forward the improved method of weight coefficient. The weighted average method before and after improvement were compared and evaluated through several cases. The result shows that: The contribution to comprehensive thermal conductivity coefficient of rock-soil body's thermal conductivity coefficient along the depth direction decreases similarly linearly. The relative error δ1 between the simple estimation method and the simulated result is less than 11.9%. The simulated method before only can provide a rough range of the comprehensive thermal conductivity coefficient. For the instances in this paper, the improved method can reduce the relative error by 4%, which enhances the accuracy of the estimation.

It determines altogether 14 assessment factors in 3 categories of tectonic structure,embankment foundation,geology and geomorphy of the river channel,builds a fuzzy assessment model,conducts integrated assessment on the stability of the elevated Yellow River in Shandong section by selecting 96 points of fuzzy calculation and assessment and zones the stability of the elevated river according to the factors that influence to the stability of the elevated river.It preliminarily determines 10 vulnerable sections for special defense through analysis and prediction on unstable or critical spots for dike breaks that possibly happened and possibly caused damages at each section.

This paper analyzes geological conditions of geothermal reservoirs in the Neogene Guantao Formation, Paleogene Dongying Formation and Cambrian-Ordovician of Lower Paleozoic, and suggests that they are of great value to develop geotherm, especially in the Neogene Guantao Formation geothermal reservoirs. Based on the geological structure, type of geothermal reservoirs and grades of geothermal gradient, and the principle of prior-exploitation, junior-exploitation, common-exploitation and prospect exploitation, the geothermal reservoirscan be divided into 6 geothermal areas and 16 sub-areas.

Studies of the origin and evolution mechanism of groundwater in a type area not only have great significance for guiding the rational utilization and development of geothermal water resources but also provide important information for future geothermal resource exploration and evaluation.The authors studied the formation and evolution of geothermal water in the Dezhou hollow based on an analysis of the chemical composition,isotopes and hydrogeological characteristics of geothermal water in the area.The study shows that: the formation of the geothermal water is controlled by deep faults and basement structure in the area;the geothermal water is recharged by meteoric water,belonging to penetrating metamorphic water;the hydrochemical components consist predominantly of more soluble salts;and gas components are mainly marked by a mixture of components originating from the atmosphere,crust and mantle ultimate source is meteoric water-all these reflect the various hydrochemical processes in long-term run-off and deep circulation of groundwater.

Due to over-exploration of underground water, some environmental problems as lack of underground water, salt water intrusion, surface subsidence and earth crack have been occurred in south of Huanghe delta area, which should be soluted by underground water pondage and pollution prevention.

t sand enters into Huanghe river mouth every year. Due to its shallow intaking basin, and its location in strong descending area, 80% sand which entered into river mouth will fill in land and coastal area, then present Huanghe river delta is formed. Through synthentic contrast and geological origin analysis by using RS and GIS method, rapid filling and retrogradation, bed accretion and terminal river diverting are exposed in this paper. In recent few years, effected by decreasing of water and sand amount and firming of dam, land-forming speed in river mouth area is slow, retrogradation became slowly, bed accrection is lifting, and the whole delta area is in a balance condition of filling and retrogradation.

Ground water environmental problems caused by over-exploitating of deep ground water in Lubei plain are introduced in this paper. Analysing the distribution rule and evolution trend, countermeasures and suggestions are put forward as well.

Due to the exploitation and utilization of deep groundwater in northern Shandong plain, a lot of environmental problms have been occurred,such as,the regional deep groundwater depression is continuously enlarging,in some area,deep groundwater exhausted and water quality is becoming more and more saltish,as well as land subsidence was aggravated and endemic appeared in some major towns.The reason is that the groundwater exploitation is most concentrated in towns areamabd tge exploiting methods is much more irrational.The author analyzes these environmental problems and presents a lot of proposals and countermeasures.

黄河三角洲地区油气资源十分丰富,开发潜力巨大.在油气资源开采过程中也存在一些环境地质问题,诸如落地油对水土污染严重、采油诱发的地面沉降加剧、围海造陆使海岸带生态环境恶化及黄河流路不稳对油田建设的影响等.该文分析了这些问题的产生原因及发展趋势,从可持续发展的角度,提出了对策建议.

Low-temperature thermal resource in Dezhou city is very rich. At present, geothermal deposits have been found in Dezhou urban, Laoling, Ningjin and Qihe successively. The geological condition of geothermal resource in Dezhou area has been introduced in this paper, and exploitation future of the resource analysed as well. Some problems which should be paid attention in exploring discussed.

莱州湾南岸的昌邑、寒亭、寿光等市(区),是我省沿海发生海咸水入侵地质灾害较严重的地区之一.自70年代中期发现海咸水入侵以来,入侵速率逐年增加,到1992年,入侵面积已达295.5km2,给工农业生产和人民生活造成了严重损失.该区海咸水入侵以咸水入侵为主.笔者在分析区域地质背景条件基础上,从水动力学和水化学方面对海咸水入侵的发灾机理进行了探讨.指出地下淡水过量开采是海咸水入侵的根本原因;此外,沉积环境、河流上游来水量减小及风暴潮等对海咸水入侵有加剧作用.从地学角度,提出了全流域综合治理、合理开发利用淡水资源、建设地下水库、跨流域调水,建立抽水槽工程等防治对策.