As one of the important features of the Gan-Qing linguistic area, converb is widely detected in Gan-Qing Chinese dialects. Although scholars have described its semantic, morphological, and syntactic features, and confirmed that this phenomenon is not an internal innovation of Chinese but a result of language contact, they have neither determined its grammatical category nor described its features such as finiteness, switch reference, and cataphora. This paper discusses the morphological and syntactic features of the converb Shi & ulcorner;(sic)& lrcorner; from the perspective of typology and studies its grammaticalization in detail. It is argued that the converb Shi belongs to the "construction replication" subsumed within contact-induced grammaticalization, and that it comes from Altaic rather than having been replicated from Tibetic languages. In the evolution of areal features, converbs and serial verb constructions represent explicit geographical complementary distribution on the Asian continent.
藏语虚词dang是个多功能成分,可作附置词、连词、复数助词和语气助词.它很可能源自"结伴、跟随"义动词,语境吸收和隐喻在dang的语法化过程中起着重要作用.藏语dang的语义和句法功能进一步丰富了人类语言并列关系语义地图.
"待述词"是藏语传统语法术语,包含de、te和ste三个语音变体,自七世纪古藏语时代即已存在.它实际并不是一个语法项,而是对源自指代词de"那",且处于不同语法化阶段成分的统称.它做副动词附缀的功能非常凸显和高频,以往很少受到学者关注,既有观点往往把此功能误作并列关系,忽视了它的本质.
Old Tibetan (7th-10th century) has two copulas, yin and lags. They can also be used as auxiliaries to index tense and aspect. Pragmatically, yin is used in general statements, and lags is used in honorifics. Furthermore, the two copulas are syntactically optional in an affirmative statement, but generally mandatory in a negative statement or in an affirmative statement that carries a contrastive focus. As an honorific element, the copula lags is usually used in other-person sentences, thus gradually acquired some factual evidential meaning. At the same time, through pragmatic inference, the other copula yin acquires the egophoric evidential meaning. The evidentiality carried by copula verbs in most of the modern Tibetan languages derived from Old Tibetan copula constructions. Finally, similar morphosyntactic processes of copulas in other Tibeto-Burman languages strongly support this hypothesis.
在现代藏语组某些语言中,助动词()是个完成体兼示证标记,这个体-示证标记来自趋向动词“去、往”的语法化,经历了“趋向动词＞趋向补语＞动相补语＞完成体标记＞示证标记”的语法化历程.至迟不晚于18世纪,在某些藏语组语言如安多语中,其具有当地口语特征的文献已经证明,()此时已经由时体功能发展出示证功能.隐喻和语用推理是()由趋向动词发展为示证标记的两大动因.
The copula verb red is widely distributed in the Central, Northeastern, and Southeastern sections of Tibetic languages, forming obvious opposition with another copula verb yin to convey evidential and epistemic meanings of heterophoric and egophoric respectively. In Old Tibetan red only acted as a content verb defined as become or turn. No later than the 14th century, in the region of Muya, which affiliated to the Southeastern section of Tibetic Languages, red evolved into both a copula verb and an auxiliary verb, which indicated tense and aspect. Correspondingly, an adversarial relationship of pragmatic-epistemic meaning between the structure formed by the copula yin and declarative sentence-final particle o in Old Tibetan exists, in which yin is utilized frequently in the Negative Structure. Therefore, acquired mood distinctions exist to convey subjective judgment and emphasis, and also constitute distinction of the structure of -o formation, which is generally adopted to convey indicative mood that indicates less of the speaker or writer's subjective attitude. Subsequently, in colloquial speech no later than the 14th century, with the extinction of the particle -o, red gradually took the place of the particle -o and developed much more stringent correspondence between the egophoric and heterophoric meaning.
中古藏语具有yin、lags和red三个系动词,同时它们还兼做助动词.red至迟不晚于14世纪语法化为系动词,它打破了古藏语yin和lags表“统称～敬称”的平衡,而使藏语逐步过渡到yin和red表“向自我～向他者”示证范畴的对立.
In Arig dialect of Amdo Tibetan,the reporting verbs zer and bzlas have undergone grammaticalization and become more and more bound.The element zer has been grammaticalized from a reporting verb to the evidentiality marker of hearsay and quotation.Bzlas has been grammati-calized to a quotative marker,a topic marker and a marker of conditional clause.They function syn-tactically as a hearsay or quotative evidential marker much more remarkably than any others.The differences of the distribution of the reported verbs embodied in the synchronic plane reflect the dy-namic changes of the morphosyntax of Tibetan and demonstrate the trend of its grammaticalization.
作为书面藏语中两个常用的差比标记之一,bas在吐蕃古藏文中即呈现出由词汇性动词到比较标记语法化的完整斜坡.本文主要基于吐蕃古藏文语料,从语义特征和形态句法角度详细讨论bas由词汇动词到比较标记的演变机制和演变路径.最后结合中古藏文及现代藏语方言来进一步讨论藏语中差比结构,尤其是比较标记的历史演变问题.
示证范畴是表示信息来源的一种范畴,是当前理论语言学研究的热点和重点之一.现代藏语具有发达的示证范畴,示证范畴构成了现代藏语最具跨方言的语言特征之一.藏语示证范畴的研究起于上个世纪中期,经过近五十年来的研究,取得了丰硕的成果.但示证的方言分布、历史演化、语言接触及系统理论探讨方面还有诸多研究尚需加强.
The Written Tibetan has grammatical markers of the diminutive,which derive from the grammaticalization of the word 'son',and conform to the universals of the origin of the diminutive markers.Those diminutive markers mainly domain in the nouns and is rare in other words.Its primary grammatical functions are to indicate the diminutive and form a new word.The difference of the coda will affect the usage of the diminutive markers and will made the markers undergone different grammaticalization,yet the markers' function have no discrepancy
最近,笔者在检阅<宪法>64条款时,发现一处用语不当的地方,谨此提出,以备商榷:
