A novel multifunctional isocyanate curing agent, denoted as TCI, was facilely synthesized via a one-step reaction involving 1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)cyanuric acid and hexamethylene diisocyanate. The structural design of TCI incorporates a rigid triazine ring core and three additional urethane linkages, enabling the construction of high-performance crosslinked networks within glycidyl azide polymer (GAP)-based energetic elastomers. By systematically comparing TCI with the commercially available curing agent N100, the structure–property relationships were elucidated through a combination of curing kinetics, spectroscopic characterization, mechanical testing, and thermal analysis. TCI exhibits superior reactivity toward GAP, effectively compensating for the low reactivity of secondary hydroxyl groups. Structural characterization via XRD, SAXS, and FTIR demonstrated that TCI facilitates the formation of dense and stable hydrogen-bonding networks, which reduce the intermolecular chain spacing (0.424 nm for TCI–GAP vs. 0.436 nm for N100–GAP) and optimize the microphase separation behavior of the elastomer networks.Mechanical testing demonstrated that the tensile strength and elongation at break of TCI–GAP reach 1.74 MPa and 297.7%, respectively, representing increases of 95.5% and 163% over N100–GAP (0.85 MPa and 105.8%). Morphological analysis confirmed the presence of uniformly distributed crosslinking junctions and ductile fracture features in TCI–GAP, which are responsible for the improved load-bearing capacity and energy dissipation efficiency. Dynamic hydrogen-bonding interactions were identified as the key mechanism governing the mechanical and thermal performance of TCI-GAP. DMA and LF-NMR results indicated that TCI–GAP possesses higher storage modulus and more restricted segmental motion, leading to excellent thermomechanical stability. The novel TCI curing agent offers a facile and effective approach to simultaneously improve the mechanical strength, toughness, and thermal stability of GAP-based networks, showing great promise for applications in advanced solid propellants and energetic materials.

Infection and excessive oxidative stress are major challenges in wound healing. Herein, quaternary electrospun membranes were fabricated using polylactic acid (PLA) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) as the matrix, with zinc oxide (ZnO) and curcumin (Cur) as functional additives to achieve dual antibacterial and antioxidant functions. MCC acted as a structural reinforcer and hydrophilic modifier to improve the mechanical properties and hydrophilicity of the PLA matrix, while ZnO and Cur served as synergistic bioactive components to endow the membranes with outstanding antibacterial and antioxidant capacities. ZnO-only groups (Z1 and Z2) exhibited moderate antibacterial and antioxidant activities. In contrast, the incorporation of Cur remarkably boosted these effects. The Z1C3 sample displayed a DPPH radical scavenging rate of 64.5%, alongside antibacterial efficiencies of 71.27% against E. coli and 92.04% against S. aureus. Further elevation of ZnO and Cur loading yielded superior bioactivity; Z2C5 achieved antibacterial rates of 77.38% against E. coli, 95.68% against S. aureus, and a DPPH scavenging ratio of 89.98%. These results indicate that ZnO and Cur loading can be adjusted to balance bioactivity and safety. From the biosafety perspective, Cur greatly improved biocompatibility and reduced the hemolysis rate below 5%. Overall, the PLA/MCC/ZnO/Cur nanofibrous membranes hold promise as functional wound dressing materials, offering a potential strategy for the design of sustainable and multifunctional wound care materials.

The synergistic optimization of antibacterial activity and mechanical properties has emerged as a priority in the development of medical dressings for chronic wounds. In this study, curcumin (Cur)-loaded polylactic acid/microcrystalline cellulose (PLA/MCC) nanofiber membranes were fabricated via electrospinning technology. It was found that the incorporation of 3% Cur significantly enhanced the mechanical properties of the electrospun nanofiber membrane compared with neat PLA. Its tensile strength and elongation at break increased by 240.2% and 181.2%, respectively, which meets the mechanical property requirements for clinical applications (1-40MPa). The antibacterial activity is a core indicator that directly determines the practical application value of wound dressings. 3% Cur-loaded PLA/MCC nanofiber membranes show excellent antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Compared with PLA/MCC, the inhibition rate was increased by 20.1% against Escherichia coli and 72.2% against Staphylococcus aureus, with antioxidant activity exceeding 68.0%. In addition, cytotoxicity and hemocompatibility tests verified that all nanofiber membranes complied with the safety standards of biomedical materials. In conclusion, the PLA/MCC/Cur nanofiber membranes hold great promise as a novel, efficient, and safe dressing candidate for the clinical management of chronic wounds.

To solve the problem of white pollution and petroleum energy consumption, zein/PVA blended fibers were prepared by wet-spinning technology to replace petroleum-based synthetic fibers. Zein has the environmentally friendly and resource-abundant characteristics, but its low viscosity makes it difficult to process via wet-spinning. By enabling the successful wet-spinning of inherently poorly spinnable zein, the introduction of PVA yielded blended fibers that retained more than 81% of the zein content. The zein/PVA blended fibers exhibit a maximum tensile strength of 32.38 MPa, a maximum elongation at break of 561.80%, a moisture regain of 4%, and a dye-uptake rate of 59.68%. This work lays the foundation for using zein/PVA blended fibers as a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based synthetic fibers in the textile industry.

In this study, we optimized the fabrication of bigel beads using a combination of orthogonal experiments and response surface methodology, with special focus on refining the gelling bath parameters and extrusion techniques. We systematically investigated the influence of the oil–water phase ratio on the properties of bigel beads and comprehensively evaluated their performance in simulated oral processing and gastrointestinal digestion. Our key findings were that the gelling bath composed of 75% ethanol and 0% Tween at 0 °C achieved the highest gelation rate (0.9882), while the optimal extrusion parameters that yielded the maximum sphericity (0.9751) were a pump rate of 0.13 mL/min, height 0.93 cm, and temperature 65 °C. The elevated oil-phase content significantly enhanced both the particle size and sphericity of the bigel beads, transformed the bigel type from O/W to bi-continuous, and increased the hardness and cohesiveness. Furthermore, a higher oleogel percentage exacerbated frictional interactions during simulated mastication, compromised structural stability, and consequently promoted the release of free fatty acids. These results provide novel insights into the fabrication protocols and structure–function relationships of bigel beads, contributing to the development of functional food materials.

To reduce the environmental impact of excessive fertilizer use, a biodegradable slow-release urea system was developed using poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) and polycaprolactone (PCL) via solution casting. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis indicated enhanced interfacial interactions between PBS and PCL at a mass ratio of 7:3, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations revealed a dense and uniform film structure. The coated urea exhibited a typical two-stage release behavior with an initial burst followed by sustained release, significantly prolonging nitrogen release compared with pure urea, which dissolved completely within 10 min. In pakchoi preliminary growth evaluation experiments, the coated urea increased plant height by 16.48% and 16.94% relative to the pure urea and control groups, respectively, and reduced leaf chlorosis through continuous nitrogen supply. These results demonstrate that the PBS/PCL-coated urea system has strong potential for improving fertilizer utilization efficiency and promoting sustainable agricultural practices.

Wound dressings should meet essential requirements such as antibacterial activity, efficient exudate absorption, and biocompatibility. However, pristine polylactic acid (PLA) nanofiber membranes cannot meet these requirements due to their low toughness, strong hydrophobicity, and weak antibacterial properties. In this study, biodegradable nanofiber membranes based on PLA/gelatin (Gel)/graphene oxide (GO) were prepared via electrospinning for use as wound dressings. In contrast to those of pristine PLA membranes, the mechanical attributes and hydrophilic properties of the fabricated composite nanofiber mats were enhanced. At a GO loading of 0.5 wt%, the composite nanofiber membranes exhibited a tensile strength of 2.4 MPa, representing a 70% enhancement compared to the PLA sample. Gel incorporation was identified as the key factor responsible for enhanced hydrophilicity, as it lowered the water contact angle of the nanofiber membranes by 7.3°, corresponding to a change from 129.6° to 122.4°. In addition, due to the loaded GO, the nanofibrous membranes exhibited better antibacterial activity. Moreover, when the GO content was less than 0.5 wt%, the hemolysis rate was remained below 5%, which met the requirements for medical dressings. Overall, the PLA/gelatin/graphene oxide nanofiber membranes prepared in this study are promising candidates for medical dressing applications, and this study provides technical insights for the application of PLA, an environmentally friendly material.

The thermal decomposition performance of ammonium perchlorate (AP) in solid propellants directly affects the energy output and combustion efficiency of propulsion systems. However, its relatively high decomposition temperature and dispersed exothermic behavior limit its practical application. In this work, a CeO2/Co3O4-based catalyst with a three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) structure was constructed and evaluated for the thermal decomposition of AP. Using the template assisted method, 3DOM CeO2/xCo3O4 (3DCe/xCo) catalysts with tunable Co2+/Ce3+ ratios were prepared and their catalytic behaviors toward AP decomposition were systematically investigated. Among them, 3DCe/0.9Co exhibited the best catalytic activity, lowering the high temperature decomposition temperature of AP by about 30% and markedly reducing the activation energy. Structural characterization, UV-vis DRS, VB-XPS, TG-IR, TG-MS, in situ XPS, and DFT calculations indicate that electron transfer from Co3O4 to CeO2 generates a built-in electric field and oxygen vacancies, which promote side-selective adsorption and activation of NH3 and HClO4. The interconnected 3DOM framework also facilitates mass transport and conversion of AP intermediates, and finally merges the two decomposition peaks of AP into a single exothermic peak. This work provides additional insight into the role of interfacial charge transfer and 3DOM CeO2/Co3O4 catalysts for AP thermal decomposition.

To enable real-time indication of food freshness and safety, a pH-responsive, color-changing food packaging film was developed. Blueberry anthocyanin (BA) was encapsulated with polyethylene oxide (PEO) using microencapsulation technology to produce Blueberry anthocyanin - polyethylene oxide microcapsules (BA-PEO). These microcapsules were then incorporated into a poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT)/thermoplastic starch (TPS) matrix to fabricate a biodegradable film capable of in situ monitoring of food freshness. Appropriate addition of BA-PEO enhanced the thermal stability and tensile strength of the PBAT/TPS films. At a BA-PEO content of 2 phr, the oxygen permeability coefficient reached a minimum value of 1.47 & times; 10- 15 cm3 center dot cm center dot cm- 2 center dot s- 1 center dot Pa- 1, representing a 20.3% reduction. However, the incorporation of BA-PEO increased both the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) and water vapor permeability (WVP). At 4 phr BA-PEO, the WVTR and WVP were 115.20 g center dot(m2 center dot 24 h)-1 and 2.23 & times; 10-14 g center dot(cm2 center dot s center dot Pa)-1, respectively. A DE*ab value greater than 5 indicates that the color change is directly observable. Therefore, the potential of PBAT/TPS films filled with BA-PEO microcapsules is demonstrated in the field of intelligent food packaging materials.

This study utilizes electrospinning to develop bio-based fibrous films composed of zein and polylactic acid (PLA), with chitosan added in varying concentrations. The resulting films exhibit remarkable filtration efficiency, capturing over 95% of airborne pollutants, while maintaining a low pressure drop of less than 4 mbar. A key innovation in this work is the integration of chitosan. Chitosan, a naturally derived polysaccharide, significantly increases the conductivity and viscosity of the spinning solution, enhancing interactions among PLA, chitosan, and protein molecules. This leads to a robust network structure with improved hydrophobicity and a bimodal structure, both essential for maintaining high filtration efficiency without reducing breathability. The addition of chitosan effectively addresses the common issue of high pressure drop in PLA/zein composite films, improving the product's efficiency and practicality for air filtration applications. Furthermore, the inherent mechanical strength and ductility of chitosan contribute to the fibrous films' overall durability and functionality. These properties make chitosan-modified zein/PLA fibers highly suitable for air pollution control, especially in personal protective equipment. This research underscores the potential of chitosan-enhanced bio-based materials as sustainable and effective solutions for advanced air filtration technologies.

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) exhibits good water solubility, biocompatibility, and gas barrier properties. It is an important renewable and biodegradable polymeric material and is widely used in drug delivery, food packaging, tissue engineering, etc. However, its application is limited by insufficient mechanical performance. Hyperbranched polymers are a class of highly branched, structured macromolecular polymers with multiple branching sites and rich end functional groups. In this work, blend films were prepared by mixing PVA with water-soluble hyperbranched polyester (HBPE) using the solution casting method. The results showed that the hydroxyl groups of HBPE could form a hydrogen-bond-based cross-linking network with the hydroxyl groups of PVA. This, in turn, will effectively improve the mechanical properties, water absorption, thermal stability, etc. of the blend film. When the mass ratio of HBPE to PVA is 1:4, the elongation at break of the blend film was 404.23% with a tensile strength of 39.97 MPa. The prepared PVA/HBPE blend material is expected to be more widely applied in fields such as tissue engineering, packaging materials, etc.

Due to people's environmental awareness and the continuous improvement of the living environment requirements, the pollution problem of fine particles has attracted widespread attention and great importance. Therefore, the development of new green and environmentally friendly air filtration materials with high efficiency and low resistance is ongoing. In this work, eco-friendly zein/ethylcellulose blende nanofiber membranes with different fiber morphologies, diameter sizes, and hydrophobicity are prepared by electrospinning technology, and their performance in the field of air filtration and purification is investigated, to make them highly efficient for the adsorption of small pollutants of various polarities. The experiments showed that the hydrophobicity of the nanofiber membrane was adjusted by changing the ratio of zein and ethylcellulose, and the addition of ethylcellulose improved the thermal stability and use temperature of the composite nanofiber membrane. The filtration efficiency of the nanofiber membrane can reach more than 85 % for small particle pollutants of different polarities, and both sides of the tested membrane have high filtration capacity, which can still be maintained after three times of reused. This gives it great potential and broad application prospects in the field of air filtration.

To develop a wound dressing with effective antibacterial and biodegradable properties, polylysine (PL), nano‑silver (AgNP), and silver oxide (Ag₂O) were incorporated into polylactic acid/silk fibroin (PLA/SF) nanofibers to enhance their antibacterial activity. PLA/SF drug-loaded nanofiber films were fabricated through electrospinning, utilizing PL, AgNP, and Ag₂O as antibacterial agents. The results indicated that the inclusion of these additives improved the mobility of the molecular chains and increased crystallinity by 32.57 %. The porosity of the film decreased from 89 % to 87 %, while the liquid absorption rate and air permeability also diminished. Additionally, the contact angle increased from 78° to 92°, and water resistance improved. The film maintained adequate mechanical properties and in vitro degradation rates, which are crucial for wound dressing applications. Notably, PLA/SF nanofiber films demonstrated strong antimicrobial activity, underscoring their potential for use in the medical field. This study offers a promising approach for designing multifunctional wound dressings with enhanced antibacterial and biodegradable properties.

Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) held promise as a bio-based thermoplastic material, however, its industrial applicability was impeded by factors such as large spherulite size, brittleness, and suboptimal processability. To overcome these limitations, a bio-based engineering polyester elastomer (BEPE) was introduced and blended with PHBV, resulting in blends that were entirely bio-based. To enhance the toughness of the PHBV/BEPE blends, copper sulfate (CuSO4) was introduced as a compatibilizer. By forming metal coordination bonds, CuSO4 effectively improved the interfacial interaction between the two moieties of the blends, leading to improved mechanical properties. The results indicate that compared with PHBV/BEPE blends, the elongation at break of PHBV/BEPE blends containing 2.0 phr CuSO4 increased from 2.42 to 6.98

Degradation experiments of PBAT, PBAT/TPS and PBAT/TPS/EHBP blends were carried out in natural soil, and their properties and structure changes in different degradation periods were analyzed. The changes of macroscopic surface morphology and weight loss rate of the samples indicated that the addition of TPS promoted the degradation process of PBAT/TPS blends, and the degradation rate of PBAT/TPS/EHBP (3phr) blends was slightly lower than that of PBAT/TPS blends due to the existence of chemical micro-crosslinking. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis showed that the degradation of the three samples in soil included a transition from amorphous to crystalline region. This process results in a decrease in the proportion of amorphous region and an increase in the proportion of crystalline region, thus increasing the crystallinity. Therefore, in the molecular structure, the amorphous region is more prone to degradation than the crystalline region. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results showed that the TPS thermal decomposition peak of PBAT/TPS blends disappeared at 60 days, and that of PABT/TPS/EHBP blends disappeared at 120 days. This indicates that the TPS phase in these two samples was removed from the PBAT matrix with degradation at 60 days and 120 days, respectively.

This study investigates the synergistic effects of the incorporation of salicylic acid (SA) and nano-zinc oxide (ZnO) on the physicochemical and antibacterial properties of polylactic acid (PLA)/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-based nanofiber membranes fabricated via electrospinning. The results indicate that the introduction of SA significantly enhances the solution conductivity and thermal stability of the nanofiber membranes, while effectively promoting the uniform distribution of ZnO nanoparticles within the fiber matrix. On the other hand, the addition of ZnO increases the solution viscosity, elevates the thermal decomposition activation energy, boosts the residual carbon content, and modulates the release rate of SA, achieving approximately 90

To enhance the compatibility of the PBAT/TPS blends, a kind of microcrystalline cellulose-hyperbranched polyester grafting derivative (MCC-HBP) was synthesized to strengthen the interfacial interaction. The results indicated that when the content of MCC-HBP was 0.8 phr, the hydrogen bonding fraction of PBAT/TPS/MCC-HBP blends reached its peak at 0.41, indicating the strongest interaction between PBAT and TPS. Thermal analysis revealed that the addition of MCC-HBP shifted the crystallinity-crystallization time curve of the blend to the right, suggesting that the hydrogen bonding among MCC-HBP, PBAT, and TPS inhibited the movement of polymer chains, thereby suppressing crystal growth in PBAT. Furthermore, at 0.8 phr MCC-HBP content, the PBAT/TPS/MCC-HBP blends exhibited the widest melt processing window and the best thermal stability. The mechanical properties of PBAT/TPS blends were improved most significantly by 0.8 phr of MCC-HBP, with a 27.99

While biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) holds promise for medical applications, its inherent brittleness and poor processability limit practical use. Through molecular-level interfacial engineering, we developed electrospun PLA/polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) nanofibers with tunable mechano-rheological properties. The addition of PVP significantly enhanced solution conductivity (354 % increase to 4.50 mu s/cm) and reduced thermal degradation activation energy by 40 % (167 kJ/mol). At 50 % PVP content, the nanofibers exhibited optimal mechanical performance, with tensile strength increasing by 66.7 % to 3.0 MPa and fracture energy by 13.7 %-69.8 MJ/m2. Morphological control was further achieved at 20 % PVP, minimizing porosity to 23.4 % for potential barrier applications. Meanwhile, the tunable water resistance (92-68 %) expanded the potential applications. These results demonstrated that PLA/PVP nanofibers synergistically combined improved flexibility and processability without compromising biodegradability, offering a versatile platform for medical materials.

Faced with the fact that air filtration materials prepared from traditional petroleum-based materials do not have good biodegradability and have the risk of causing secondary pollution to the environment, a kind of nanofiber membrane with biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) and zein was prepared by electrospinning method. The morphology of as-prepared membrane was carried out along with filtration performance and degradation performance both experimentally and theoretically. The results showed that the hydrophobicity of nanofiber membrane can be adjusted by changing the ratio of PLA and zein. In addition, the highest filtration efficiency for PM2.5 and PM10 was achieved when the ratio of PLA to zein was 1:1, and it could be stabilized at 98.14 % and 97.39 %, and had the highest quality factor (QF) of 0.00738 Pa- 1. Moreover, the fiber membrane has excellent adsorption effect on aqueous particles as well as oily particles. Notably, the as-prepared composite filter can be easily biodegraded thus contributing to green ecological environment.