OBJECTIVETo investigate the role of N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA)-type glutamate receptors in the central nucleus of the amygdale (CeA) in food and water intake.METHODSMale Sprague-Dawley rats with stainless steel cannulae implanted unilaterally into the CeA were used. The prototypic NMDA receptor agonist NMDA, or the selective NMDA receptor antagonist D(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (D-AP-5) was microinjected into the CeA of satiated and euhydrated rats.RESULTSIntra-CeA injection of 8.50, 17.00, or 34.00 nmol NMDA did not alter food intake but significantly increased water intake 0-1 h after the injection (F(3,32)=3.191, P=0.037) independent of food intake. Without affecting the food intake, injection of 6.34, 12.70, or 25.40 nmol D-AP-5 into the CeA significantly decreased water intake 0-1 h after the injection (F(3,28)=3.118, P=0.042) independent of food intake.CONCLUSIONNMDA receptors in the CeA may participate in the control of water intake rather than food intake.

The present study examined the relationship between vesicular glutamate transpoter-3 (VGLUT3) positive cells and the activation of neurons in the brainstem and amygdala by bitter taste, using double-labeling immunohistochemistry. Conscious animals were subjected to intraoral bitter taste stimulation with quinine solution. Following this, neuronal activation was assessed by c-Fos expression and an analysis of c-Fos expression cells, VGLUT3 positive cells and double-labeled cells was made in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST), the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) and amygdala. Results showed that intraoral bitter taste stimulation led to significant increases in the number of c-Fos-expressing and double-labeled cells in the NST, PBN and amygdala. Results also showed a decrease in the number of c-Fos-positive and double-labeled cells in the amygdala, in comparison with neurons in the brainstem, after bitter taste stimulation. These results suggest that bitter taste activates cells in the NST, PBN and amygdala and these effects are partly mediated by VGLUT3 positive cells. Moreover, double-labeled neurons also exhibited a preferential distribution after quinine stimulation compared to water stimulation.

OBJECTIVE:To examine the role of glutaminergic neurons in the transmission and integration of the sweat taste information in the brain stem and the amygdala.METHODS:Conscious Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to oral sweet taste or water (control) stimulations. The activated neurons were identified by detecting c-Fos expression in taste-related brain areas, and the glutaminergic neurons by detecting vesicular glutamate transpoter-3 (VGLUT3).RESULTS:Compared with control group, the rats with oral sucrose solution stimulation exhibited significantly increased c-Fos-expressing and double-labeled neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST), the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) and the amygdala.CONCLUSION:Neurons in the NST, PBN and amygdala are activated after oral sweet taste stimulation. The sweet taste perception at different levels in the CNS is partly mediated by glutamate.

产业结构的优化升级是"十一五"时期经济结构调整的主线,党的十七大报告中也指出要推进产业结构优化升级。因此,产业结构的优化升级问题己经成为研究的热点。税制改革与产业结构优化升级之间关系密切,而且在经历了一系列税制改革之后,我国又面临着新一轮的税制改革。在此前提下,本文主要围绕税制改革与产业结构的优化升级二者的关系展开,分析了产业结构与税制结构之间的相互作用。同时,在对我国的产业现状进行实证分析的基础的,提出了产业结构优化升级的税收政策建议。