The cerebral hypoperfusion level may vary with the stages of moyamoya disease (MMD). A reasonable therapeutic strategy should be developed according to the perfusion status of each patient. CT perfusion imaging and MR perfusion imaging are commonly used to assess perfusion status in patients with MMD. Unfortunately, the risk of anaphylaxis to contrast media will increase as well. In recent years, the blood oxygenation level-dependent functional MR imaging (BOLD-fMRI) has been increasingly used to evaluate perfusion status and neuronal plasticity in a non-invasive way. Here, we review the progress of BOLD-fMRI in terms of cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) and non-invasive assessment of the delayed blood lfow information and neuronal plasticity in patients with MMD in order to provide a new perspective on the time of operation and prognosis assessment.

Objective To develop a simple,rapid and accurate analysis method for determination of L-corydalmine(L-CDL) in rat plasma. Methods The plasma sample was determined with propranolol as the internal standard(IS),the separation was ac?complished in a Capcell PAK C18(2.1 mm×750 mm,3μm)column,and the mobile phase consisted of water( including 0.1%formic acid and 5 mmol/L ammonium formate)and acetonitrile(including 0.1%formic acid)at a flow rate of 0.25 ml/min. The mass spec?trometer consisted of an ESI interface operating at positive ionization mode and the detection was performed using multiple reaction monitoring(MRM)at the transitions of m/z 342?192.1 for L-CDL and m/z 260?116.2 for propranolol. Method validation included the evaluation of the linearity range,lower LOQ,within-run and between-run precision,accuracy and stability,matrix effect and extrac?tion recovery. Results The calibration curve was linear across the concentration range of 1-5000 ng/ml for L-CDL with a lower LOQ of 1 ng/ml. The within-run and between-run precision(RSD%)was in the range 0.1%-10%. The extraction recovery was in 93.5%-102.8%and the matrix effect for three QC was 108.3%-112.5%. L-CDL reached the peak concentration at 0.5 h after dosing. The main pharmacokinetic parameters of rats after igl administration were as follows:T1/2:(7.04 ± 3.93)h,Cmax:(557.8 ± 330.1)ng/ml,AUC0~24:(2408±630)h·ng/ml. Conclusion A simple,rapid,accurate,high sensitivity and repeatability method has been successfully devel?oped,which can analyze the concentration of L-CDL in rat plasma. The method can be used for the investigation of pharmacokinetics of L-CDL in rats.

Aim To study the antipsychotic effects of l-Scoulerine ( l-SLR) . Methods NMDAreceptorantag-onist MK-801 was used to induce the positive and neg-ative symptoms of schizophrenia and cognitive impair-ment in animal models. The effects of l-SLR were eval-uated on schizophrenia induced by MK-801 and on ex-trapyramidal system. Results l-SLR (10,15 mg · kg - 1 , ip) could suppress pre-pulse inhibition damage in rats induced by MK-801 (0. 3 mg·kg - 1 , ip); l-SLR(30 mg·kg - 1 , ip) could inhibit climbing behav-iors in mice induced by apomorphine, which suggested that l-SLR had significant inhibiting effects on the posi-tive symptoms of schizophrenia by MK-801 and apo-morphine. l-SLR could also induce social contact inhi-bition and cognitive impairment induced by MK-801 (0. 2 mg · kg - 1 , ip), which proposed that l-SLR could improve the negative symptoms and cognitive im-pairment by MK-801. Catalepsy in mice could be caused by the treatment dose of haloperidol (0. 8 mg· kg - 1 , ip), not by that of l-SLR(30 mg·kg - 1 , ip). Conclusion I-SLR has significant effects on the posi-tive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia and cogni-tive impairment and, the effect of l-SLR under effective dose on extrapyramidal system is obviously much less than that of haloperidol and l-SPD.

目的 探讨睡眠剥夺引起情绪紊乱的大脑功能网络机制.方法 采用重复测量自身前后对照设计,利用静息态功能磁共振成像技术,比较睡眠剥夺前后大脑杏仁核3个亚区的全脑功能连接模式表征以及与情绪状态变化的关系.结果 睡眠剥夺导致背外侧前额叶、背侧前扣带回、背侧后扣带回以及额下回和杏仁核3个亚区功能连接减弱(P＜0.05);后扣带回/楔前叶、内侧前额叶、喙部前扣带回以及海马旁回功能连接上升.与睡眠剥夺前相比,剥夺后POMS总分显著升高,与内侧前额叶和杏仁核SFA区的功能连接强度显著正相关(r=0.415,P＜0.05).结论 睡眠剥夺对杏仁核功能连接模式的影响存在明显的区域和网络特异性,杏仁核与默认网络脑区之间的功能连接上升,而与执行控制网络脑区之间的功能连接减弱,可能是睡眠剥夺后情绪调控能力下降的重要神经机制.

Objective To evaluate the effect of military performance stress on the changes of concentrations in salivary chromogranin A ( CgA) ,β-endorphin (β-EP) and salivary IgA ( sIgA) of submariners.Methods Twenty-nine submarine soldiers were selected, and their saliva samples were collected separately at the end of a long dive trip and nine months after relaxation ashore.In addition,the saliva samples of twenty-eight graduate students were collected as the normal control.The method of ELISA was used to detect the level of salivary CgA,β-EP and sIgA.Results After long-term dive training, the submariners showed significantly decreased CgA,β-EP and sIgA.Conclusion After a long term dive trip, chronic military performance stress is associated with the decline of salivary CgA,β-EP and sIgA, indicating that the function of sympathet-ic adrenal medulla is suppressed.The biological significance of these changes needs to be assessed in the future.

Objective To investigate the significance of salivary cortisol , dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) and cortisol/DHEA-S ratio changes for evaluation of military performance stress .Methods Forty submarine soldiers were selected, whose saliva samples were collected separately at the end of long-term dive training and after nine months of relaxation break.In addition, the saliva samples of thirty-four graduate students were collected the moment they finished a three-hour final examination and one week later .The method of ELISA was used to detect the levels of salivary cortisol and DHEA-S and to count their ratio .Results After long-term dive training , the submarine soldiers showed significantly decreased DHEA-S and an increased cortisol/DHEA-S ratio, but the cortisol level did not change very much .In contrast, the final examination stress did not change the level of cortisol , DHEA-S or the cortisol/DHEA-S ratio among these students.Conclusion This is the first study to show that long-term, chronic military performance stress is associated with the salivary DHEA-S and cortisol/DHEA-S ratio changes .The increase in the cortisol/DHEA-S ratio may be used as an important and useful biomarker to evaluate chronic stress .In addition , it is relatively simple and sensitive to detect stress biomarkers by using saliva samples .

目的:调查了解干休所老年人认知障碍(AD)相关用药情况及临床疗效.方法:收集某干休所≥80岁老年人52例AD相关用药基本资料,按照文化程度分为“高知”老年人和“普知”老年人,调查项目包括AD相关用药种类、用药时间、不良反应,以及治疗前后AD改善情况.结果:(1)本调查期间正在接受AD相关药物治疗52例中,已确诊AD 19例,未确诊AD预防性服药33例;“高知”AD患者服药率83.3％,显著高于“普知”AD患者的66.7％ (P＜0.05).75.0％(39/52)的患者采用单药治疗,其中选择银杏叶制剂的例数最多(11例).(2)服用AD相关药物预防的非AD者(用药时间＞1年),简易智能精神状态检查量表(MMSE)评分集中在24～26分,无显著下降趋势,属于轻度认知损害,临床相关症状稳定;已确诊AD者用药平均时间为2.5年,服药6个月后MMSE评分有上升趋势,临床相关症状有所缓解.(3)所有服药者药物不良反应基本能够耐受,未影响日常生活.结论:老年人合理选择抗AD药物治疗或预防,能够有效延缓病情进展.

OBJECTIVE ToevaluatetheeffectandmechanismofPaecilomyceshepialimycelium <br> (PHM)onexhaustedfatigueinmice.METHODS Micewereforcedtorun30minadayforconsecutive 18 d using the wheel running fatigue apparatus, and the speed was gradually increased from 10.2 m·min -1 to 12.6 m·min -1 .On d19,these animals were forced to run 60 min to establish an exhausted fatigue model.Every day,40 min before the run training,the animals were ig administered with PHM (140,280,560 mg·kg -1 )and modafinil (13 mg·kg -1 ).The number of electric shocks was recorded on d5,d9,d1 3,d1 7 and d1 9,respectively,and the body mass of each mouse was recorded daily.The levels of muscle glycogen (MG),liver glycogen (LG),serum urea nitrogen (SUN),serum lactic acid (SLA)and serum creatine kinase (CK)were detected by commercially available kits. RESULTS Duringthelastexhaustedrunningond19,thenumberofelectricshocksofthemodelgroup was markedly larger than that of the drug administration groups.When compared to the normal control group,the model group showed a significant decrease in the level of either MG or LG,but a significant increase in the level of either SUN or CK.The nu mber of electric shocks of the PHM in the moderate and high dose groups was 133 ±55 and 1 15 ±41 times,respectively,which was significantly smaller than that of the model group 240 ±89 (P<0.01 ).The levels of MG and LG of the PHM560 mg·kg -1 group were (1 .28 ±0.24)mg·g -1 and (40.9 ±1 0.2)mg·g -1 ,respectively,which were significantly higher than those of the model group〔MG:(0.91 ±0.26)mg·g -1 ,LG:(22.2 ±2.9)mg·g -1;P<0.01〕,and the levels of SUN,SLA and CK of this PHM group were (5.8 ±1 .3)mmol·L-1 ,(5.7 ±1 .7)mmol·L-1 and (0.6 ±0.2)kU·L-1 ,respectively,which were significantly lower than those of the model group 〔SUN:(7.5 ±2.1 )mmol·L-1 ,SLA:(7.1 ±1 .8)mmol·L-1 ,CK:(0.8 ±0.3)kU·L-1;P<0.05〕.The number of electric shocks of the modafinil group was also significantly smaller than that of the model group (P<0.01 ),but there were not any significant differences between the modafinil group and the model groupinthelevelsofMG,LG,SUN,SLAorCK.CONCLUSION ThisstudyshowsthatPHMcanhelp relieve fatigue,which might be associated with its abilities to increase the storeage of energy sources,to enhance the aerobic metabolis m,and to decrease the accu mulation of metabolic products.

OBJECTlVE To investigate the effect of Guiyuan tablets on the analgesic effect of morphine and morphine-induced tolerance and hyperalgesia. METHODS ① The model of morphine-induced acute tolerance Mice were ig treated with Guiyuan tablets 200, 400 and 800 mg·kg-1 and 15 min later were sc treated with morphine 10 mg·kg-1 every hour for consecutive 9 h. At 24 and 48 h, they were sc treated with morphine 10 mg·kg-1 alone, respectively.②The model of morphine-induced chronic tolerance Mice were ig treated with Guiyuan tablets 200, 400 and 800 mg·kg-1 and 15 min later were sc treated with morphine 10 mg·kg-1 every day for consecutive 8 d. On d 9, the mice were sc treated with morphine 10 mg·kg-1 alone. ③ The model of morphine-induced established tolerance. Mice were sc treated with morphine 10 mg·kg-1 every day for consecutive 8 d. On d 1, d 4 or d 7, the mice began to be ig co-administered with Guiyuan 200 mg·kg-1 . On d 9, they were sc treated with morphine 10 mg·kg-1 alone. The hot-plate test was used to detect the values of the baseline latency ( T0 ) and the post-treatment latency ( T1 ) before the percentage of maximal possible analgesic effect (%MPAE) was calculated. Spec-trophotometry was used to detect the nitric oxide synthase ( NOS) activity and the nitric oxide ( NO) con-tent in the tissue of the spinal cord. RESULTS The ED50 of the analgesic effect of Guiyuan tablets was 523.5 mg·kg-1 in the hot-plate test. Guiyuan tablets 200 and 400 mg·kg-1 prolonged the duration of mor-phine anti-nociception and deceased its ED50 from 4.67 to 3.14 and 0.65 mg·kg-1, respectively. ln the models of both acute and chronic tolerance, Guiyuan tablets prevented the decrease of the%MPAE and the baseline latencies ( P<0. 05 ) . ln the model of morphine-induced established tolerance, Guiyuan tablets rapidly reversed the decrease of%MPAE( P<0.05) , and this compound preparation which began to be co-administered with morphine from d 1 could significantly inhibit the increase of the NOS activity and NO content induced by morphine in the spinal cord ( P<0.01) . CONCLUSlON Guiyuan tablets are capable of enhancing the analgesic effect of morphine, prolonging the duration of morphine anti-nocicep-tion, preventing the development of morphine-induced tolerance and hyperalgesia, and might have neuroprotective effect.

Objective To explore the effect of sustained performance on EEG approximate entropy (ApEn).Methods Fifty participants were divided into two groups according to whether they had undergone sustained performance .One day af-ter the sustained-performance group finished executing their task , the resting EEG of nine electrodes ( F3, Fz, F4, C3, Cz, C4, P3, Pz and P4) was acquired in two grups separately , and the ApEn of each electrode was calculated as well . Results The ApEn of F3 and Fz showed an evident decrease as well as randomness of spontaneous brain electrode activity in frontal lobes , especially in the left one .Conclusion The drop of ApEn and the asymmetry of frontal lobes might reflect participants′state of fatigue during sustained performance .

Objective To investigate the effect of geographical differences on human serum metabolic profiles .Methods A total of 169 serum samples were collected from healthy individuals from 9 provinces in China and divided into four groups according to the geographical location .The nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR) data of these samples were segmentally inte-grated, normalized,and analyzed with multivariate statistical methods using SIMCA-P 10.0 software to investigate the differ-ence in serum metabolites between eastern and western populations or between northern and southern populations .Results There were differences in a variety of small molecule metabolites in serum between eastern and western populations or be -tween northern and southern,including glucose,lipoproteins,amino acids,ketones,creatine and choline.Conclusion The geographical differences in a variety of factors (temperature,precipitation,folk culture, living habits,etc) result in the differences in human serum metabolic profiles ,which can provide appropriate reference for epidemiological studies and nu -tritional metabonomics .

Objective To investigate the anti-fatigue and anti-hypoxia effect of fermented Paecilomyces hepiali myceli-um (PHM) and to explore its mechanism.Methods Seventy-two naive Kunming male mice were randomly divided into Home, vehicle, modafinil( Mode) , low-dose PHM, moderate-dose PHM, and high-dose PHM groups.All mice were ad-ministrated with the drug or vehicle twice a day during a 14-day period.Except for the Home group, each groups was forced into the wheel fatigue device to receive a climb-run training at the time points of 40 min, 8 h, 24 h and 48 h, and to re-ceive an exhaustive training at the time point of 72 h after the last administration.The number of electric shocks was recor-ded during each training and the levels of muscle glycogen, liver glycogen, serum urea nitrogen, serum lactic acid, serum creatine kinase and blood ATP were detected after the exhaustive training using commercially available kits.In addition, 96 naive Kunming male mice were randomly and equally divided into the vehicle, low-dose, moderate-dose and high-dose PHM groups.Twelve mice in each group were chosen for the normal pressure anti-hypoxia experiment and the other 12 mice were used for the NaNO3 poisoning experiment.Results Compared with the vehicle groups, the PHM group showed a sig-nificant decrease in the number of electric shocks, improvement in biochemical parameters associated with fatigue, and an increased survival time in the anti-hypoxia and the NaNO3 toxicity tests.Conclusion PHM is potentially an effective alter-native for wild Cordyceps in the treatment of fatigue and hypoxia.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the brain receptor binding properties and the anxiolytic effects of acetylated tetrahydroberberrabine( THBr-A),a new synthetic derivative of tetrahydroprotoberberines extracted from Chinese herbs Corydalis yanhusuo. METHODS ① In vitro The radio-ligand binding assays were performed by preparing the membrane of HEK293 cells stably transfected with the gene of human adrenergic α1,β1,dopamine D 2,dopamine D 3,γ-aminobutyric acid( GABA)-A,GABA-B,N-methylD-aspartic acid( NMDA),serotonin receptor 1A( 5-HT 1A) and 5-HT 2A,respectively,and then adding THBr-A 1 × 10- 10mo·lL- 1. The [35S]-GTP-γS assays were conducted by preparing the HEK293 /D 2 cell membrane and then adding THBr-A 1 × 10- 10- 1 × 10- 5mo·lL- 1alone,or adding THBr-A 1 × 10- 10- 1 × 10- 5mol·L- 1following with quinpirole 10 μmol·L- 1; or by preparing the rat hippocampal tissues cell membrane in which 5-HT 1A receptors were highly expressed and then adding THBr-A 1 ×10-10- 1 × 10-5 mo·lL-1alone,to investigate the intrinsic activity of THBr-A on D 2 and 5-HT 1A receptors. ② In vivo Naive HaM /ICR strain male mice were ig administered with a single dose of THBr-A 5,10,20,40 and 80 mg· kg-160 min before test. Spontaneous activity,holeboard,elevated plus-maze,and light-dark transition test were used to assess the locomotor activity and anxiolytic effect of THBr-A. RESULTS ① In vitro The data of radio-ligand binding assays showed that THBr-A mainly interacted with D 2,D 3 and 5-HT 1A receptors,and rate of inhibition for them was 96. 43%,77. 61% and 78. 31%,respectively. The results of [35 S]-GTP-γS assays suggested that THBr-A exhibit both D 2 antagonist( IC 50 =11. 54 nmo·lL-1) and 5-HT 1A partial agonist( EC 50 =55. 37 nmo·lL-1) properties. ② In vivo The results of spontaneous activity test indicated that THBr-A after a single administration over the range 5 to 80 mg·kg-1had no influence on the counts of mice locomotor activity in the 60 min 〔F( 5,54) =1. 247,P =0. 300〕. The results of holeboard test suggested that THBr-A after a single administration at the doses of 20,40 and 80 mg·kg-1increase the number of mice head dips〔F( 6,63) =8. 667,P 0. 01〕and the time of mice spend on head dipping〔F( 6,63) =6. 067,P 0. 01〕. The data of elevated plus-maze test revealed that THBr-A after a single administration at the doses of 20 and 40 mg·kg-1increased the ratio of time spent in the open arms〔F( 6,63) =9. 382, P 0. 01〕and percentage of entries into the open arms〔F( 6,63) =8. 957,P 0. 01〕. The data of light-dark transition test indicated that THBr-A after a single administration at the doses of 20 and 40 mg·kg-1increased the number of transition〔F( 6,63) =8. 217,P 0. 01〕and the time spent in the light box( F( 6,63) =8. 457,P 0. 01). CONCLUSION THBr-A mainly interacts with dopamine and serotonin system,and has dual dopamine D 2 antagonistic and 5-HT 1A partial agonistic actions,and improving animal anxiety-like behaviors. It indicated that THBr-A may be promising for the treatment of anxiety disorders.

目的 探讨首发精神分裂症患者大脑执行功能的缺陷机制.方法 采用病例对照研究,选取年龄、性别、文化程度等匹配的精神分裂症患者组和对照组各30例.被试接受Go/Nogo测验,同时记录事件相关脑电位N2、P3的波幅和潜伏期及行为学数据.结果 精神分裂症组Nogo反应错误数(12±9)高于对照组(8±5),Go反应时(372±79)ms明显长于对照组(320士63)ms,差异均有统计学意义(t分别为2.13,2.81；P＜0.05)；重复测量方差分析,发现组别的主效应(F1,58=7.13,P＜0.01)以及组别与组块之间的交互效应(F1,58=6.14,P＜ 0.05)均有统计学意义；精神分裂症组Fz电极Nogo-N2波幅(6.64±3.29)μV比对照组(9.45±6.71)μV降低,Nogo-P3波幅(7.93±6.81)μV也比对照组下降(10.69±5.24)μV,差异均有统计学意义(t分别为2.06,2.89;P＜0.05).Nogo-P3波幅在组别与组块之间的交互效应有统计学意义(F1,58=5.28,P＜0.05).结论 首发精神分裂症患者存在执行功能缺陷,反应时及Nogo-N2、P3可能可作为精神分裂症早期诊断指标.

目的 调查某部直招士官的焦虑状态及其影响因素,为开展针对性的心理教育提供依据.方法 采用状态-特质焦虑问卷(STAI)、卡特尔16项个性因素量表(16PF)和应对方式问卷对414名新入伍直招士官进行团体心理测试.结果 STAI结果显示,男性得分显著高于地方常模(P＜0.01),女性得分显著低于地方常模(P＜0.01)和男性(P＜0.01).相关分析显示,STAI总分与16PF中的敏感性、怀疑性、忧虑性和紧张性因子呈正相关(r=0.138～0.499,P＜0.01),与乐群性、稳定性、恃强性、兴奋性、有恒性、敢为性、实验性、自律性因子呈负相关(r =-0.122 ～-0.467,P＜0.05,P＜0.01);与应对方式中解决问题、求助得分呈负相关(r=-0.413、-0.243,P＜0.01),与自责、幻想、退避、合理化得分呈正相关(r=0.436～0.249,P＜0.01).多元回归分析结果表明,影响焦虑水平的重要因素是解决问题和自责.结论 该部直招士官焦虑状态具有性别差异;个性特征与应对方式对其焦虑水平有明显影响.

AimThe aim of this study was to understand the neuropharmacological characteristics of levo-tetrahydropalmatine (l-THP), a recently found potential treatment for drug addiction, and discover its neural correlates and sites of action.MethodsHigh-field pharmacological magnetic resonance imaging (phMRI) was used to detect activation induced by acute l-THP administration in the naïve rat brain at dose levels of 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg.ResultsInterestingly, the pharmacological profile of l-THP selectively binds to the receptors of the dopaminergic, serotonergic and noradrenergic systems. Using the phMRI method, it was demonstrated that l-THP selectively activated the key brain regions of the dopaminergic, serotonergic and noradrenergic systems in a dose-dependent manner.ConclusionNumerous studies suggest a critical role of monoamines in the behavioral, pharmacological and addictive properties of psychostimulants. It is suggested that l-THP holds great potential to be a therapeutic medication for drug addiction.

Suicide is one of the leading causes of death in the US armed forces in the past decade,especially after increased deployments as a result of Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan and Operation Iraqi Freedom in Iraq.The US Department of Defense and its four services have done a lot to fight against suicide.Suicide prevention in the US armed forces is briefly reviewed based on the current information and its implications for Chinese armed forces are also summarized.

Levo-tetrahydropalmatine (l-THP) has shown significant promise in preclinical and clinical studies to treat drug addiction. Pharmacological MRI methods can elucidate the regional cerebral effects of l-THP, but there are potential confounds from the use of general anesthesia. To investigate the possible anesthetic-drug interactions for the pharmacological MRI result of acute l-THP, we examined acute blood oxygen level-dependent responses of both 5 and 20 mg/kg l-THP in naïve rats during general anesthesia achieved with three agents: isoflurane, medetomidine, and urethane. We found that with acute l-THP administration, isoflurane revealed the smallest blood oxygen level-dependent activation areas. In addition, urethane had the most activation areas; however, they were all negative. Medetomidine showed mixed positive and negative activations. Region-specific interactions were found between the l-THP-induced blood oxygen level-dependent responses and the anesthetic agents.

现代战争一方面改变着战争形态，另一方面也对操作武器系统的军人素质提出了更高要求。未来战场形势瞬息万变，职业需要常常使军事作业人员处于艰苦、孤立、危险、残酷的境地，对军人心理构成极大的压力，战斗与非战斗减员大幅增加[1-2]。文献显示，特殊军事环境或战争导致精神和心理障碍的比例呈逐步上升的趋势。美军驻伊拉克部队的心理健康调查表明，52％士兵士气低落；17％出现创伤应激反应；75％得不到心理健康专家、医师的帮助，导致自杀率居高不下。仅2003年4—12月，平均每10万驻伊美军士兵中就有17人自杀。“5·12”抗震救灾期间，我军人员创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）患病率较平时显著增高，病程迁延且自然缓解率低[3]。因此，军人心理健康维护工作已经成为各国军事心理学研究的重中之重[4]。

<正>近10年来,我军参与国际维和任务已趋常态化,由于维和部队所到任务区大多连年战乱,民不聊生,社会动荡,环境恶劣,一些非洲国家(地区)气候炎热,疾病肆虐,对维和官兵的生命安全和健康造成极大的威胁,维和官兵在心理和生理上承受的压力较大,同时,驻地环境的隔离,远离祖国和亲人,长期忍受对亲人的思念和心灵上的寂寞。如果这些压力