Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a transboundary viral disease of cattle, including Asian water buffalo and yaks, and certain wild ruminants (e.g., African buffalo, giraffe, wildebeest, eland, and Arabian oryx). It is caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), a member of the genus Capripoxvirus (family Poxviridae) together with goatpox virus (GTPV) and sheeppox virus (SPPV). High nucleotide identity and serological cross-reactivity among these viruses hinder differential diagnosis. The aim of this study was to develop a Duplex TaqMan-MGB qPCR Assay for Differential Detection of Chinese Epidemic Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Strains and Goatpox Virus. We developed a duplex TaqMan-MGB real-time PCR (qPCR) assay targeting the LSDV GPCR and GTPV RPO30 loci. Virus-specific primers and MGB probes were designed, and the reaction was optimized for single-tube, two-target detection. The assay showed no cross-amplification, limits of detection of 1 × 101 copies/μL (LSDV) and 1 × 101 copies/μL (GTPV), and coefficients of variation < 1%. The assay was applied to 175 yak-derived field specimens from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, of which 16 and 36 were positive for LSDV and GTPV, respectively. LSDV- and GTPV-positive samples showed specific amplification in the FAM and VIC channels, respectively. The duplex format enables concurrent detection and unambiguous differentiation of LSDV and GTPV and is compatible with high-throughput screening. This sensitive, specific, and reproducible assay supports surveillance and control of LSD in endemic and at-risk regions.

Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) is a significant pathogenic bacterium that causes serious disease and death in the yaks of the Tibetan Plateau, and the existing inactivated vaccines are limited by low protection and reactogenicity. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) derived from a yak-origin serogroup B P. multocida isolate were evaluated as a potential vaccine candidate in the present study. The purified OMVs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis, which demonstrated the presence of typical bilayer vesicles ranging from 20 to 300 nm in diameter. Proteomic profiling revealed 1213 proteins, with many of them being immunologically relevant outer membrane-associated proteins like OmpA, OmpH, Omp16, OmpW, TbpA and PlpP. The functional enrichment analysis showed that these proteins were linked to translation, membrane structure, transport, metabolism, and pathways of adaptation of bacteria. In vitro OMVs were effectively taken up by RAW264.7 macrophages and stimulated robust expression of inflammatory mediators, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS and IL-10, which is indicative of strong innate immunostimulatory capacity. OMV immunization induced significant antigen specific humoral responses in mice and yaks in vivo. In mice, intramuscular immunization was effective in giving full protection against P. multocida challenge but not intranasal immunization. Histopathology also indicated less tissue damage in vaccinated animals, especially in the lung and liver. These findings, taken together, prove that yak-derived P. multocida OMVs have high immunogenicity and protection capabilities, which show their potential as a next-generation vaccine platform to tackle P. multocida infection.

Heavy metal pollution is a serious environmental concern worldwide. Cadmium is one of the most common and hazardous heavy metals and is known to impair intestinal barrier integrity. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the protective effects of Lactobacillus plantarum against cadmium chloride (CdCl2)-induced toxicity in chickens. A total of 120 one-day-old Arbor Acres broiler chickens were randomly divided into four equal groups (n = 30 birds/group). Following a 4-day acclimation period, the chickens were subjected to a 28-day feeding trial. The control group (CON) received a standard basal diet, the probiotic group (LB) received L. plantarum at 1 × 108 CFU/mL via oral gavage, the co-treatment group (LC) received L. plantarum at 1 × 108 CFU/mL together with CdCl2 at 80 mg/kg, and the toxin group (CD) received CdCl2 at 80 mg/kg. Cadmium exposure markedly increased mortality, reduced survival rates, elevated serum liver enzyme activities (p < 0.0001), increased cadmium accumulation in tissues (p < 0.05), and decreased body weight gain in chickens (p < 0.0001). Moreover, cadmium exposure was associated with altered tissue Ca2+ homeostasis, upregulation of PIEZO1 expression and impairment of the epithelial tight-junction proteins, including ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-1. In contrast, L. plantarum supplementation improved intestinal barrier integrity and restored intestinal morphology, including villus height and crypt depth, which were adversely affected by cadmium exposure. Collectively, L. plantarum supplementation attenuated cadmium-induced systemic and intestinal toxicity, as evidenced by multiple protective mechanisms, such as reduced mortality, decreased tissue cadmium accumulation (p < 0.05), improved biochemical parameters, and preservation of intestinal morphology and tight-junction integrity. These findings suggest that L. plantarum may provide a potential dietary strategy for mitigating cadmium toxicity in broiler chickens.

Thiram is an agricultural fungicide known to disrupt cellular calcium homeostasis by inducing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitochondrial calcium overload in hepatic and growth plate (GP) tissues. Current study investigated thiram-induced alterations at mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs) and their impact on inter-organ calcium signaling. Following thiram exposure in chickens, hepatic ER stress markers GRP78 and CHOP, along with key calcium-transfer proteins mediating ER-mitochondrial coupling, including inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor 1 (IP3R1) and voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1), were significantly upregulated. Importantly, hepatic ER stress driven hyperactivation of IP3R1/VDAC1 signaling was accompanied by parallel calcium dysregulation and mitochondrial stress responses in the tibial growth plate, providing direct evidence that liver ER stress acts upstream of skeletal calcium imbalance. These findings establish a previously unrecognized liver-bone axis in which thiram-induced hepatic ER stress propagates calcium signaling disturbances to the growth plate, thereby disrupting chondrocyte calcium homeostasis and bone development. Collectively, this study elucidates a mechanistic framework linking MAM-mediated calcium-transfer, ER stress, and cross-organ communication, offering new insights into how toxicant-induced hepatic stress orchestrates systemic calcium metabolism and skeletal pathology.

Background: Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) are now common in land and water ecosystems. Their spread is an increasing issue from a One Health perspective. These particles end up in soils, water, air, and farm inputs. This poses direct risks to animal health and indirect risks to people who eat animal-derived food. There are also risks from plastic additives and pesticides migrating with these particles in animal-based food. Scope and Approach: This review summarizes how MPs and NPs move in agroecosystems and livestock production. It covers their main sources, such as agricultural plastics, sludge-amended soils, plastic-lined storage, and environmental fallout. It explains how farm animals are exposed, including through feed, water, soil contact, and inhalation. Evidence is condensed for occurrence in manure, tissues, and animal products. The review also highlights key analysis challenges, especially those limiting the assessment of nanoplastic exposure. Key Findings: Field surveys show very different contamination levels in the environment. Agricultural soils range from 0.36 to 42,960 particles/kg. Livestock indicators, like contaminated feed and manure, range from 102 to 105 particles/kg. In free-roaming systems, chicken feces have very high loads, showing trophic transfer in land food chains. A pilot study found plastic particles in pig and cow blood, suggesting some particles cross the gut into the blood. Experimental models link MPs/NPs to oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, metabolic disturbance, and potential reproductive toxicity in livestock and poultry. Conclusions and outlook: Animal-based foods provide a major source of human exposure. MPs and NPs have been observed in milk and poultry products, such as packaged meat and eggs (mean 11.67 ± 3.98 particles/egg). There is still a research gap on raw milk taken directly from the teat and on raw eggs that have not been handled or packaged. This gap makes it hard to identify real contamination sources and control strategies. The review stresses the need for harmonized detection methods (especially for NPs), monitoring from farm to fork, and practical ways to reduce plastic use on farms and minimize contamination during processing, feed handling, and packaging.

Weaning impairs intestinal function and growth performance in piglets. This study evaluated a fermented herbal formulation (FHF) composed of five bioactive herbal ingredients-Radix isatidis, Folium isatidis, Radix scutellariae, Fructus forsythiae, and Radix glycyrrhizae-fermented with Enterococcus faecium and Saccharomyces cerevisiae and characterized by flavonoids, phenolic acids, and hydroxylated fatty acids, using the porcine intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2) and weaned piglets. In vitro, IPEC-J2 cells were pretreated with FHF extract (100-1000 μg/mL) for 3 h prior to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. In vivo, 72 piglets were weaned at 32 days of age and, after a 3-day post-weaning adaptation period, entered a 35-day feeding trial. The piglets were then randomly assigned to three treatment groups: control (basal diet), A1 (basal diet + 0.4% FHF), and A2 (basal diet + 0.6% FHF during days 1-18, followed by 0.3% FHF during days 19-35). FHF dose-dependently alleviated the LPS-induced decrease in cell viability and suppressed IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, and TNF-α expression. In piglets, the A2 group showed higher final body weight, average daily gain (ADG), and average daily feed intake (ADFI), lower feed conversion ratio (FCR), and a lower diarrhea rate than the control group. FHF also improved intestinal morphology, reduced serum TNF-α and diamine oxidase (DAO) levels, increased jejunal tight junction protein expression, enriched Limosilactobacillus and Lactobacillus, and elevated acetic and butyric acids. FHF improved intestinal health and growth performance in weaned piglets, with the A2 group showing the best overall efficacy.

The purpose of this study was to use data mining and network pharmacology to determine drug patterns for bovine viral diarrhea (BVD). The frequency, properties, tastes, meridian tropism, and functions of prescription data were gathered and examined from four literature databases (2004-2024). Cluster analysis was used to find prescription patterns, and the Apriori algorithm (SPSS Modeler 18) was used to find associations. A total of 391 literature-derived prescription records were included in the analysis, involving 189 distinct herbal medicines and a cumulative herb-use frequency of 2031 occurrences. These herbs primarily enter the liver meridian and were categorized as cold, warm, or neutral. The predominant tastes were bitter, pungent, and sweet. Five frequently recorded herbs and 14 co-occurrence patterns among herbs were extracted. According to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), spleen-stomach deficiencies and damp-heat pathogens are linked to BVD. These medication patterns were mainly associated with heat-clearing, detoxification, spleen-strengthening, and Qi-regulating strategies in TCVM theory. Targets were screened, PPI networks were constructed, and enrichment studies for core herbs (Baitouweng, Huangbo, Huangqin, Qinpi, and Zhizi) were performed using network pharmacology. The binding affinities between disease targets and active components were further assessed using molecular docking. The findings provide a descriptive summary of medication patterns and generate preliminary hypotheses regarding potential compound-target-pathway associations involved in the symptomatic and supportive use of TCM for BVD.

Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a gut-based idiopathic disease characterized by chronic and relapsing inflammatory progression and intricate pathophysiology. It is now known that the key etiologies of IBD include immune dysregulation, imbalances in the gut microbiota, and metabolic disruptions. Probiotics are now the potential treatment for IBD, due to their ability to regulate the host immune system and microbiota of the gut. Methods: The current study analytically tested the preventive benefit of Bacillus licheniformis BL-01 on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) and also expounded on its molecular pathogenesis. Results: Our results demonstrate that supplementation with BL-01 effectively mitigates DSS-induced weight loss, an elevated disease activity index (DAI), and colonic tissue injury in mice. Concomitantly, BL-01 rectifies dysregulated inflammatory cytokine profiles, attenuates oxidative stress, and restores the expression of colonic tight junction proteins as well as the number of goblet cells. Furthermore, BL-01 modulates the gut microbiota diversity by increasing the abundance of beneficial bacterial genera such as Duncaniella and decreasing the abundance of pathogenic genera such as Helicobacter. Notably, BL-01 restores DSS-induced microbial metabolic dysregulation, modulates key metabolic pathways including arachidonic acid metabolism and steroid hormone biosynthesis, and regulates associated metabolites to ameliorate UC. Finally, Bacillus licheniformis BL-01 mitigates oxidative stress, reverses gut dysbiosis and metabolic disorders, and has a protective effect on UC. Conclusions: The findings give new information on the development of probiotic-based therapeutics in the prevention and treatment of IBD.

Significant losses caused by exacerbating oxidative stress during cold winters have been a persistent challenge in the beekeeping industry. Although tannic acid, a plant-derived compound, is known as a hazardous material with hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects, paradoxically, it has also been identified as a bioactive metabolite with potent antioxidant properties. We hypothesized that tannic acid in Rhus chinensis Mill. (a major nectar source plant) may serve a natural functional role in supporting honeybee colony health. Our results suggested that honeybees have a higher survival rate after experiencing cold, and ROS levels of cold-stressed honeybees significantly reduced and CAT and SOD levels significantly increased after treatment by tannic acid. Analysis of qPCR further revealed upregulation of CAT and GSH-Px gene expression in the tannic acid group. Transcriptomic profiling indicated that the oxidative phosphorylation pathway was the most enriched among differentially expressed genes, with key genes (Ndufb2, Ndufa4, SDHD, and SDHB) showing marked upregulation. Moreover, the membrane potential of mitochondria and the ATP content in honeybee heads were significantly enhanced by tannic acid. Our study provided insights for new functions as well as further study and application of tannic acid, providing strategies for improving the cold resistance of honeybees and reducing winter losses in the beekeeping industry.

AIMS:Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) infection in broilers threatens food security and public health, and antibiotic overuse causes serious side effects. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects and mechanism of Lactobacillus plantarum (LW) isolated from Tibetan chickens against ST infection in broilers. METHODS AND RESULTS:Eighty 1-day-old Arbor Acres broilers were randomly divided into four groups (n = 20 per group): control (CC), LW supplementation (LW), ST infection (ST), and ST + LW treatment (PR). Broilers in LW and PR groups were orally administered 1 × 10⁸ CFU ml-1 LW from day 4 to day 21, and those in ST and PR groups were challenged with 1 × 10⁸ CFU ml-1 ST from day 15 to day 18. Results showed that LW significantly alleviated ST-induced growth retardation, oxidative stress, and intestinal histological injury. Meanwhile, LW inhibited NF-κB pathway to reduce intestinal inflammation, upregulated tight junction proteins to enhance intestinal barrier function, increased the abundance of Lactobacillus and Bacilli to optimize gut microbiota, and maintained taurine levels to regulate taurine and hypotaurine metabolism. CONCLUSIONS:LW effectively protects broilers from ST infection via regulating intestinal immunity, barrier function, gut microbiota, and metabolism. LW can be used as a safe and effective probiotic to prevent ST infection in poultry, thus reducing food safety risks and ensuring public health.

Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is a major enteric pathogen in poultry production, causing substantial economic losses and posing a serious public health threat through the contamination of animal-derived food products. Although probiotics are increasingly recognized as promising alternatives to antibiotics for controlling Salmonella infection, their mechanistic basis of protection remains insufficiently defined. Here, we evaluated the probiotic efficacy of Lactobacillus agilis LA-V4, a stress-tolerant strain isolated from vulture feces, in healthy Arbor Acres broilers and in a prophylactic model of S. Typhimurium infection. In healthy birds, LA-V4 supplementation enhanced mucosal immune responses and appeared to alleviate hepatic metabolic stress associated with rapid early growth. In S. Typhimurium-challenged broilers, LA-V4 markedly improved intestinal barrier integrity by upregulating the tight junction proteins ZO-1 and Occludin. Moreover, LA-V4 pretreatment was associated with a significantly lower relative abundance of Salmonella-assigned sequences in the cecal microbiota and partially ameliorated infection-associated microbial dysbiosis, as evidenced by decreased relative abundances of Firmicutes-related taxa, such as Lachnospiraceae and Erysipelotrichales, together with increased relative abundances of Lactobacillus and several putative short-chain fatty acid-producing taxa, including v9d2013_group, Phascolarctobacterium, and Fournierella. In hepatic tissue, LA-V4 restored autophagic activity, as reflected by increased LC3-II and Beclin1 expression and reduced p62 accumulation. Taken together, our findings identify L. agilis LA-V4 as a novel probiotic candidate that protects broilers against S. Typhimurium infection through coordinated regulation of the gut microbiota, intestinal barrier function, and hepatic autophagic responses.

This experiment was designed to investigate the impact of cadmium chloride (CdCl₂) exposure on growth performance, intestinal barrier integrity, liver damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER), and mechanically sensitive Piezo-type mechanosensitive ion channel component 1 (PIEZO1) signaling in broiler chickens. Eighty Arbor Acres broiler chickens were randomly allocated into four experimental groups, and each group received different concentrations of CdCl₂ administered through drinking water (0 mg/L as the control, 20, 40, and 60 mg/L) from day 18 to day 35. Exposure to CdCl₂ resulted in a significant reduction in body weight gain and impaired leg bone mineralization in a dose-dependent manner. The results also demonstrated compromised intestinal barrier function, evidenced by a significant decrease in tight junction proteins including claudin-1, occludin, and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) levels, along with increased intestinal mucosal injury. Furthermore, CdCl₂ exposure altered the diversity and composition of the gut microbiota and significantly reduced serum immunoglobulin levels (IgA, IgG, and IgM), indicating disruption of the gut microbiota-immune axis. CdCl₂ also significantly activated endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling, as evidenced by elevated expression levels of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). Notably, hepatic expression of the PIEZO1 gene was significantly upregulated following cadmium exposure. Taken together, these outcomes show that CdCl₂ exposure through drinking water disrupts intestinal, hepatic, and skeletal homeostasis through intestinal barrier dysfunction, gut microbial dysbiosis, immunosuppression, activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways, and upregulation of Piezo1, thereby providing mechanistic insight into cadmium-induced toxicity in broiler chickens under poultry production conditions.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) results from dysregulated interactions among gut microbiota, mucosal immunity, and host genetics factors, ultimately leading to chronic inflammation and compromise of the epithelial barrier. Existing therapies remain inadequate for many patients, emphasizing the need for strategies that simultaneously target pathogens, maintain barrier integrity, and modulate host responses. Here, we engineer a living nanomaterial therapeutic by coupling the probiotic Bacillus licheniformis with in situ-grown 7-nm nanosilver to creat a probiotic-nanosilver composite and evaluated its efficacy in TNBS-induced murine colitis. In vivo, Nano-Ag-probiotic enhanced survival in a dose-dependent manner, attenuated weight loss and disease activity, and restored both colon length and histology architecture. Mechanistically, the treatment reinforced epithelial integrity by restoring physiological Wnt/β-catenin signaling, inhibiting GSK3β activation, and re-establishing tight-junction scaffolds including ZO-1, occludin, and claudins. These effects were accompanied by attenuation of pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling and downregulation of CCR2, indicating reduced recruitment of inflammatory monocytes. 16S rRNA sequence analysis revealed that Nano-Ag-probiotic treatment restored microbial diversity, improved Firmicutes/Proteobacteria ratio, reduced Bacteroides and enriched SCFA-associated Dorea in TNBS-induced colitis. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the nanosilver composite rebalances the microbiota-barrier-immunity axis in experimental colitis and represents a translationally promising platform for managing infection-exacerbated intestinal inflammation.

Yaks are a critical livestock species for plateau regions; however, their poor reproductive efficiency—characterized by low estrus and pregnancy rates—significantly hampers genetic improvement and industry sustainability. Although synchronization protocols are widely utilized in cows to enhance reproductive performance, research on yaks is limited. Our study systematically evaluated 3 estrus synchronization protocols (CIDR-GPPG, CIDR-GPG, GPPG) on 99 female yaks. The GPPG treatment resulted in the lowest estrus detection (40.63%) and pregnancy rate (15.38%), while the CIDR-GPG protocol significantly improved these rates, achieving an estrus rate of 65.71% and a pregnancy rate of 52.17%. Notably, serum estradiol concentrations were significantly elevated in the CIDR-GPG group compared to the GPPG group. Given the importance of body condition for synchronization outcomes, we analyzed correlation between body measurements and reproductive performance. Among 10 body measurements, chest girth demonstrated the strongest positive correlation with both estrus (R = 0.75) and pregnancy success (R = 0.72). Further logistic regression modeling based on chest girth generated robust predictors for estrus (AUC = 0.934) and pregnancy (AUC = 0.923). Importantly, CIDR-GPG protocol effectively lowered the body condition threshold required for successful reproductive outcomes, indicating that yaks with smaller chest girths can still achieve comparable probabilities of estrus and pregnancy when employing this protocol. Overall, our findings supported the CIDR-GPG protocol as an effective strategy for optimizing yak reproduction and highlighted chest girth as a valuable indicator for predicting reproductive outcomes, providing a practical approach to enhance reproductive management, even in animals with suboptimal body conditions.

Background: The association between liver disease and gut microbiota is being widely investigated. Probiotics, such as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, are among the most notable microbiomes examined in this study. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens shows potential for promoting growth and effectively regulating gut microbiota, though its mechanism of action remains unclear. Methods: The early gavage administration of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BA5 conferred protection against liver injury in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced mice. Growth parameters (body weight and organ index), serum biochemical markers (ALT, AST, T-SOD, MDA, GSH-Px, and T-AOC), liver and jejunum histopathology, and gut microbiota composition were comprehensively evaluated. Results: BA5 supplementation restored serum T-AOC, T-SOD, and GSH-Px levels and attenuated CCl4-induced increases in ALT, AST, and MDA, suggesting potent anti-oxidant properties. Furthermore, histopathologic assessment showed that CCl4-induced mice developed acute liver injury and intestinal villi were destroyed, while the BA5 group restored the pathological changes in the tissues to the normal group level. In addition, immunohistochemical staining revealed that BA5 increased the expression level of Claudin-1 which was a key biomarker for assessing the integrity of epithelial/endothelial barriers. Regarding gut microbiota, BA5 significantly enhanced the abundance of beneficial bacteria (Lactobacillus) and decreased the abundance of hazardous bacteria (Fusobacterium, Lachnoclostridium, Phascolarctobacterium, and Escherichia-shigella) caused by CCl4. Notably, BA5 alone remarkably increased gut microbial diversity compared with that of the Control group. Conclusions: Overall, these findings suggest that BA5 holds promise as a potential therapeutic agent for alleviating CCl4-induced acute liver injury in mice by mitigating oxidative stress and modulating gut microbiota.

Vultures are extraordinarily adapted to feed on carrion, providing them with a constant microbiologically hostile environment. This peculiar ecological position has influenced the evolution of their gut microbiota, potentially conferring its uncommon antimicrobial traits and resistance to stress. In this study, we report on the isolation and comprehensive characterization of a lactic acid bacterium strain, identified as Ligilactobacillus agilis, from vulture feces via 16S rRNA gene sequencing. This strain exhibited potent antagonistic activity against several clinically relevant bacterial pathogens, including Salmonella enterica Typhimurium (25.26 ± 0.26 mm), Escherichia coli (23.5 ± 0.88 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (23.1 ± 1.8 mm), and Listeria monocytogenes (24.88 ± 0.61 mm), as demonstrated by agar well diffusion assays. Remarkably, it also demonstrated considerable resilience in simulated gastrointestinal conditions, with survival rates of 52.5 ± 7.4% in artificial gastric juice and 61.1 ± 3.7% in intestinal fluids. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiling confirmed its sensitivity to a broad range of commonly used antibiotics, including gentamicin, streptomycin, clindamycin, and penicillin. Whole-genome sequencing further revealed a complete repertoire of core genes associated with genetic information processing, robust carbohydrate metabolism, and nutrient assimilation, underscoring its adaptability and probiotic potential. It is important to note that the analysis of the assembled genome against VFDB did not show the presence of any known virulence factor according to the given criteria, which is preliminary evidence of safety-related aspects that are to be followed with the help of guideline-based analyses. Taken together, the unique ecological origin and in vitro inhibitory activity against the tested pathogens, gastrointestinal robustness, genomic features, and safety credentials position this L. agilis strain as a promising probiotic candidate for mitigating enteric infections in animal production systems, warranting further functional validation and in vivo efficacy studies.

The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease involves interconnected failures in epithelial integrity, immune cell migration, and inflammatory homeostasis in the system, making multifunctional therapeutic approaches a promising option. In this study, we developed a Bacillus licheniformis-templated nano-silver (Nano-Ag) composite within a tannic acid-iron (TA-Fe) metal-phenolic network and evaluated its therapeutic effects in TNBS-induced colitis. The composite exhibited favorable physicochemical properties, including a stable surface architecture and uniform nanosilver deposition, supporting its potential application as a biohybrid nanotherapeutic platform. In vivo treatment produced a dose-responsive protective effect, with the 1 mg formulation showing the most consistent response. This treatment regimen improved survival, reduced morbidity, alleviated diarrhea and fecal bleeding, lowered disease activity, preserved colon length, and significantly restored colonic histoarchitecture. Further histological examination revealed reduced inflammatory infiltration and improved hepatic morphology, indicating protective effects beyond the intestine. At the molecular level, therapeutic efficacy was associated with LEF-1 suppression, axin restoration, CXCR2 and CCR7 attenuation, and CCR5 recovery, consistent with coordinated normalization of Wnt-associated epithelial signaling and chemokine-guided immune trafficking. Serum profiling further revealed broad modulation of dysregulated chemokine networks and partial correction of biochemical disturbances associated with gut-liver and gut-kidney axis dysfunction. Collectively, these findings indicate that the engineered biohybrid nano-Ag platform does not act through a single anti-inflammatory mechanism, but rather through integrated remodeling of epithelial repair, inflammatory signaling, and systemic metabolic stress. Our study identifies TA-Fe-stabilized probiotic nano-Ag therapy as a promising multifunctional strategy for experimental colitis and provides a mechanistic framework for developing next-generation nanomedicines for inflammatory bowel disease.

Metabolic syndrome disrupts metabolic resilience in periparturient sows and compromises piglet growth. As intestinal microbes govern host energy homeostasis, microbiome‐directed feed additives represent a practical solution. We therefore evaluated the Tibetan‑pig isolate Bacillus amyloliquefaciens TL106, previously validated in weanlings for its capacity to alleviate sow‐associated metabolic syndrome. In a 43‑day trial (20 sows per group), dietary TL106 (5 × 109 CFU kg–1) increased digestibility of crude fiber (+ 12.5

BACKGROUND:Literature remains scant regarding the subset termed 'massive hiatal hernias'. This case report delineates the surgical management and subsequent outcomes of two squirrel monkeys diagnosed with massive hiatal hernias. OBJECTIVES:This case report delineates the surgical management and subsequent outcomes of two squirrel monkeys diagnosed with massive hiatal hernias, offering insights into the feasibility and criticality of timely interventions, underscored by postoperative care and dietary management. METHODS:The radiographic diagnosis is suggestive of a massive hiatal hernia, and this clinical suspicion was definitively corroborated during the subsequent surgical intervention. Left gastric fixation was used to reposition the herniated organs and repair and reinforce the hiatus. RESULTS:One subject died of unforeseeable complications 3 days after post-discharge. The other subject's hospitalization was extended to 40 days to ensure optimal recovery. Upon being discharged, the monkey's condition remained stable. CONCLUSIONS:This case suggested achieving long-term postoperative survival of a massive oesophageal hiatal hernia. Surgical management hinges not merely on the surgery but on rigorous postoperative care coupled with stringent dietary regulation.

Thiram, a broadly used dithiocarbamate fungicide, exaggerates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and interferes with mitochondrial function, thus disrupting cellular homeostasis. Here, we intend to identify the molecular actions of thiram at the mitochondrial-associated ER membranes (MAMs) that lead to the induction of ER stress and mitochondrial calcium overload in both liver and bone tissues. Taken together, we show that thiram-induced remodelling of MAMs leads to huge ER stress and calcium dysregulation. Histological and immunohistochemical examinations revealed that thiram-induced hyperactivation of IP3R1 mediated the release of endoplasmic reticulum calcium, but mitochondrial calcium uptake was mediated by voltage-dependent anion channels VDAC1. This stress response was characterized by increased glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78) expression in the liver and tibial growth plates (GP). In this respect, a new liver-bone axis was delineated for thiram-induced ER stress. More interestingly, the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome was very striking in tibial growth plates but not in liver tissues. Hence, the results highlight the systemic effects of thiram by identifying a critical metabolic junction that might play a role in metabolic disorders such as tibial dyschondroplasia and related bone disorders, e.g., osteoarthritis and osteoporosis.