In this work, we study the properties of strange quark matter and reveal the evolution process of strange quark stars employing a self consistent thermodynamic treatment. A comprehensive and reliable thermodynamic basis for the study of the dynamic evolution from proto-strange quark stars to stable strange stars at a zero temperature is provided. The relative abundance of particles, equation of state, temperature, and mass-radius relationship at each stage of the evolution of stars are discussed, where the cold strange quark star are consistent with the observational mass and radius of Hess J1731-347, PSR J1231-1411, PSR J0030+0451, PSR J0348+0432, and PSR J0740+6620, which could be difficult to be explained by the standard neutron star model. A schematic diagram is provided as well, illustrating the state of different stages along the evolution of stars at a fixed baryon-mass.

We investigate the specific heat and isentropic bulk modulus of finite-temperature pure SU(3) gauge matter within a lattice-data-driven phenomenological framework. The equation of state is formulated in terms of a temperature-dependent effective gluon mass constrained by lattice QCD pressure data as input, allowing the pressure, trace anomaly, gluon number density, energy per thermally active gluonic mode, and derivative-sensitive response functions to be derived in a thermodynamically consistent manner. The resulting pressure and trace anomaly reproduce the characteristic lattice behavior across the deconfinement region, while the effective gluonic degrees of freedom increase rapidly above T_c. The normalized specific heat C_V/T^3 develops a pronounced enhancement in the vicinity of T_c, reflecting the rapid temperature variation of the energy density across the deconfinement region. The isentropic bulk modulus K_S/T^4 also rises sharply across the transition region, indicating a substantial stiffening of the equation of state. At high temperatures, both response functions gradually approach values close to their massless conformal Stefan–Boltzmann reference values, with (C_V/T^3)_ SB=32π^2/15≃ 21.06 and (K_S/T^4)_ SB=32π^2/135≃ 2.34. These findings indicate that the specific heat and isentropic bulk modulus provide complementary constraints on the temperature evolution of nonconformal dynamics in pure SU(3) gauge matter.

The properties of a phase diagram of strange quark matter in equilibrium with hadronic matter at finite temperature are studied, where the quark phase and hadron phase are treated by a baryon density -dependent quark mass model and hadron resonance gas model with a hard core repulsion factor, respectively. The thermodynamic conditions for the formation of metastable strange quark droplets ("strangelets") in relativistic nuclear collisions are discussed. We obtained a rich structure of the phase diagram at finite temperature, and study the dynamical trajectories of an expanding strange fireball. Our results indicate that the strangeness fraction fs, perturbation parameter C, and confinement parameter D have a strong influence on the properties of the phase diagram and the formation of strangelets. Considering the isentropic expansion process, we found that the initial entropy per baryon is less than or equal to 5, which gives a large probability for the formation of strangelets. Furthermore, a sufficiently large strangeness fraction fs and one -gluon -exchange interaction and sufficiently small confinement interaction create possibilities for the formation of strangelets. On the contrary, the fireball will always complete the hadronization process when fs1/4 0 or C >= 0 or D1/2 >= 170 MeV.

We study the properties of strangelets at finite temperature T,employing an equivparticle model that in-corporates both linear confinement and leading-order perturbative interactions with density-dependent quark masses.The shell effects are analyzed by solving the Dirac equations for quarks within the mean-field approximation.As temperature increases,these effects weaken due to the occupation probability of single-particle levels being gov-erned by the Fermi-Dirac statistics,a phenomenon known as shell dampening.Surprisingly,the surface tension,de-rived from a liquid-drop formula,does not decrease with temperature but instead rises until it peaks at T ≈ 20～40 MeV.At this temperature,shell corrections become negligible,and the formula provides a reasonable approximation for the free energy per baryon of strangelets.However,the curvature term decreases with T despite the presence of shell effects.The neutron and proton emission rates are determined microscopically by the external nucleon gas densities that are in equilibrium with strangelets.These emission rate generally increases with T for stable strangelets,but de-crease for those that are unstable to nucleon emission at T=0.The other properties of β-stable strangelets obtained with various parameter sets are presented as well.The results indicated in this work are useful for understanding the products of binary compact star mergers and heavy-ion collisions.

We study the magnetized strangelets in the baryon density-dependent quark mass model, including the effects of both confinement and lead-order perturbation interactions. The properties of magnetized strangelets are investigated under the the field strength 2*10^17 G, where the anisotropy caused by the strong magnetic field is insignificant can be treated approximately as an isotropic system. The consideration of anomalous magnetic moments in the energy spectrum naturally solves the difficulty of infrared divergence encountered in integrating the density of states. The Coulomb interaction is accounted for a self-consistent treatment. The energy per baryon, mechanically stable radius, strangeness and electric charge of magnetized strangelets are presented, where their dependence on the field strength and parameter of confinement and perturbation are investigated.

The transverse momentum (pT) distributions of hadrons stem from the probability distributions of deconfined colored partons known as pT distributions. This provides insights into various stages of nuclear collisions, ranging from the initial partonic phase to the later stages, including the directly measurable hadronization process. The objective is to analyze the pT distributions of identified particles: π+, π−, K+, K−, K0s, p, p̄, Λ, Λ̄, Σ+, Σ−. These analyses are conducted in mini-bias non-single diffracted p+p collisions at an energy of 200GeV. The goal is to accurately determine the kinetic freezeout parameters and the extent of statistical nonextensivity. The measurements from the STAR experiment are merged with simulations using DPMJET, PYTHIA, and Sibyll.3d Monte–Carlo Event Generators. The predictions from these models and the actual measurements are compared using statistical distributions employing the Tsallis-type of non-extensive statistics. While Pythia8 displays a closer alignment with the data in certain instances, it was observed that none of the event generators could accurately replicate the data for all charged particles across the entire range of pT. We examined how the effective temperature correlates with the rest mass of different particles. Our analysis revealed that the freezeout process for heavier particles tends to occur at lower temperatures. This suggests that heavier particles might reach an equilibrium state relatively rapidly during the freezeout stage. Additionally, we observed a pattern where the non-extensive parameter q decreases as the mass of the produced particles increases. This implies that lighter particles tend to reach equilibrium after the heavier ones. Furthermore, the average transverse momentum () is greater for heavier particles, leading to an enhanced radial flow compared to lighter particles. This rising trend also indicates the likelihood of mini-jet production, contributing to color string fragmentation that becomes more pronounced with the increasing mass of the particles.

We investigate the properties of strangelets at finite temperature $T$, where an equivparticle model is adopted with both the linear confinement and leading-order perturbative interactions accounted for using density-dependent quark masses. The shell effects are examined by solving the Dirac equations for quarks in the mean-field approximation, which diminish with temperature as the occupation probability of each single-particle levels fixed by the Fermi-Dirac statistics, i.e., shell dampening. Consequently, instead of decreasing with temperature, the surface tension extracted from a liquid-drop formula increases with $T$ until reaching its peak at $T\approx 20$-40 MeV with vanishing shell corrections, where the formula roughly reproduces the free energy per baryon of all strangelets. The curvature term, nevertheless, decreases with $T$ despite the presence of shell effects. The neutron and proton emission rates are fixed microscopically according to the external nucleon gas densities that are in equilibrium with strangelets, which generally increase with $T$ ($\lesssim 50$ MeV) for stable strangelets but decrease for those that are unstable against nucleon emission at $T=0$. The energy, free energy, entropy, charge-to-mass ratio, strangeness per baryon, and root-mean-square radius of $\beta$-stable strangelets obtained with various parameter sets are presented as well. The results indicated in this work are useful for understanding the products of binary compact star mergers and heavy-ion collisions.

We present a systematic study of Gold–Gold (Au–Au) collision system at 54.4 GeV conducted by the STAR Collaboration at RHIC. The transverse momentum spectra of the strange hadrons, namely KS0, Λ, Λ̄, Ξ̄+ and Ξ− are studied at mid-rapidity |y|<0.5 for seven centrality classes. We applied the blast wave model with Tsallis statistics (TBW) with two flow profiles (n0 = 1 and n0 = 2) in order to compare the results and to check the sensitivity of n0 to the freeze-out parameters. It is found that the TBW model with both the flow profiles can describe the particle spectra. In addition, the bulk properties in terms of kinetic freeze-out temperature (T0), transverse flow velocity (βT), the non-extensive parameter (q), the kinetic freeze-out volume (V), the mean transverse momentum (〈pT〉), and the multiplicity parameter (N0) are also extracted. All the parameters decrease with decreasing the event centrality, however, the non-extensive parameter q has the opposite behavior. There is an abrupt decrease seen in 0–5% to 30–40% centrality, while a slight decrease appears in 40–60% and 60–80% centrality in T0, βT, V, and 〈pT〉. On the other hand, the parameter q follows the same scenario with an opposite trend with centrality. T0 and 〈pT〉 are larger for massive particles while βT, q, V and N0 are larger for lighter particles. The larger T0 and 〈pT〉, and smaller βT, V, and q for the massive particles affirm that the heavy particles freeze-out early. Moreover, the multiple kinetic freeze-out and volume differential freeze-out scenarios are reported, as the former increase while the latter decrease with particle mass. In addition, T0, q, V, and N0 obtained from TBW model with n0 = 1 are compatible to that of n0 = 2. On the other hand, βT is slightly larger in n0 = 2, while 〈pT〉 is slightly larger in n0 = 1. Furthermore, we also reported some important correlations among the extracted parameters. Among these correlations, the positive correlation exist between T0 and βT, T0 and V, T0 and 〈pT〉, T0 and N0, βT and 〈pT〉, βT and V, βT and N0, V and N0, and 〈pT〉 and N0, while the negative correlation of T0 and q, and 〈pT〉 and q.

We report simulation studies of primary charged particles’ multiplicity distribution for hard events with p_T > 500 MeV in pp collisions at 13 TeV. The multiplicity dependence of pseudorapidity regions of |η | < 2.5 and |η | < 0.8 has been tested with τ > 300 and 30 pico seconds where τ is the meanlife time of the primary charged particles. The PYTHIA8 and EPOS-LHC Monte Carlo (MC) event generators are used for the current analysis. The MC predictions are compared to the ATLAS experimental data at LHC. It is observed that the EPOS-LHC event generator has a good description of the data for the mid pseudorapidity region of |η | < 0.8, while it deviates for the forward region. PYTHIA8 overestimates the data in the case of η distributions. The p_T spectra is well described by the EPOS-LHC models while the PYTHIA8 overestimates the data up to 25 p_T region. EPOS-LHC model again has a better prediction than the PYTHIA8 in the case of N_ch distributions at different η and τ . Both the models predict better at |η | < 0.8 than the |η | < 2.5. It is seen that the average p_T grows with multiplicity and shows fluctuations at high N_ch values. While the EPOS-LHC model provides a good description for |η | < 0.8 whereas the PYTHIA8 better predicts at |η | < 2.5 over the entire N_ch range. The observed deviations are connected with the kinematics involved in the models. Furthermore, we have applied the Tsallis distribution to the p_T spectra of the charged particles and extracted the bulk properties regarding the effective temperature and kinetic freeze-out volume.

Previous research studies observed that quark mass scalings typically neglect the inclusion of asymptotic freedom. However, we have introduced a Woods–Saxon-like factor to incorporate the effects of asymptotic freedom into our new mass scaling. Our findings indicate that the equation of state and sound velocity for strange quark matter exhibit different behaviors at zero temperature when using this new mass scaling. This suggests the presence of novel properties in the phase transition and structure of strange stars. Additionally, through numerical calculations, we have successfully obtained a strange star with a mass two times that of the Sun, aligning with astronomical observations. In a parameter group considering first-order perturbation effects, characterized by large C and small D, we have made an interesting discovery: the surface density of the strange star can be lower than that of normal nuclear matter. This observation serves as a possible signal of a phase transition from quark matter to nuclear matter.

The properties of phase diagram of strange quark matter in equilibrium with hadronic matter at finite temperature are studied, where the quark phase and hadron phase are treated by baryon density-dependent quark mass model and hadron resonance gas model with hard core repulsion factor, respectively. Our results indicate that the strangeness fraction fs, perturbation parameter C, and confinement parameter D have strong influence on the properties of phase diagram and the formation of strangelets, where a large fs, small C and D favor the formation of strangelets. Consider the isentropic expansion process, we found that the initial entropy per baryon is about 5, which gives a large probability for the formation of strangelets. Furthermore, as the strangeness fraction fs and one gluon-exchange interaction strength C decrease and confinement parameter D increases, the reheating effect becomes more significant, reducing the possibility of forming strangelets. The new phase diagram could support a massive compact star with the maximum mass exceeding twice the solar mass and have a significant impact on the mass-radius relationship for hybrid stars.

The neutron skin in deformed nuclei is generally not uniformly distributed but has an angular distribution, depending on both the spin-dependent nuclear interaction and the nuclear symmetry energy. To extract the information of the deformed neutron skin, we have explored the possibility of using free spectator nucleons in central tip-tip and body-body collisions at top RHIC energy with four typical deformed nuclei. The density distributions of neutrons and protons are consistently obtained from the Skyrme-Hartree-Fock-Bogolyubov calculation, and the angular distribution of the neutron skin can be varied by adjusting the strength of the nuclear spin-orbit coupling. With the information of spectator nucleons obtained based on a Monte-Carlo Glauber model, the free spectator nucleons are generated from a multifragmentation process. By investigating the results from different systems and with different collision configurations, we found that although it is difficult to probe the deformed neutron skin in 96Zr and 238U by their collisions, it is promising to extract the polar angular distributions of the neutron skin in 96Ru and 197Au by comparing the yield ratios of free spectator neutrons to protons in their central tip-tip and body-body collisions. The proposed observables can be measured by dedicated zero-degree calorimeters in heavy-ion collision experiments that have been carried out in recent years by RHIC.

According to the recent studies, the gravitational wave (GW) echoes are expected to be generated by quark stars composed of ultrastiff quark matter. The ultrastiff equations of state (EOS) for quark matter were usually obtained either by a simple bag model with artificially assigned sound velocity or by employing interacting strange quark matter (SQM) depicted by simple reparameterization and rescaling. In this study, we investigate GW echoes with EOSs for SQM in the framework of the equivparticle model with density-dependent quark masses and pairing effects. We conclude that strange quark stars (SQSs) can be sufficiently compact to possess a photon sphere capable of generating GW echoes with frequencies in the range of approximately 20 kHz. However, SQSs cannot account for the observed 72 Hz signal in GW170817 event. Furthermore, we determined that quark-pairing effects play a crucial role in enabling SQSs to satisfy the necessary conditions for producing these types of echoes.

Based on the deformed nucleon distributions obtained from the constrained Skyrme-Hartree-Fock-Bogolyubov calculation using different nuclear symmetry energies, we have investigated the effects of the neutron skin and the collision geometry on the yield of free spectator nucleons as well as the yield ratio $N_n/N_p$ of free spectator neutrons to protons in collisions of deformed nuclei at RHIC energies. We found that tip-tip (body-body) collisions with prolate (oblate) nuclei lead to fewest free spectator nucleons, compared to other collision configurations. While the $N_n/N_p$ ratio is sensitive to the average neutron-skin thickness of colliding nuclei and the symmetry energy, it is affected by the polar angular distribution of the neutron skin in different collision configurations. We also found that the collision geometry effect can be as large as 50% the symmetry energy effect in some collision systems. Due to the particular deformed neutron skin in $^{238}$U and $^{96}$Zr, the symmetry energy effect on the $N_n/N_p$ ratio is enhanced in tip-tip $^{238}$U+$^{238}$U collisions and body-body $^{96}$Zr+$^{96}$Zr collisions compared to other collision orientations in the same collision system. Our study may shed light on probing deformed neutron skin by selecting desired configurations in high-energy collisions with deformed nuclei.

The strong coupling in the effective quark mass was usually taken as a constant in a quasiparticle model while it is, in fact, running with an energy scale. With a running coupling, however, the thermodynamic inconsistency problem appears in the conventional treatment. We show that the renormalization subtraction point should be taken as a function of the summation of the biquadratic chemical potentials if the quark's current masses vanish, in order to ensure full thermodynamic consistency. Taking the simplest form, we study the properties of up-down ($ud$) quark matter, and confirm that the revised quasiparticle model fulfills the quantitative criteria for thermodynamic consistency. Moreover, we find that the maximum mass of an $ud$ quark star can be larger than two times the solar mass, reaching up to $2.31M_{\odot}$, for reasonable model parameters. However, to further satisfy the upper limit of tidal deformability $\tilde{\Lambda}_{1.4}\leq 580$ observed in the event GW170817, the maximum mass of an $ud$ quark star can only be as large as $2.08M_{\odot}$, namely $M_{\text{max}}\lesssim2.08M_{\odot}$. In other words, our results indicate that the measured tidal deformability for event GW170817 places an upper bound on the maximum mass of $ud$ quark stars, but which does not rule out the possibility of the existence of quark stars composed of $ud$ quark matter, with a mass of about two times the solar mass.

T大颗粒淋巴细胞白血病（T-LGLL）是一类少见的以伴发自身免疫性疾病及骨髓髓系造血损伤为主要特点的淋巴细胞增殖性疾病，多数患者呈惰性临床病程，无任何临床症状，部分患者表现一系或多系的血细胞减少、感染及自身免疫性疾病等。T-LGLL表现为纯红细胞再生障碍较为常见，而表现为AA罕有报道。我们回顾性分析我院近5年收治的5例表现为AA的T-LGLL患者的临床特征及治疗转归，现报道如下。

The magnetic field and density behaviors of various thermodynamic quantities of strange quark matter under compact star conditions are investigated in the framework of the thermodynamically self-consistent quasi-particle model. For individual species, a larger number density n(i) leads to a larger magnetic field strength threshold that aligns all particles parallel or antiparallel to the magnetic field. Accordingly, in contrast to the finite baryon density effect which reduces the spin polarization of magnetized strange quark matter, the magnetic field effect leads to an enhancement of it. We also compute the sound velocity as a function of the baryon density and find the sound velocity shows an obvious oscillation with increasing density. Except for the oscillation, the sound velocity grows with increasing density, similar to the zero-magnetic field case, and approaches the conformal limit V-s(2) = 1/3 at high densities from below.

We study the transverse momentum spectra of charged particles from 0.1−2 GeV/c in bins of pseudorapidity η of width 0.2 ranging from 0 to 2.4 produced in pp collisions, at three different center of mass energies, namely s=0.9, 2.36, 7TeV. We used PYTHIA8.307 and QGSJETII-04 and compared the simulation results with experimental data under the same conditions. The PYTHIA8 model has an excellent description of the experimental data, particularly at the high pT region of the distribution, and the prediction is independent of the η ranges. Furthermore, the predictions are more or less the same at lower values of pT, but a more prominent bump is observed for 0.4≤pT≤0.8GeV/c with increasing the center-of-mass energy. The QGSJET model reproduces the data only in the intermediate region of the pT over all the η slices and underpredicts for low and high pT regions. With the increase in the center of mass energy, the model’s predictions got closer to the data, particularly at a high part of the pT distributions. Furthermore, the Blast wave model with Tsallis statistics is applied to the pT spectra of CMS data and PYTHIA8 and QGSJET models, and the kinetic freeze-out temperature, transverse flow velocity, and the entropy parameter q are extracted. The kinetic freeze-out temperature increases from lower pseudorapidity regions to higher pseudo-rapidity regions. Transverse flow velocity and the entropy parameter q have the opposite trend to kinetic freeze-out temperature. All these parameters are also more significant at 7TeV and have the lowest values at 0.9TeV, which shows the dependence of these parameters on the collision energy.

Research performed during the past decade revealed an important role of symmetry energy in the equation of state (EOS) of strange quark matter (SQM). By introducing an isospin-dependent term into the quark mass scaling, the SQM stability window in the equivparticle model was studied. The results show that a sufficiently strong isospin dependence C I can significantly widen the SQM region of absolute stability, yielding results that simultaneously satisfy the constraints of the astrophysical observations of PSR J1614-2230 with 1.928 ± 0.017 M_⊙ and tidal deformability 70 ≤Λ _1.4≤ 580 measured in the event GW170817. With increasing C I , the difference between the u , d , and s quark fractions for the SQM in β - equilibrium becomes inconspicuous for C>0 , leading to small isospin asymmetry δ , and further resulting in similar EOS and structures of strange quark stars (SQSs). Moreover, unlike the behavior of the maximum mass of u - d QSs, which varies with C I depending on the sign of the parameter C , the maximum mass of the SQSs decreases monotonously with increasing C I .

We investigated the strange hadrons transverse momentum ($p_T$) spectra in Au-Au collision at $\sqrt {s_{NN}}$ = 54.4 GeV in the framework of modified Hagedorn function with embedded flow. We extracted the kinetic freeze-out temperature $T_0$, transverse flow velocity $\beta_T$, kinetic freeze-out volume $V$, mean transverse momentum $$, the entropy parameter $n$ and the multiplicity parameter $N_0$. We reported that all these parameters increase towards the central collisions. The larger kinetic freeze-out temperature , transverse flow velocity, kinetic freeze-out volume and the entropy parameter (n) in central collisions compared to peripheral collisions show the early decoupling of the particles in central collisions. In addition, all the above parameters are mass dependent. The kinetic freeze-out temperature ($T_0$), the entropy parameter $n$ and mean transverse momentum ($$) are larger for massive particles, while the transverse flow velocity ($\beta_T$), kinetic freeze-out volume ($V$) and the multiplicity parameter ($N_0$) show the opposite behavior. Larger $T_0$, $n$ and smaller $\beta_T$ as well as $V$ of the heavier particles indicates the early freeze-out of the heavier particles, while larger $$ for the heavier particles evince that the effect of radial flow is stronger in heavier particles. The separate set of parameters for each particle shows the multiple kinetic freeze-out scenario, where the mass dependent kinetic freeze-out volume shows the volume differential freeze-out scenario. We also checked the correlation among different parameters, which include the correlation of $T_0$ and $\beta_T$, $T_0$ and $V$, $\beta_T$ and $V$, $$ and $T_0$, $$ and $\beta_T$, $$ and $V$, $n$ and $T_0$, $n$ and $\beta_T$, and $n$ and $V$, and they all are observed to have positive correlations with each other which validates our results.