Apricots, known for their unique flavor and health advantages, experience external quality deterioration after harvest due to their climacteric characteristics, leading to a decrease in shelf life. This research examines the effects of 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) application on the post-harvest quality and volatile compound profiles of ‘Jizaohong’ apricots when stored under ambient conditions. After harvesting, apricots underwent treatment with 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 µL L−1 of 1-MCP for a duration of 24 h, subsequently being stored at ambient temperature (20 ± 1 °C). The results demonstrate that 1-MCP treatments reduced decay, respiration rates, and ethylene production, while also preserving fruit firmness and maintaining skin coloration. Furthermore, the application of 1-MCP markedly diminished the emission of volatile compounds in ‘Jizaohong’ apricots, while linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effectively distinguished between the treated fruits and the untreated controls. The correlation analysis revealed a relationship between the response values of the electronic nose and the quality of the fruit, supporting its potential for swift and non-invasive assessment. Among the concentrations evaluated, 1.0 µL L−1 1-MCP demonstrated the highest efficacy in minimizing decay and improving quality, whereas 1.5 µL L−1 1-MCP did not show notable variations in firmness or ethylene suppression. Thus, the application of 1.0 µL L−1 1-MCP after harvest serves as an effective method for preserving the quality of ‘Jizaohong’ apricots and prolonging their shelf life, while also enabling swift, non-invasive evaluations using the electronic nose.

Salt stress is a major environmental factor that limits the growth and yield of apple (Malus domestica), but the underlying mechanism of apple salt tolerance remains unclear. In this study, we uncovered a critical pathway involving the transcription factor MdWRKY17, which positively regulates salt tolerance in apple. MdWRKY17 directly binds to the promoter of MdHAK1 (High-affinity K+ transporter 1) and activates its expression. MdHAK1 encodes a plasma membrane-localized transporter that regulates Na+ and K+ homeostasis under salt stress, playing an essential role in maintaining ionic balance. Additionally, we demonstrated that the salt-inducible kinase MdMAPK3 phosphorylates MdWRKY17, enhancing its transcriptional activation of MdHAK1 under salt stress conditions. Collectively, the identification of the MdMAPK3-MdWRKY17-MdHAK1 pathway represents a coordinated mechanism integrating transcriptional regulation, ion transport, and post-translational modifications, offering valuable insights for breeding salt-tolerant apple varieties.

With increasing industrialisation and human activities, heavy metal pollution has become a serious environmental concern, particularly cadmium (Cd) contamination. This study reveals significant differences in Cd tolerance between wild apple (Malus spp.) and cultivated apple (Malus domestica). Through pan-genome analysis, we identified the transcription factor WRKY17 as a key regulator of Cd stress response, with a 3355-bp insertion (P-INS) in its promoter region being the primary genetic basis for this differential tolerance. In cultivated apples, P-INS suppresses WRKY17 expression, leading to reduced Cd tolerance. In contrast, wild apples lacking P-INS exhibit activated WRKY17 expression. Further investigation demonstrated that WRKY17 enhances Cd tolerance by inducing the expression of long non-coding RNA lncRNA400. Mechanistically, lncRNA400 forms an R-loop structure that recruits the histone demethylase JMJD5 to remove H3K27me3 marks from the promoter of the Plant Cadmium Resistance gene PCR2, thereby activating PCR2 expression. Notably, WRKY17 activation also accelerates leaf senescence, explaining why P-INS was retained during apple domestication-its suppression of WRKY17 maintains better agronomic traits despite reduced Cd tolerance. In apple cultivation, grafting wild apple rootstocks with cultivated scions effectively combines the Cd-tolerant traits of wild varieties with the delayed leaf senescence characteristics of cultivated cultivars, providing a practical solution for the apple industry to address Cd contamination.

The positive effect of VvWUS on carpel number variation in Vitis vinifera ‘Xiangfei’ is accomplished via forming the heterodimer with VvSTMa and VvSTMb proteins, which enhances the downstream VvAG2 gene expression during grapevine carpel formation. The WUSCHEL-CLAVATA3 signalling pathway plays an essential role in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) maintenance and floral organ development, influencing carpel number and fruit morphology in horticultural plants. This study investigates the role of VvWUS in regulating carpel number in the grapevine cultivar ‘Xiangfei’, which frequently produces flowers with multiple carpels. We found a positive correlation between VvWUS expression levels and carpel number variation among grapevine cultivars. Transgenic tomato plants overexpressing VvWUS exhibited an increased carpel number and a concomitant expression of SAM-related genes. Further experiments demonstrated that VvWUS interacts with VvSTMa and VvSTMb, forming heterodimers that are crucial for grapevine carpel development. VvWUS was also confirmed to activate VvAG2 expression. Our findings indicate that VvWUS positively regulates carpel number in grapevine by interacting with VvSTMa and VvSTMb and upregulating VvAG2 expression. These results provide a basis for molecular breeding aimed at increasing grape yield and fruit size.

Phytoparasitic nematodes are among the most economically destructive plant pathogens. Large numbers of effectors secreted by phytoparasitic nematodes are delivered into host cells to facilitate susceptible invasion and maintain long-lasting parasitism in the host plants. Plant nucleotide-bound leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptors (NLRs) directly or indirectly recognise pathogen-derived effectors to initiate innate immunity. In this study, we have identified Meloidogyne incognita secreted effectors MiTSPc and MiACPS, which can interact with resistance protein PsoRPM3 in Prunus sogdiana (P. sogdiana). In the leaves of PsoRPM3 transgenic tobacco plants and disease-resistant P. sogdiana lines, when the MiTSPc and MiACPS were transit expressed, significant hypersensitive response and high ion leakage rate were detected. Moreover, when the MiTSPc was silenced in M. incognita, galls were observed in the roots of PsoRPM3 transgenic tobacco plants. Co-localisation experiments have shown that MiTSPc and PsoRPM3 were overlapped. Our data revealed that LxxLxLxxN/CxL motif of PsoRPM3 LRR domain can recognise MiTSPc23-54aa. Taken together, the disease resistant protein PsoRPM3 can directly recognise M. incognita effector MiTSPc to deploy defence responses in P. sogdiana.

Exogenous gibberellin treatment can promote early growth of grape fruit, but the underlying regulatory mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we show that VvDELLA2 directly regulates the activity of the VvCEB1 transcription factor, a key regulator in the control of cell expansion in grape fruit. Our results show that VvCEB1 binds directly to the promoters of cell expansion-related genes in grape fruit and acts as a transcriptional activator, while VvDELLA2 blocks VvCEB1 function by binding to its activating structural domain. The exogenous gibberellin treatment relieved this inhibition by promoting the degradation of VvDELLA2 protein, thus, allowing VvCEB1 to transcriptionally activate the expression of cell expansion-related genes. In conclusion, we conclude that exogenous GA3 treatment regulates early fruit expansion by affecting the VvDELLA-VvCEB1 interaction in grape fruit development.

Abstract Mangos are an important tropical fruit with an abundance of species resources. SSR molecular markers have been widely used to identify and distinguish the genetic relationship of mango cultivars. The statistical results of SSR loci information in mango simplified genome sequencing show the number of dinucleotide repeat elements to be the largest, which accounts for 40% of the total SSR loci. The repetition times for each nucleotide element were mainly six. The nucleotide types of AT/AT and A/T are 17.8% and 21.2%, respectively, which accounts for 39% of total SSR. The length of SSR loci concentrated in 15bp, with 2,931 loci, which accounts for 20.12%. At the same time, the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship of 71 mango cultivars are analyzed. The MISA is used for searching SSR loci, designing and screening SSR primers with good polymorphism, and 20 pairs of primers are chosen following the screening of 200 pairs of primers by gel electrophoresis. The genetic diversity of mango germplasm from two different distribution areas is analyzed, and the genetic similarity coefficients are clustered by unweighted group average method (UPGMA). Genetic distance cluster analysis shows that 71 mango germplasm are divided into seven categories when the genetic similarity coefficient is 0.89, and the similarity coefficient range is 0.55 to 1, polymorphism information content (PIC) values ranging from 0.2334 to 0.7997. In summary, our findings could be used for genetic diversity analysis and the marker-assisted breeding of mango germplasm.

Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are devastating parasites that invade thousands of plants. In this study, five RKN effectors, which might interact with Prunussogdiana resistance protein PsoRPM3, were screened and identified. In situ hybridisation results showed that MiCal, MiGST_N_4, MiEFh and MiACPS are expressed in the subventral oesophageal glands (SvG), and MiTSPc hybridization signals are found in the dorsal esophageal gland (DG) of Meloidogyne incognita in the pre-J2. RT-qPCR data indicated that the expression of MiCal, MiGST_N_4, MiEFh, and MiACPS genes are highly expressed in M. incognita of pra-J2 and J3/J4 stages. The expression of MiTSPc increased significantly in the female stage of M. incognita. Moreover, all effectors found in this study localize in the cytoplasm and nucleus when transiently expressed in plant cells. In addition, MiGST_N_4, MiEFh, MiACPS and MiTSPc can elicit the ROS burst and strong hypersensitive response (HR), as well as significant ion leakage. Our data suggest that MiGST_N_4, MiEFh, MiACPS and MiTSPc effectors may be involved in triggering the immune response of the host plant.

以长杂谷466为试材,采用"3414"肥料试验,确定谷子生产的施肥配方.结果表明:不同配比施肥均能提高谷子产量,N3P2K2增产幅度最大,与无肥区相比增产25.21％,缺氮、缺钾对谷子产量影响较大.构建了谷子产量和施肥量之间的回归模型,模型分析表明,在氮肥(N)、磷肥(P2O5)、钾肥(K2O)推荐施肥用量分别为224.971 kg/hm2、112.330 kg/hm2、45.000 kg/hm2时,谷子籽粒产量达到最高值6 645.574 kg/hm2.

For some horticultural plants, auxins can not only induce normal fruit setting but also form fake seeds in the induced fruits. This phenomenon is relatively rare, and, so far, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, “Fenghou” (Vitis vinifera × V. labrusca) grapes were artificially emasculated before flowering and then sprayed with 4-CPA (4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid) to analyze its effect on seed formation. The results show that 4-CPA can induce normal fruit setting in “Fenghou” grapes. Although more seeds were detected in the fruits of the 4-CPA-treated grapevine, most seeds were immature. There was no significant difference in the seed shape; namely, both fruit seeds of the grapevines with and without 4-CPA treatment contained a hard seed coat. However, the immature seeds lacked embryo and endosperm tissue and could not germinate successfully; these were considered defective seeds. Tissue structure observation of defective seeds revealed that a lot of tissue redifferentiation occurred at the top of the ovule, which increased the number of cell layers of the outer integument; some even differentiated into new ovule primordia. The qRT-PCR results demonstrated that 4-CPA application regulated the expression of the genes VvARF2 and VvAP2, which are associated with integument development in “Fenghou” grape ovules. Together, this study evokes the regulatory role of 4-CPA in the division and continuous redifferentiation of integument cells, which eventually develop into defective seeds with thick seed coats in grapes.

The phenomenon of multi-carpel and multi-ovule exists in the grapevine cultivar ‘Xiangfei’, but the mechanism of ovule formation is seldom reported. In this study, we observed the ovule formation process by using ‘Xiangfei’ grapes. The role of the VvAG2 (VvAGAMOUS) gene in ovule formation was identified, and we explored the relationship between VvAG2, VvSEP3(VvMADS4) and VvAGL11(VvMADS5) proteins. The results showed that the ovule primordium appeared when the inflorescence length of ‘Xiangfei’ grapes were 4–5 cm long; the relative expression levels of VvAG2, VvAGL11 and VvSEP3 genes were higher during ovule formation, and the expression levels of VvAG2 gene was the highest. Transgenic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants expressing VvAG2 produced higher numbers of ovules and carpels than the wild type. Moreover, yeast two-hybrid and yeast three-hybrid experiments demonstrated that VvSEP3 acts as a bridge and interacts with VvAG2 and VvAGL11 proteins, respectively. Meanwhile, a homodimer can be formed between VvSEP3 and VvSEP3, but there was no interaction between VvAG2 and VvAGL11. These findings suggest that the VvAG2 gene is involved in the formation of ovules, and VvAG2/VvSEP3 together with VvAGL11/VvSEP3 can form a tetrameric complex. In summary, our data showed that VvAG2 along with VvSEP3 and VvAGL11 jointly regulate the ovule formation of ‘Xiangfei’ grapes.

Flower bud development is a defining feature of walnut, which contributes to the kernel yield, yield stability, fruit quality and commodity value. However, little is known about the mechanism of the flower bud development in walnut. Here, the stages of walnut female flower bud development were divided into five period (P01-05) by using histological observation. They were further studied through PacBio Iso-Seq and RNA-seq analysis. Accordingly, we obtained 52,875 full-length transcripts, where 4,579 were new transcripts, 3,065 were novel genes, 1,437 were consensus lncRNAs and 20,813 were alternatively spliced isoforms. These transcripts greatly improved the current genome annotation and enhanced our understanding of the walnut transcriptome. Next, RNA sequencing of female flower buds at five periods revealed that circadian rhythm-plant was commonly enriched along with the flower bud developmental gradient. A total of 14 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, and six of them were confirmed by real-time quantitative analysis. Additionally, six and two differentially expressed clock genes were detected to be regulated by AS events and lncRNAs, respectively. All these detected plant circadian genes form a complex interconnected network to regulate the flower bud development. Thus, investigation of key genes associated with the circadian clock could clarify the process of flower bud development in walnut.

Multicarpellate fruits are larger and produce more seeds than mono- or bicarpellate fruits, enhancing the reproductive capacity of the plant. To identify the phenotypic and molecular differences among florets of different carpel types, we studied carpel formation and fusion in the grapevine (Vitis vinifera) cultivar 'Xiangfei', which produces a high proportion of multicarpellate fruit. We also determined the function of VvSUPERMAN-like (VvSUP-like) and explored its relationship with VvWUS (VvWUSCHEL) and VvAG1 (VvAGAMOUS), which is related to the formation of carpel primordia. We showed that carpel formation and fusion were largely consistent between bicarpellate and tricarpellate ovaries, which both involve congenital fusion; rather, the differences between these ovary types arose from variation in carpel primordia number and location. Transgenic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants expressing VvSUP-like produced significantly fewer carpels and other floral organs than the wild type. Moreover, transcriptome sequencing results indicate that VvSUP-like was more highly expressed in bicarpellate than in tricarpellate 'Xiangfei' florets. Luciferase reporter assays indicated that VvSUP-like inhibits the expression of VvAG1 and VvWUS by directly binding to their promoters, and VvWUS promotes VvAG1 expression by directly binding to its promoter. VvSUP-like inhibits the feedback signaling between VvWUS and VvAG1. Together, these results suggest that VvSUP-like negatively regulates the number of carpels that develop by inhibiting VvAG1 and VvWUS expression.

为了探寻农业高职院校服务乡村振兴的有效路径,更好发挥农业高职院校在乡村振兴中的服务功能,并以此为抓手,增强农业高职院校的办学活力,推动其创新发展,本研究以山西运城农业职业技术学院服务乡村振兴战略的实践为例,从立德树人、内涵建设、农民培训、基地建设等角度提出服务乡村振兴的一些有益尝试和可行性经验.

果树冠层温度是反映果树水分状况的重要指标,是影响果树枝叶生长、果实产量和品质的直接因素.为了研究定额灌溉用水量对果树冠层温度变化的影响,结合试验地果农的灌溉经验,设计定额灌溉用水量和灌溉时间,参照树形结构制定冠层温度实地观测方案.结果表明:定额灌溉用水量影响果树冠层温度变化,灌水少者冠层温度的垂直变化、日变化和方位变化均大于灌水多者.得出了定额灌溉对夏季苹果树冠层温度变化的影响规律,确定定额灌溉处理Ⅲ为最佳方案.

以引进的美国核桃品种‘维纳’、‘艾米格’和新疆本地品种‘温185’和‘新新2号’为试材,研究分析不同品种的植物学和生物学特性、花芽分化过程以及相关成花基因的表达.结果显示:4个品种在树体生长、枝芽发育特性、物侯期以及成花率和坐果率方面没有明显差异.在结果枝同一坐果部位形成双果、三果或以上的能力‘新新2号’明显强于‘维纳’,但‘新新2号’的果实大小和单果重都低于‘维纳’,而‘维纳’平均结果母枝上形成侧花芽的数量和坐果率高于‘新新2号’.从萌芽到开花结束直至当年侧芽发育过程中‘维纳’混合芽中的JrFT和JrLFY基因表达也高于‘新新2号’,而同时期的JrFLC基因表达则相对较低,说明‘维纳’在花芽分化和花器官形成过程中通过高表达JrFT和JrLFY基因,低表达JrFLC基因促进结果母枝上形成大量侧花芽,并利用大量侧花芽抽生结果枝坐果,形成较大的果实,使得最终产量并不低于同一个坐果部位大量着生2个或多个果实的‘新新2号’品种.

Root-knot nematodes (RKNs), particularly Meloidogyne incognita, are the most devastating soil-borne pathogens that significantly affect the production of Prunus spp. fruit. RKN infection is difficult to control and consequently causes massive yield losses each year. However, several germplasms of wild Prunus spp. have been shown to display resistance to M. incognita. Consequently, both the isolation of novel plant resistance (R) genes and the characterization of their resistance mechanisms are important strategies for future disease control. R proteins require the co-chaperone protein HSP90-SGT1-RAR1 to achieve correct folding, maturation, and stabilization. Here, we used homologous cloning to isolate the R gene PsoRPM2 from the RKN-resistant species Prunus sogdiana. PsoRPM2 was found to encode a TIR-NB-LRR-type protein and react with significantly elevated PsoRPM2 expression levels in response to RKN infection. Transient expression assays indicated PsoRPM2 to be located in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Four transgenic tobacco lines that heterologously expressed PsoRPM2 showed enhanced resistance to M. incognita. Yeast two-hybrid analysis and bimolecular fluorescence complementation analysis demonstrated that both PsoRAR1 and PsoRPM2 interacted with PsoHSP90-1 and PsoSGT1, but not with one another. These results indicate that the observed PsoRPM2-mediated RKN resistance requires both PsoHSP90-1 and PsoSGT1, further suggesting that PsoRAR1 plays a functionally redundant role in the HSP90-SGT1-RAR1 co-chaperone.

In order to explore the reason why appropriate high voltage electric field(HVEF) can promote sorghum seed germination,the experiment was designed to decipher the possible mechanism.This experiment used the Jinza 122 as test material and the completely random design of experiment as method,and mainly focused on the change of αx-amylase,CAT,SOD,POD activity of sorghum seeds.The results showed that the seed vigor of sorghum seeds increased with the treatment of HVEF.Further study showed that when the electrostatic field was 500 kV/m and the treatment time was 30 min (T4),the germination comprehensive index value reached maximum,followed by T5 (500 kV/m × 40 min).Compared to the control group (not treated by HVEF),all test groups showed higher α-amylase activity and among them T4 showed the highest α-amylase activity,which was 3.80 mg/(g · min) and increased by 156.75％ compared to the control group.The CAT activity of all the test groups decreased except T2 (400 kV/m × 40 min),T5,T8 (600 kV/m × 40 min).All POD activities of test groups were higher than control group except T8,which was similar to the control group.T3 showed the highest POD activity,which was 115.81 U/(g · min) and increased by 69.16％ compared to the control group.The SOD activities of all the test groups were higher than that of control,and T4 reached maximum value,which was 774.45 U/g and increased by 175.31％,followed by T2 and T5,which were increased by 171.93％ and 100.05％.The results indicate that appropriate HVEF can promote sorghum seed germination by increasing the α-amylase activity and protective enzyme activity.

Application of exogenous gibberellin (GA) has been widely used to improve fruit set in grapevine, although the underlying molecular mechanism remains unknown. In this work, GA application at 10 days before anthesis promoted fruit set of grapevine “Fenghou” (Vitis vinifera × V. labrusca) and increased sugar content and acid invertase activity in the ovary, especially vacuolar invertase (VIN) activity during fruit set, compared with the control. However, the GA biosynthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol (PAC) had the opposite effect. Tissue-specific expression analysis and in situ hybridization showed that transcripts of three acid invertase genes were primarily detected in the phloem of the flower and fruitlet. In contrast to the expression of the cell wall invertase gene, which was only induced before blooming, transcript accumulation of the VIN genes VvGIN1 and VvGIN2 was enhanced during fruit set by GA application. Nevertheless, PAC treatment reduced VvGIN1 transcript accumulation after anthesis, but had no significant effect on the VvGIN2 transcript level at the same time point. Interestingly, the effect of GA and PAC application on expression of VvPIN1-like and VvPIN3-like (auxin transporters) was similar to that on VvGIN1 after blooming. In addition, the inducibility of the VvGIN1 and VvGIN2 promoters by GA was demonstrated using transient expression assays in tobacco leaves. These results indicated that enhanced VIN activity and carbohydrate import into grapevine fruitlets by GA application contribute to the increased fruit set through increasing sink strength and sugar signaling activities, possibly by regulating polar auxin transport.