It is of great significance to detect the degree of mango maturity accurately and quickly in terms of timely harvesting according to market needs and building a differentiated post-harvest field sorting system. In this study, three main mango varieties-'Tainong', 'Guifei', and 'Jinhuang'-that originated in Hainan, China, were used as subjects. An H-100F portable near-infrared spectrometer was used to collect the absorption spectra between 650- and 950-nm wavelengths at 20 days before as well as 20 days after the commercial harvesting time. Four types of quality indicators, including fruit firmness, pH value, soluble solid content (SSC), and dry matter content (DMC), were measured in the laboratory to finally establish the non-destructive detection (NDT) and comprehensive harvesting decision-making model. As the results indicated, in the range of 650-950 nm, the average value of the spectrum absorbance for the three mango varieties decreased as the grade of maturity increased. The value change correlated significantly with fruit firmness, pH, SSC, and DMC (%). The Kennard-Stone algorithm method was used to divide the four quality indicators into correction sets and prediction sets. The original spectrum and the spectrum preprocessed using six methods, including multiplicative scatter correction, standard normal variate transform, Savitzky-Golay convolution smoothing, Savitzky-Golay convolution derivative, vector normalization, and maximum-minimum normalization, were then preferably selected to build a processing model for the four quality indicators of the three mango varieties. The test results showed that for all three mango varieties, both the revised standard error of mean squared root and the indicated standard error of mean squared root of the four quality indicators were less than 1.42, 0.62, 0.78, and 1.4, and 1.52, 0.38, 0.94, and 1.5, respectively. The accuracy rates of the model to test the grade of maturity for 'Tainong', 'Guifei', and 'Jinhuang' were 83%, 90%, and 81%, respectively. The above results indicated that the mango NDT model that was established on the portable near-infrared spectroscopy technology can reliably detect the fruit firmness, pH, SSC, and DMC of mangoes and can distinguish the grade of maturity for different mango varieties. The research results are of great significance to the decision-making of mango harvesting and the differentiated field sorting thereafter.

Rapid softening of fig (Ficus carica L.) fruit during ripening leads to extremely short shelf life; the regulatory mechanisms underlying this process remain largely unknown. Fig softening during ripening is largely attributed to pectin degradation, and we identified FcPG12 as the crucial polygalacturonase gene involved in the process. We then identified a NAM (ATAF1/2-CUC2) transcription factor, termed FcNOR and sharing 53.09% amino acid identity with Solanum lycopersicum NOR, which binds directly to the promoter of FcPG12 to activate its transcription. The activity of FcNOR increased robustly following FcMAPK4 phosphorylation of Ser-78 and Ser-343, which are essential for FcNOR DNA binding and transcriptional activity, respectively. Ethylene also enhanced FcMAPK4 kinase activity and promoted FcNOR phosphorylation, leading to the latter's elevated activity. APETALA2/Ethylene Response Factor 5 (FcERF5) functioned as a transcriptional activator of FcPG12 expression, which was synergistically enhanced by interaction between FcNOR and FcERF5. Moreover, FcNOR binds to the promoter of FcERF5, increasing the latter's transcription and forming a FcNOR-FcERF5 positive-feedback loop. Collectively, integration of ethylene signaling with MAPK-mediated phosphorylation by the FcMAPK4-FcNOR-FcERF5 regulatory module, leading to transcriptional regulation of FcPG12 expression to drive pectin degradation, reveals new insights into the mechanism of fruit softening.

Common fig (Ficus carica L.), one of the earliest domesticated fruit trees, remains genetically underexplored, particularly regarding wild-cultivated relationships. We performed whole-genome resequencing of 50 accessions (15 wild from Hirkan National Park and 35 cultivated from Azerbaijan and diverse origins), identifying 4,818,956 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). Overall, the dataset showed a moderate level of genetic diversity, with Ho = 0.338, He = 0.319, and PIC = 0.259. Pairwise genetic distances, calculated as nucleotide sequence divergences, ranged from 0.148 to 0.54 (mean = 0.436). The Hyrcanian gene pool harbored 395,398 group-specific SNPs, far exceeding the West Mediterranean pool (75,473) highlighting its distinct genomic composition. Population structure, neighbor-joining, and principle component analysis clearly separated wild Hyrcanian figs from cultivated germplasm. However, moderate differentiation (FST = 0.10; DR = 0.104) and evidence of admixture in some individuals suggest that Hyrcanian figs form a distinct and well-differentiated gene pool within the F. carica complex. Their limited genetic contribution to cultivars suggests minimal historical breeding use, preserving their distinct identity. No clear differentiation was observed between local and introduced cultivars; many Azerbaijani accessions showed strong affinity with West Mediterranean germplasm, reflecting historical introductions. These results provide a genomic framework for characterizing fig diversity and guiding their conservation and breeding.

Grape (Vitis vinifera L.), an economically important fruit tree grown worldwide, exhibits high sensitivity to environmental fluctuations during bud dormancy release. To address challenges such as warm winters and late-spring cold spells and to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying grapevine bud dormancy release, this study investigated the regulatory role of the MADS-box transcription factor VvSVP1 in this process. Transient silencing of VvSVP1 promoted bud break in grapevine, whereas its overexpression delayed bud break, providing clear evidence that VvSVP1 has a negative regulatory role in bud dormancy release. Mechanistically, VvSVP1 interacted directly with the promoter regions of the abscisic acid (ABA)-catabolism gene VvCYP707A4 and the florigen gene VvFT, inhibiting their expression and impeding ABA degradation and meristem activation. In addition, transcriptome analysis indicated that silencing of VvSVP1 activated broader transcriptional programs related to phenylpropanoid metabolism, central carbon metabolism, and hypoxia response. Upstream of VvSVP1, the ABA-responsive element binding factor VvABF2 was identified as a positive regulator. Transient silencing of VvABF2 promoted dormant grapevine bud break and significantly reduced VvSVP1 expression, accompanied by the upregulation of VvCYP707A4 and VvFT. Together, these results support a regulatory model for grapevine bud dormancy release centered on VvSVP1. This work provides a theoretical basis for the screening of ecofriendly dormancy release agents and for studying the regulatory mechanisms involved in bud dormancy release of other fruit trees.

Fruit firmness is a key quality trait affecting marketability, yet the regulatory mechanisms underlying softening remain poorly understood. In fig ( Ficus carica L.), we identified an AP2/ERF transcription factor, FcDREB1, as a repressor of fruit softening. FcDREB1 binds directly to the promoters of the key softening-related genes pectate lyase 7 (FcPL7) and polygalacturonase 12 (FcPG12) to suppress their expression and reduce PL and PG activity. Furthermore, we discovered FcERF71, an ethylene-induced AP2/ERF protein, which interacts physically with FcDREB1 and weakens the latter's trans-repression effect on FcPL7 and FcPG12. Notably, FcERF71 also directly inhibits FcDREB1 transcription. This intricate interplay between FcERF71 and FcDREB1 reveals a dynamic regulatory module for balancing key cell-wall-modifying enzymes during fig fruit ripening. Our findings elucidate the complex regulatory network governing fig fruit softening, paving the way for targeted genetic strategies to improve the storability.

Fig (Ficus carica L.) is an early-domesticated fruit crop of high cultural and economic value. However, high-quality genome resources for evolutionary and genetic diversity studies remain limited. Here we report a high-quality, chromosome-level genome assembly for fig cv. 'Green Peel' generated with Oxford Nanopore long reads and Hi-C data, and polished with Illumina reads. The final assembly is 306.83 Mb and comprises 13 pseudo-chromosomes, with a contig N50 of 5.77 Mb. Read mapping supported the assembly, with mapping rate and genome coverage exceeding 99.5%, and BUSCO completeness reaching 98.1%. Annotation predicted 27,036 protein-coding genes with 97.3% BUSCO completeness, together with 1,303 transcription factors and 2,080 non-coding RNAs. Comparative analyses with Ficus pumila characterized gene family expansion and duplication modes and identified 131.43 Mb of structural variation. This dataset provides a valuable resource for trait mapping, genome-assisted breeding, and future fig pan-genome studies.

Fig (Ficus carica L.) with purple-red peel cultivars are popular among consumers and exhibit better storability. While DNA methylation influences fruit ripening and color development, its specific role in fig fruit remains unclear. This study explores the impact of DNA methylation on the fig peel coloration. Enzymatic colorimetric detection revealed that the level of ‘Purple Peel’ fig DNA methylation decreases with fig fruit ripening and coloring. Treatment of young fruit with the DNA-methylation inhibitor azacytidine induced peel coloration, suggesting that a decrease in DNA-methylation level promotes fig peel coloration. Seven members of DNA methyltransferases and three members of DNA demethylases were identified from a high-level fig genome, highlighting FcMET1 and FcDRM2 as stable proteins, ensuring functional expression. Reference to the Arabidopsis protein interaction network map predicted that FcMET1 is in a central position, suggesting a crucial regulatory role in multiple biological processes. Correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between FcMET1 expression during peel development and the level of total DNA methylation . Weighted gene co-expression network analysis identified co-expression of FcMET1 with the color-related transcription factors MYB, bHLH and WD40, as well as with eight structural genes in the flavonoid-biosynthesis pathway. The expression of FcUFGT3 was negatively correlated with that of FcMET1. McrBC-PCR and Bisulfite Sequencing detection showed that a low methylation level of the FcUFGT3 promoter corresponds with its high expression in colored fig. This investigation of the mechanism of DNA methylation provides a theoretical basis for understanding the role of DNA-methylation modifications in fig ripening and coloring.

In this study, a rapid, efficient, and stable Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation system was successfully developed using stem slices of fig cultivar '117D' as explants. In the Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with 2 mg L 1 thidiazuron (TDZ) and 0.05 mg L 11-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), the highest shoot-induction rate was 53.33%, while the medium with a hormone ratio of 3 mg L 1 TDZ and 0.05 mg L 1 NAA achieved a maximum callus-induction rate of 78.89%. The optimal infection parameters for fig callus and stem slices were obtained by infecting thin cell layers (TCLs) with Agrobacterium tumefaciens K599 (OD600 = 0.6) under vacuum for 10 min, and shaking at 120 r min-1, 28 degrees C for 30 min. Finally, transgenic callus and plants were identified through green fluorescent protein (GFP) screening, b-glucuronidase (GUS) staining, PCR analysis, and Western blot analysis, successfully obtaining positive FcMYB114-overexpressing (FcMYB114-OE) callus and three transgenic plants. Utilizing these FcMYB114 transgenic callus and plants allows us to gain deeper insights into their roles in the growth, development, and metabolism of fig. In the future, we aim to identify new regulatory factors and leverage this efficient transgenic technology to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of key molecules in fig. The advancement of fig regeneration and transgenic systems provides a valuable tool for validating genetic functions in fruit trees and enhancing the agronomic traits of fig.

Fig fruit firmness decreases rapidly during ripening and after harvest, resulting in poor storability and transportation loss, which severely restricts development of the fresh fig industry. APETALA2/ethylene-responsive factor (AP2/ERF) transcription factors are downstream components of the ethylene-signaling pathway that play crucial roles in quality formation during fruit ripening. In this study, Ficus carica (Fc) ERF12 was clustered in repressor subfamily VIII of ERFs through phylogenetic analysis, and further recruited by its two EAR motifs and expression pattern during fig ripening. DNA affinity purification sequencing analysis indicated that FcERF12 binds to the promoter or gene body regions of multiple ripening-related genes, including cell wall-modification genes FcPG, FcXTH and FcPME, and ethylene-biosynthesis genes FcACS and FcACO. Yeast two-hybrid assay demonstrated that FcERF12 interacts with TOPLESS (TPL) co-repressors FcTPL1, FcTPL4 and FcTPL5, and histone deacetylases FcHDA6 and FcHDA19; interaction with FcTPL4 and FcTPL5 relied on the C-terminal EAR motif. Overexpressing FcERF12 in tomato did not change fruit size or yield, but resulted in an 18.37% increment in fruit firmness and a 49.62% reduction in ethylene-release rate at fruit ripening, accompanied by a significant decrease in seed number per fruit. Transcriptomic analysis revealed downregulation of tomato cell wall-modification genes SlPL, SlEXP and SlPG, and ethylene-synthesis genes SlACO and SlACS. Metabolomic profiling identified 82 differentially accumulated flavonoid metabolites, 61 of them showing significantly decreased contents. Taken together, our results exhibit the negative regulatory role of FcERF12 in fig ethylene-signal transduction, providing new information on precise control of fruit firmness and other quality traits at ripening.

This study analyzed callus tissues from fig, apple, and grape, revealing that fig had significantly higher total phenol and flavonoid content, indicating strong antioxidant and anti-aging potential. Using targeted metabolomics, 692 metabolites were identified, mainly organic acids, lipids, and phenolic compounds. Pairwise comparison showed significant differences in metabolite profiles between species, with fig demonstrating a notable advantage in flavonoids. Among 36 selected key active substances, most exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions, and some also display anti-aging and anti-cancer activities. These findings provide a theoretical basis for developing functional products in the medical, food, and cosmetics industries. The study highlights plant callus tissues as a valuable source of natural active substances, suggesting future research should explore their production processes and practical applications.

Dry fig is a traditional healthy snack and has important economic value in a number of Mediterranean and Middle Eastern countries. Cultivars with no anthocyanin accumulation in the fruit peel are preferred for dry fig production. R2R3-MYB transcription factors have promotive or repressive regulatory roles in plant anthocyanin biosynthesis. In this study, 113 R2R3-MYB genes were identified in Ficus carica, 3 of which were assigned to the S4 subfamily of flavonoid-biosynthesis repressors. FcMYB57 was further recruited as a candidate anthocyanin-biosynthesis repressor based on its sequence features and expression, which was significantly negatively correlated with that of anthocyanin-biosynthesis structural genes. Transient overexpression of FcMYB57 in strawberry totally inhibited fruit pigmentation and significantly increased fruit firmness. The metabolomic analysis confirmed a significant reduction in the contents of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside, as well as other flavonoids, and transmission electron microscopy revealed an increment in cell-wall thickness. Transcriptome analysis showed downregulation of anthocyanin-biosynthesis structural genes and upregulation of genes related to xylan synthesis. Yeast one-hybrid and dual luciferase assays demonstrated a negative regulatory effect of FcMYB57 on the promoter of FcUFGT3 (UDP glucose-flavonoid 3-O-glcosyl-transferase). Yeast two-hybrid assay showed that FcMYB57 does not interact with FcbHLH42, 3, 14, MYC2, or FcTTG1, all of which have a previously identified or predicted role in flavonoid biosynthesis, however, interaction was detected with FcTPL (Topless), suggesting that FcMYB57 serves as an active repressor of anthocyanin biosynthesis. This is the first identification of an anthocyanin-biosynthesis repressor in fig, with a possible role in fig fruit quality.

The mechanism regulating fruit textural changes has not been fully elucidated. Transcription factor FcERF100 showed rapid transcription repression during drastic texture loss in fig (Ficus carica L.) fruit ripening. Transient overexpression of FcERF100 delayed fig fruit softening and significantly decreased the transcript abundance of a key cell wall-modifying pectate lyase gene, FcPL7. Yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation-qPCR, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), and dual-luciferase reporter assay revealed that FcERF100 represses FcPL7 transcription by direct promoter binding via GCC-box and DRE/CRT elements. Stable transgenic fig lines further verified FcERF100's inhibitory effect on FcPL7 expression. We detected FcERF28 as an upstream element of FcERF100 by Y1H and EMSA, revealing its binding to, and activation of FcERF100 by dual-luciferase assay. Taken together, the FcERF28-FcERF100 transcriptional cascade serves as a synergistic flow-limiting valve for FcPL7 abundance. We then identified a NAC transcription factor, FcNOR, using FcERF100 as the bait by yeast two-hybrid screening. FcNOR silencing retarded fig fruit softening, with decreased FcPL7 transcript and pectate lyase activity. FcNOR interacted with FcERF100 to form a protein complex, attenuating FcERF100's transcriptional repression of FcPL7. Moreover, FcNOR bound directly to the promoter of FcERF100 and inhibited its transcription. In addition, ethylene treatment upregulated FcNOR and FcPL7 expression and downregulated FcERF28 and FcERF100 expression. Our findings reveal a novel FcERF100-centered regulatory complex and resolve how the complex achieves the necessary cell wall modification during an early stage of fruit growth and implements drastic softening at fruit ripening by modulating component proportions.

Plant irradiation has been used to induce genetic variation in crop germplasm. However, the underlying mechanisms of plant responses to ionizing radiation stress are still unclear. In plants, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced with abiotic stress. Respiratory burst oxidative homologs (Rboh) genes are important regulators of plant ROS stress responses, but little is known of their involvement in the response to ionizing radiation stress. In this study, young branches of Ficus carica L. were irradiated with 60Co γ-rays and axillary buds were collected after 3- 48 h after irradiation. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs; p< 0.05) detected included an early (6 h) and sustained increase in member of the MAPK signaling pathway. The activities of superoxide dismutase SOD, POD and CAT in fig axillary buds showed a trend of first decrease and then increase with time, while the contents of MDA and H2O2 maintained an overall upward trend. The analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs; p < 0.05) indicated an early (6 h) and sustained increase in member of the MAPK signaling pathway. DEGs for glutathione-s-transferase and genes involved in phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways were detected at all time points, indicating that γ-irradiation induced an increased capacity for in ROS-scavenging. Substantial changes in the expression of MYB, NAC and bHLH transcription factor family members were also seen to occur within 6 h after irradiation. Taking Rboh-derived ROS signaling pathway as the entry point, the MYB transcription factor, FcMYB3, was identified as an potential upstream regulator of FcRbohD in a yeast one hybrid assay and this interaction verified by LUC and EMSA experiments. The knock-down and overexpression of FcMYB3 indicated that FcMYB3 is a positive regulator of ROS accumulation in response to γ-ray radiation stress responses in fig. Our results will provide a better understanding of the mechanisms of radiation tolerance in plant materials.

To reveal the effect of sucrose concentration on the production of secondary metabolites, a metabolome and transcriptome joint analysis was carried out using callus induced from grape variety Mio Red cambial meristematic cells. We identified 559 metabolites—mainly flavonoids, phenolic acids, and stilbenoids—as differential content metabolites (fold change ≥2 or ≤0.5) in at least one pairwise comparison of treatments with 7.5, 15, or 30 g/L sucrose in the growing media for 15 or 30 days (d). Resveratrol, viniferin, and amurensin contents were highest at 15 d of subculture; piceid, ampelopsin, and pterostilbene had higher contents at 30 d. A transcriptome analysis identified 1310 and 498 (at 15 d) and 1696 and 2211 (at 30 d) differentially expressed genes (DEGs; log2(fold change) ≥ 1, p < 0.05) in 7.5 vs. 15 g/L and 15 vs. 30 g/L sucrose treatments, respectively. In phenylpropane and isoflavone pathways, DEGs encoding cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase, chalcone synthase, chalcone isomerase, and flavanone 3-hydroxylase were more highly expressed at 15 d than at 30 d, while other DEGs showed different regulation patterns corresponding to sucrose concentrations and cultivation times. For all three sucrose concentrations, the stilbene synthase (STS) gene exhibited significantly higher expression at 15 vs. 30 d, while two resveratrol O-methyltransferase (ROMT) genes related to pterostilbene synthesis showed significantly higher expression at 30 vs. 15 d. In addition, a total of 481 DEGs were annotated as transcription factors in pairwise comparisons; an integrative analysis suggested MYB59, WRKY20, and MADS8 as potential regulators responding to sucrose levels in flavonoid and stilbene biosynthesis in grape callus. Our results provide valuable information for high-efficiency production of flavonoids and stilbenes using grape callus.

Red flesh is a welcomed fruit trait, yet the regulation of red flesh formation in grape is not well understood. ‘Mio Red’ is a seedless table grape variety with light red flesh and blue-purple skin, the flesh color developed in the late stage of berry ripening, remarkably later than the skin coloring at veraison. The flesh and skin flavonoids metabolome and the transcriptome were analyzed. A total of 173 flavonoids including 17 anthocyanins were identified, 68 were found significantly different (Fold change ≥ 2 or ≤ 0. 5, VIP ≥ 1). Quercetin 3-O-glucoside, epicatechin-epiafzelechin, apigenin 6,8-C-diglucoside and hesperetin 5-O-glucoside were of higher content in the flesh, while the rest flavonoids were of higher content in the skin. The main anthocyanin in the flesh was pelargonidin derivatives in contrast to peonidin derivatives in the skin. Transcriptome comparison recruited 3970 differentially expressed genes (DEGs, log2Fold change > = 1, FDR < 0.05, FPKM ≥ 1), among them 57 were structural genes of flavonoid metabolism pathway. Two anthocyanin synthase (ANS) DEGs were annotated, ANS1 (Vitvi11g00565) and ANS2 (Vitvi02g00435) led the expression in the flesh and skin respectively. In the flesh, anthocyanin biosynthesis structural gene UFGT, positive regulators MYBA1/2/3, and anthocyanin transporters GST14 and MATE5 were of significantly lower expression, while negative regulators MYBC2-L1 and MYB3 were of higher transcription. The results of this study provide new information in the coloring mechanism of red flesh grape and assisting breeding of future table grapes having higher content of phytonutrient providing the health benefit as red wines.

Background The fig ( Ficus carica L.) tree has high economic value. However, its fruit have a short shelf life due to rapid softening. Polygalacturonases (PGs) are essential hydrolases, responsible for the pectin degradation that plays a key role in fruit softening. However, fig PG genes and their regulators have not yet been characterized. Results In this study, 43 FcPG s were identified in the fig genome. They were non-uniformly distributed on 13 chromosomes, and tandem repeat PG gene clusters were found on chromosomes 4 and 5. Ka/Ks calculation and collinear analysis indicated negative selection as the main driver of FcPG family expansion. Fourteen FcPG s were found expressed in fig fruit with FPKM values > 10, of which seven were positively correlated, and three, negatively correlated with fruit softening. Eleven FcPG s were upregulated and two downregulated in response to ethephon treatment. FcPG12 , a member of the tandem repeat cluster on chromosome 4, was selected for further analyses due to its sharp increment in transcript abundance during fruit softening and its response to ethephon treatment. Transient overexpression of FcPG12 led to decreased fig fruit firmness and increased PG enzyme activity in the tissue. Two ethylene response factor (ERF)-binding GCC-box sites were found on the FcPG12 promoter. Yeast one-hybrid and dual luciferase assays showed that FcERF5 binds directly to the FcPG12 promoter and upregulates its expression. Transient overexpression of FcERF5 upregulated FcPG12 expression, thereby increasing PG activity and fruit softening. Conclusions Our study identified FcPG12 as a key PG gene in fig fruit softening, and its direct positive regulation by FcERF5 . The results provide new information on the molecular regulation of fig fruit softening.

Abstract Background The irradiation of plant species has been used to induce inheritable genetic variations in cropgermplasms. However, the underlying mechanisms involved remain unclear. In the present study, young shoot cuttings of Ficus carica L. were treated with 100 grays (Gy) of 60Co γ-rays and axillary buds were collected at 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 h post-irradiation. Results RNA-seq analysis revealed 5337, 7135, 4289, 1595 and 2356 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at five time points, respectively. KEGG enrichment revealed the homologous recombination pathway displayed significant differential regulation at 3 and 6 h after irradiation, while pathways for DNA replication, base excision repair and mismatch repair were only significantly enriched at 3 h. taking together the number of 16 retrotransposons found upregulation at 6 h. The results indicated the major routes of early DNA damage repair and the window time of mutation initiation. DEGs of MAPK signaling pathway were significantly enriched at 6, 12, 24 and 48 h after irradiation demonstrated the mobilization of kinase signaling cascades in response to cellular stress. The SOD, POD and CAT enzyme activities of fig axillary buds after radiation treatment showed a decreasing and then increasing trend with increasing time, while the MDA and H2O2 contents basically maintained an increasing trend. Enriched DEGs in reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging, glutathione-S-transferase and of biosynthetic pathways for phenylpropanoids and flavonoids were detected at all time points, indicating a comprehensive mechanism for eliminating the radiation-induced cellular ROS burst. Among them, a large number of changes in MYB, WARKY and bHLH transcription factor family genes were found within 6 h. of radiation. Luciferase assay and yeast one-hybrid screen revealed that FcMYB5 binds the promoter region of FcCHS in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, suggesting that radiation may promote the functional activation of some transcription factors leading to the accumulation of antioxidant-like secondary metabolites. Conclusions Our results could help to improve the efficiency of radiation induced mutagenesis, support new traits creation and enable a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying radiation tolerance in different plant materials.

收集分析了平谷桃电商的代表性数据,开展销售渠道调研,了解平谷电商发展现状,提出了产业发展建议.2019—2021年,以"桃"+"水果"为关键词,抓取淘宝和天猫销量前100页的鲜食桃销售数据,筛选"发货地"为"北京"、标题含有"平谷"的商品数据,结合平谷桃的主要上市期,提取每年7、8、9月的桃销售数据进行统计分析,并对平谷桃代表性产区刘家店镇14个村种植户的销售模式进行了调研.2019、2020、2021年,平谷桃在淘宝平台上的热季统计销量分别为33.15、48.35和42.84 t,销售额分别为77.26万、84.12万和78.18万元;在天猫平台上的旺季统计销量分别为39.34、59.92和45.35 t,销售额分别为102.97万、118.26万和102.38万元.2019—2020年平谷桃的电商销售活跃,2021年稍有下降,月销量的统计高锋在8月.两平台最受欢迎的是水蜜桃,价格主要集中在20～40元/kg,峰值均出现在7月.淘宝平台最受欢迎的包装大小为3.5～5.0 kg,天猫则为1.5～2.5 kg.对平谷桃销售渠道的调研结果表明,目前主要的销售方式仍是商贩收购,电商销售占比低,农户有强烈意愿发展电商渠道.

可溶性固形物含量(soluble solids content,SSC)和pH是决定芒果内在品质的关键因素,贮放潜力是果商进行芒果销售决策时首要的参考指标.本研究以海南省三亚市代表性的芒果品种'台农'为材料,利用NIRMagic2400型近红外光谱仪,连续采集果实从采摘到完熟过程中在600～1100 nm波长的近红外吸收光谱,以经典方法实测果实SSC和pH,建立芒果采摘后SSC、pH变化和贮放潜力预判的无损检测模型.结果表明:在600～670 nm的波长范围内,采摘后未后熟的芒果对近红外光的吸光度随波长的增加而增加,并在670 nm达到峰值,随后吸光度快速降低,在725 nm左右达到谷值;采摘后达到完熟的芒果在600–700 nm波长范围内吸光度持续下降,并在700 nm处达到谷值.受果皮颜色差异等影响,不同芒果个体在704～746 nm区域的吸光度出现较大的分离,之后在725～1025 nm整体呈缓慢上升的趋势,在1025 nm左右达到第二个峰值.实测结果显示SSC在芒果采摘后0～5 d快速增,第6和第7天变化较小,期间的前4 d的pH保持稳定增加,之后迅速提升.使用Kennard-Stone算法将芒果样本的SSC和pH实测数据划分为校正集和预测集,测试多元散射校正、标准正态变换、SG卷积导数、SG卷积平滑等9种对近红外光谱数据进行预处理的方法,发现矢量归一化最适合SSC光谱数据的处理,多元散射校正最适合pH光谱数据的预处理,建立的SSC和pH的最佳偏最小二乘法(PLS)模型的校正相关系数分别为0.952和0.936,校正均方根误差分别为1.055和0.184,预测相关系数分别为0.959和0.918,预测均方根误差分别为0.974和0.202;采用偏最小二乘法建立的芒果贮放潜力预判模型的正确率为96.9％.以上结果表明,基于近红外光谱所建立的芒果无损检测模型能够较可靠地检测芒果采摘后的SSC、pH动态变化及贮放潜力.研究结果对提升基于内在品质的芒果分级与选品能力,预测芒果的最佳销售时间及选择销售市场等都具有重要意义.

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is an important fruit crop in tropical and subtropical countries associated with many agronomic and horticultural problems, such as susceptibility to pathogens, including powdery mildew and anthracnose, poor yield and quality, and short shelf life. Conventional breeding techniques exhibit significant limitations in improving mango quality due to the characteristics of long ripening, self-incompatibility, and high genetic heterozygosity. In recent years, much emphasis has been placed on identification of key genes controlling a certain trait through genomic association analysis and directly breeding new varieties through transgene or genotype selection of offspring. This paper reviews the latest research progress on the genome and transcriptome sequencing of mango fruit. The rapid development of genome sequencing and bioinformatics provides effective strategies for identifying, labeling, cloning, and manipulating many genes related to economically important traits. Preliminary verification of the functions of mango genes has been conducted, including genes related to flowering regulation, fruit development, and polyphenol biosynthesis. Importantly, modern biotechnology can refine existing mango varieties to meet the market demand with high economic benefits.