Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) structure has anisotropy and non-uniformity, and processing is prone to fiber tearing, delamination, debonding, and other damages. In this paper, we propose to mill CFRP using a cold plasma jet (CPJ) in combination with nanofluidic minimal quantity lubrication (NMQL) cooling medium to achieve high-precision and low-defect milling of CFRP. CPJ is rich in active particles that can regulate the surface wettability and mechanical properties of CFRP materials. Firstly, the droplet method and XPS analyses showed that CPJ could reduce the contact angle of bio-based nano-lubricants by enhancing the polar groups on the CFRP surface, indicating that CPJ could facilitate the rapid penetration of cutting fluids. Then, the nanoindentation and nano-scratching experiments revealed that CPJ can lead to an increase in both surface hardness and modulus of elasticity of CFRP, as well as improve the support properties of the resin substrate, which enhances the fracture properties of carbon fibers. Finally, milling tests were conducted on CFRP materials with different fiber orientations under five lubrication methods, namely, Dry, N2, CPJ, NMQL, and CPJ coupled NMQL (CPJNMQL), to study the effect and mechanism of CPJNMQL lubricant on CFRP with different fiber directions. The results indicate that under CPJNMQL lubrication conditions, the milling force and surface roughness are greatly reduced, defects such as fiber debonding, bending, and tearing on the machined surface are effectively reduced, and the life of milling tools can be improved, proving that high-precision and high-quality milling of CFRPs with different fiber orientations can be achieved under CPJNMQL conditions.

Conventional passive radiative coolers suffer from two fundamental limitations: overcooling in cold environments and drastically reduced efficiency under cloudy or rainy conditions. Here, we overcome these challenges by developing a multifunctional flexible superhydrophobic film (AFSF) that synergistically integrates radiative cooling, anti‑icing, and droplet‑based energy harvesting within a single, durable platform. Fabricated via template replication and layer-by-layer spin-coating, the film features a hierarchical micro-/nanostructured surface that endows exceptional superhydrophobicity (water contact angle of 158 ± 0.7°, sliding angle of 8 ± 0.3°) without the need for fluorination. By incorporating 5.88 wt % TiO2 nanoparticles into the intermediate layer, the film achieves a visible reflectance of approximately 70% and a substantial cooling of 14.88 °C relative to the control under simulated solar irradiation (1100 W·m-2). Unlike conventional radiative coolers that suffer from overcooling in cold environments, the AFSF markedly delays ice formation, with a freezing time of 242 s at -20 °C (3.97 times longer than that on bare aluminum) and remains ice‑free after 20 min of continuous supercooled droplet impact. Furthermore, the film functions as a triboelectric layer for raindrop energy harvesting, delivering stable electrical output for over 100 s under periodic droplet impingement at 1.8 Hz. The AFSF also exhibits robust mechanical durability (contact angle > 150° after 24 m sandpaper abrasion) and UV aging resistance (180 min at 15 mW·cm-2, equivalent to 6000 UVI). This work successfully reconciles the often conflicting optical, thermal, and mechanical demands in multifunctional systems and offers a versatile platform for all‑weather thermal regulation, self‑cleaning, anti‑icing, and decentralized microenergy harvesting in complex outdoor environments.

Titanium alloys have been widely applied in aviation, aerospace, automotive, and biomedical fields due to their excellent properties like superior strength-to-weight ratio and corrosion resistance. However, their poor machinability poses significant tribological challenges during milling, resulting in severe tool wear, high cutting forces, and poor surface integrity, making it difficult to realize high-quality and low-damage machining. To address these issues, researchers have developed various assisted milling methods driven by multiple energy fields. These encompass both active energy inputs (including ultrasonic vibration-assisted and thermal-assisted techniques such as laser, electrical discharge, plasma, and induction) and thermal energy regulation fields (such as cryogenic/minimum quantity lubrication-assisted methods), which modify the tool-workpiece interface conditions. While each method offers distinct advantages, a systematic review analyzing their tribological mechanisms, merits, limitations, and hybrid potential is still lacking. This review is the first to systematically analyze the regulation mechanisms of these diverse energy fields on friction, wear, and lubrication at the titanium alloy milling interface from the perspective of multi-physics tribological coupling. Specifically, following the logical chain of "energy field input - interface behavior evolution - machining performance", this review elucidates how various assisted methods regulate friction and wear behaviors, and critically evaluates the merits and limitations of each method. Subsequently, hybrid assisted milling strategies that synergistically combine multiple energy fields are discussed to overcome single-method limitations. Finally, the application scope of different methods is summarized, and future research directions are proposed to advance high-performance and sustainable manufacturing of titanium alloys.

The double-eccentric butterfly valve is a safety-critical component in the steam inlet control circuit from the moisture separator reheater outlet to the turbine intermediate pressure cylinder in the conventional island of pressurized water reactor nuclear power plants, acting as a key part for nuclear unit overspeed protection. Sealing pair interference during valve opening and closing directly dominates the valve's sealing performance, wear life and operational reliability, which is critical to the safe and stable operation of nuclear power facilities. To address the limitation that existing studies fail to quantitatively characterize the evolution law of interference on the sealing surface, this paper introduces the concept of interference angle and establishes a mathematical model for analyzing the sealing pair interference of double-eccentric butterfly valves during opening and closing processes. The interference angle is adopted to quantitatively evaluate the interference degree (a smaller interference angle corresponds to more severe interference). On this basis, we reveal the influence law of key parameters including sealing surface width, cone angle, axial eccentricity and radial eccentricity on the interference angle, and clarify the variation characteristics of the interference angle at different circumferential positions of the sealing surface. The proposed model realizes interference-free opening and closing of the valve through parameter optimization, which provides a theoretical basis for the structural optimization and safety performance improvement of double-eccentric butterfly valves for nuclear power applications.

Marine valves are crucial components of ship systems, and their sealing performance directly affects the normal operation of the valves. This study investigates the aging characteristics of the packing seal structure in marine valves, with a focus on analyzing the aging process of PTFE material in high-temperature environments and its impact on sealing performance. By combining accelerated thermal aging experiments and finite element simulation, the study systematically reveals the evolution of the material’s mechanical properties and their influence on sealing characteristics. The results show that as the aging time increases, the stress-strain curve of the material significantly decreases, and the molecular chains of the material become more fragile, leading to a noticeable deterioration in its mechanical properties. A finite element simulation model was used to simulate the contact pressure and equivalent stress distribution of the packing before and after aging. The results indicate that with the increase in aging time, the contact pressure and equivalent stress of the packing gradually decrease, with a significant decline in sealing performance observed after 144 h of aging. The study demonstrates that the aging characteristics of PTFE packing have a significant impact on the sealing performance of the valve, especially in high-temperature environments where the aging process accelerates, leading to a reduction in contact pressure and stress, thereby affecting the valve’s reliability. The findings provide theoretical basis and data support for the life prediction and maintenance strategy formulation of high-duty valve sealing systems.

Underwater smart adhesives with switchable adhesion have attracted significant attention for applications in marine engineering and biomedical fields. However, achieving both robust adhesion and rapid on-demand detachment in aquatic environments remains a critical challenge. Inspired by the diving bell spider, we propose a design strategy based on heterogeneous wettability surfaces to achieve switchable adhesion between two surfaces. The heterogeneous wettability surface design confines the oil phase within air cavities formed in superhydrophobic (lipophilic) regions, thereby creating annular oil rings, which establish stable oil/water interfaces that spatially isolate the internal water bridge from the external aquatic environment. The Laplace pressure difference generated at the oil/water interfaces induces robust adhesion between surfaces. In addition, the adhesion strength can be linearly enhanced by constructing multiple, uniformly arranged oil/water interfaces. Rapid on-demand separation can also be achieved through controlled electrolysis of the internal water bridge by applying voltage between the surfaces. Finally, we demonstrate the practical applicability of this adhesive by integrating it into an unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV) for efficient underwater anchoring and ship-hull hitchhiking, highlighting its broad application potential in underwater engineering scenarios.

Pure iron has been widely used in the fields of aerospace, electronic information and biomedicine due to its superb properties like high plasticity and excellent toughness. However, its poor machinability contributes to chip breaking difficulty and low surface quality during machining, which restrains further application of this promising material. While approaches such as electrochemical machining, coolant-assisted machining, and carburizing strengthening treatments have been proposed to address these machining challenges, persistent limitations remain, including risks of surface damages and insufficient coolant penetration efficiency. This study proposes a multi-energy field coupling method integrating atmospheric pressure cold plasma with minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) to improve surface quality and alleviate tool wear during pure iron machining. The cold plasma can effectively promote permeation of the MQL into the cutting area without causing observable surface damages, as confirmed by contact angle measurements, and observations of scanning electron microscope and focused ion beam. Influence mechanism and time stability of the plasma modification are systematically investigated by analyzing surface chemical compositions and storing treated samples under different conditions. On the basis of these characterizations, micro-milling experiments of pure iron under different conditions are conducted to evaluate the effect of the multi-energy field on machinability. The results indicate that coupling action of the cold plasma and MQL can significantly improve surface roughness Ra by 44.8 %, substantially alleviate surface damages caused by machining, and prolong tool life by over 2 times. The multi-energy field coupling strategy exhibits environmentally-friendly and non-destructive characteristics, and may have promising application prospects in surface modification and precision machining of various materials.

A reflective optical fiber sensor coated with zeolitic imidazolate framework-8/nitrogen-doped porous carbon (ZIF-8/NPC) is developed in this study for the online, rapid, and selective detection of acetone vapor. The sensor includes an optical fiber and an acetone-sensitive unit. The sensing unit is constructed on a polymethyl methacrylate substrate with a linear groove, where inner groove walls are coated with a Ag film and ZIF-8/NPC composite layer, which forms a light transmission channel. A theoretical sensing model is established on the principle that acetone absorption increases the refractive index of the sensing film, and this leads to enhanced light absorption at 256 nm. Effects of the ZIF-8/NPC composition, coating thickness, and number of light reflections on sensor performance are investigated systematically. The sensor achieved selective and accurate acetone detection under optimized conditions of ZIF-8/NPC coating thickness of 20 mu m, three reflection cycles within the sensing channel, ambient temperature of 20-30 degrees C, and relative humidity of 50-60 %. This sensor exhibited a sensitivity, detection limit, response time, and maximum relative error of 0.000544 AU/ppm, 5.5 ppm, 250 s, and 2.6 %, respectively. The sensor demonstrated high selectivity toward acetone and long-term stability. This study provides a new approach for in situ and rapid acetone monitoring in environmental applications and contributes to advancing optical fiber sensing technology.

Dentin regeneration remains a key clinical challenge due to the lack of bioactive materials capable of dynamically regulating the native microenvironment. A multifunctional piezoelectric scaffold that integrates mechanical reinforcement, piezoelectric stimulation, bioactive ion release, biomineralization, and antibacterial activity is developed by embedding strontium-polyoxometalate (Sr-POM) subnanowires (SNWs) into a poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) matrix. Sr-POM SNWs incorporation enhances PVDF’s piezoelectric β-phase content by 67.54%, boosting piezoelectric output voltage by ∼2900%, and reinforcing the piezoelectric scaffold (68.83% tensile strength and 198% toughness increases). The scaffold generates local electrical potentials under mechanical stimulation to promote intracellular Ca2 + influx, sustainably releases Sr2+ to promote odontogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells, and PW12O403- to guide hydroxyapatite mineralization, with enhanced piezoelectricity disrupting bacterial membranes. In vitro, the piezoelectric scaffold promotes cell adhesion, differentiation, and mineralization, while in vivo it exhibits good biosafety, upregulates dentin sialophosphoprotein expression and induces dentin regeneration in a rat pulp-capping model. This integrated strategy couples biophysical and biochemical cues, offering a promising platform for functional dentin repair.

External gear flowmeters (EGF) are high-precision positive displacement flow measurement devices with critical applications in precision flow control applications. However, existing simulation studies commonly employ active rotation modes with preset constant rotational speeds, which fail to accurately capture the true operational characteristics under fluid-driven conditions. This paper proposes a novel passive rotation simulation (PRS) method for gear flowmeters based on a degree of freedom (DOF) model, which accurately calculates gear rotational speed and pressure differential by solving gear motion equations driven by hydrodynamic torque, thereby achieving realistic simulation of EGF operation. Experimental validation demonstrates that the maximum relative errors between simulated and measured values for the meter coefficient and inlet-outlet pressure differential are 1.33% and 4.82%, respectively, confirming the method's accuracy. Based on the established simulation model, the influence mechanism of gear backlash on flowmeter performance was systematically investigated, revealing that micro-leakage flow produces pressure buffering effects, reducing pressure pulsation rates from 26.47% to 7.11%. Further investigation of relief groove structures demonstrates that small-spacing symmetric rectangular relief grooves can reduce pressure pulsation rates to 3.69%, maintaining maximum measurement error within 0.28% across 1-40 MPa pressure and 1-15 L/min flow ranges. This study reveals the key mechanism that measurement accuracy depends primarily on internal leakage consistency rather than its absolute magnitude, providing a theoretical foundation for high-precision gear flowmeter design optimization.

Milling is widely used in aerospace structures, molds, automotive parts, and other mechanical parts manufacturing fields. However, milling tool wear is a serious constraint on the production quality, cost control, and productivity of parts. Traditional flood milling depends on large quantities of cutting fluid for cooling and lubrication. Although cutting fluid plays an important role in the cutting of metal materials, this large-scale use not only causes serious pollution of the environment but also poses a threat to the health of workers. As an ideal alternative to cutting fluid, eco-friendly lubricant-based Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) is attracting attention for its clean and sustainable properties. However, when it comes to efficiently milling difficult-to-machine materials, MQL technology still faces technical challenges in terms of mechanical and thermal damage, making it difficult to meet stringent surface integrity requirements. To improve the performance of MQL, enhanced MQL technologies including Nano-lubricant Minimum Quantity Lubrication (NMQL), Cold Plasma (CP) enhanced Minimum Quantity Lubrication (CPMQL), Ultrasonic Vibration (UV) enhanced Minimum Quantity Lubrication (UVMQL), and Cryogenic Minimum Quantity Lubrication (CMQL) have been applied to milling processes. This paper reviews the recent research advances in enhanced MQL technologies and elucidates the key scientific issues. First, the tribological and heat transfer mechanisms of the milling area in MQL-assisted milling are summarized, and the bottleneck of insufficient cooling and lubrication is analyzed. Subsequently, the mechanisms of different enhanced MQL-assisted technologies are summarized and revealed, and the Coefficient Of Friction (COF), milling force, milling temperature, and tool wear under different enhanced MQL conditions are comparatively evaluated. Finally, the research gaps and future exploration directions of enhanced MQL-assisted milling technology are envisioned. It makes it convenient for researchers to gain a deeper understanding of the mechanism, tribological behavior, and development trend of enhanced MQL technology.

Superhydrophobic surfaces are primarily based on coating technologies and exhibit multifunctional properties such as self-cleaning, anti-icing, and anti-corrosion, holding substantial promise for diverse practical applications. Nevertheless, their inadequate durability under complex operational conditions—including mechanical abrasion, harsh weather, and chemical erosion—severely limits large-scale implementation. As a result, developing superhydrophobic surfaces with excellent durability has emerged as a central research priority. Although numerous strategies have been proposed to enhance durability, theoretical understanding still requires further improvement. First, this review introduces surface wetting theory and discusses its significance in guiding the rational design of superhydrophobic surfaces. Subsequently, it analyzes the causes and mechanisms behind the failure of these surfaces and systematically summarizes key strategies recently developed to improve their durability. Finally, the review outlines the challenges currently confronting the development of superhydrophobic surfaces and provides insights into potential future directions. Finally, the review outlines the current challenges in the development of superhydrophobic surfaces and offers perspectives on future directions.

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are positioned as a disruptive energy technology in self-powered mechanical stimuli-responsive systems due to their low-frequency responsiveness, high sensitivity and material compatibility. However, the capabilities of such devices, which are typically based on solid-solid interfaces, are often restricted by humidity-induced charge attenuation, irreversible material degradation and nonlinear hysteresis. While solid-liquid interfacial TENGs circumvent the inherent limitations of solid-solid interfaces, they suffer from liquid instability, motion control difficulties, and interfacial contact maintenance, thereby reducing sensing stability and reproducibility. Here we present a three-dimensional liquid pump generator (3D LPG) for continuous energy conversion and biosignal sensing. The approach is based on dynamic contact area modulation using an individual droplet and leverages synergistic wettability gradient engineering and microfluidic confinement effects to achieve efficient charge redistribution. The generator can detect small-amplitude signals (similar to 1.1 V/mm), has mechanical robustness (withstanding over 10(4) compression cycles) and provides exceptional linear sensing of low-frequency biomechanical motion (below 25 Hz). By integrating the 3D LPG as a signal source with a battery-assisted wireless readout circuit, we demonstrate a wearable biosignal monitoring system that achieves reliable biosignal acquisition (e.g., cardiac motion and and joint kinematics) under different mechanical excitations, demonstrating its potential for scalable, user-friendly wearable applications.

Aiming at engineering challenges such as unclear mechanisms of valve internal leakage failures and insufficient detection accuracy of single sensors, this study proposes a valve internal leakage diagnosis method based on numerical simulation and multi-sensor information fusion. First, through large eddy simulation and flow noise theory, the influence patterns of leakage gap and pressure difference on the characteristics of the leakage flow field and acoustic field were systematically clarified, establishing a quantitative mapping relationship between leakage parameters and acoustic features. On this basis, an intelligent diagnostic model integrating dual-channel acoustic emission signals and a one-dimensional convolutional neural network was constructed, with the variational mode decomposition algorithm employed to optimize signal quality. Experiments demonstrate that this model achieves high prediction accuracy in leakage fault identification, showing significant improvement over single-sensor methods. This approach provides a reliable technical means for industrial valve condition monitoring and early fault warning, with clear prospects for engineering application.

γ-TiAl intermetallics are ideal materials for aeroengine components due to their low density, high-temperature mechanical performance, and corrosion resistance; however, their intrinsic room-temperature brittleness and rapid tool wear critically limit their machining efficiency. This study presents an analytical-experimental approach to investigate the evolution of cutting temperature and its decisive impact on tool wear mechanisms during conventional machining (CM) and laser-assisted machining (LAM). An analytical model considering moving laser source characteristics, shear deformation, and friction heat is established and experimentally validated (vc = 15-45 m/min). Crucially, this work establishes a direct quantitative link between the predicted thermal field and the critical transition temperature range of wear mechanisms. The results reveal that while CM generates interface temperatures below 700 °C (dominated by severe mechanical adhesion), LAM elevates the peak temperature to approximately 1150 °C. This extreme thermal load (~1150 °C), synergizing with the strong chemical affinity between materials and the altered contact conditions due to thermal softening, acts as a critical thermal condition associated with the transition from mechanical adhesion to chemically-driven diffusion wear. This paper provides a fundamental, quantitative understanding of the thermal-wear interactions, offering theoretical guidance for tool design and parameter selection in high-efficiency machining.

The elevated-temperature tensile performance of electron beam powder bed fusion (EB-PBF) GH3536 superalloy is strongly affected by the inherited non-equilibrium microstructure and its evolution during subsequent heat treatment. In this study, EB-PBF-fabricated GH3536 alloy was heat-treated at 1000, 1100, and 1200 °C for 2h followed by air cooling, and the relationship between heat-treatment-induced microstructural evolution and elevated-temperature deformation behavior was investigated. The as-deposited alloy exhibited a hierarchical non-equilibrium microstructure consisting of epitaxially grown columnar grains, cellular substructures, high-density dislocation networks, and M23C6 carbides. This hierarchical microstructure was associated with the high-temperature powder-bed environment and repeated thermal cycling during EB-PBF fabrication. The 1000 °C-AC treatment mainly promoted recovery and partial strain relief, while the columnar morphology, substructured features and boundary-associated carbides were largely retained. In contrast, the heat treatment at 1100 and 1200 °C induced pronounced recrystallization, eliminated most inherited substructures, promoted the formation of twin-related boundaries and reduced the continuity of grain-boundary carbides. Elevated-temperature tensile tests revealed that the 1000 °C-AC specimen fractured prematurely at 600 °C, mainly due to limited strain accommodation and damage initiation near carbide-decorated boundaries, while dynamic strain aging further promoted transient strain localization. At 700 °C, enhanced thermal activation and partial dynamic recovery alleviated severe strain localization, leading to improved ductility. At 800 °C, serrated flow was weakened and the deformation mechanism became increasingly governed by high-temperature softening, dynamic recovery, and grain-boundary-related damage. Post-deformation EBSD analysis showed that, compared with the 1000 °C-AC specimen, the recrystallized 1100 °C-AC and 1200 °C-AC specimens exhibited lower local strain accumulation, more homogeneous strain accommodation, and delayed damage accumulation. These results demonstrate that high-temperature heat treatment improves the elevated-temperature ductility of EB-PBF GH3536 alloy by promoting recrystallization, developing twin-related boundaries, and reducing the continuity of boundary-associated carbides.

This paper addresses the high load-bearing requirements of wind turbine gearbox output shaft sliding bearings, focusing on the rectangular groove elliptical sliding bearing (RGEB). First, a hydrodynamic groove is introduced on the shaft, and a surrogate model combined with optimization algorithms is used to maximize the bearing capacity. To further validate the effectiveness of the optimized design and consider the impact of actual working conditions on the bearing performance, a multiphase flow deformation analysis model is established to assess the impact of the hydrodynamic groove structure on bearing shell deformation. Although deformation is not the final performance indicator, it has a significant indirect effect on bearing capacity and reliability. Using a mixture multiphase flow model and thermo-mechanical bidirectional coupling framework, the nonlinear interactions between oil film pressure, temperature, and bearing shell deformation are revealed. The optimized rectangular hydrodynamic slot design improves the peak oil film pressure and pressure distribution uniformity. Under rated conditions, the maximum total deformation of the 45 steel bearing shell decreases by 28.5 %, and radial deformation is reduced by 27.3 %. Further analysis indicates that the rectangular slot structure reduces the bearing shell temperature gradient by increasing side leakage, reducing thermal deformation, and suppressing "horn-shaped" warping. This study provides a theoretical basis for high-reliability wind turbine gearbox sliding bearings and reveals the synergistic effects of the rectangular groove elliptical bearing under bidirectional flow conditions.

The fork-type electro-hydraulic actuator is the core driving component of the large-diameter marine butterfly valve. Its structural parameters and tolerance design directly affect performance, cost and life. Most of the existing studies are based on ideal geometric assumptions, ignoring the coupling effect of size and shape error, resulting in design redundancy or failure risk. In addition, if the processing accuracy of all parts is blindly improved, the manufacturing cost will be greatly increased. To this end, this paper proposes a parametric finite element-transient dynamics co-simulation framework, which reveals the mechanism of 10 key errors on the contact pressure and stress of bushings for the first time. A static analysis model considering the deflection angle of the guide groove is established and plotted. The butterfly valve opening-output torque curve is obtained, and the influence of multiple structural parameters on the output torque and radial load is quantified. Research shows that compared with the traditional single static model, the proposed method can accurately calculate the stress concentration area under transient conditions. In addition, the coaxiality error has the most significant and lasting effect on the performance of the actuator, and the accuracy of the coaxiality error should be controlled preferentially.

Titanium alloys, with excellent corrosion resistance and mechanical strength, are widely used in marine engineering but remain vulnerable to biofouling. Although bioinspired slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces (SLIPS) offer promising antifouling potential, their practical application in harsh marine environments is severely limited by lubricant depletion. Herein, a silver-plated slippery antifouling surface (SSAS) is developed, which combines physical and chemical dual-function antifouling strategies. By exploiting the tip effect during electroplating, the SSAS forms a special oil-locking structure, achieving a 250.78 % increase in oil retention (4.49 mg cm-2). Oil-locking tests further confirmed a stable lubricating layer with an oil loss rate below 30 %, nearly half that of conventional SLIPS under strong water and airflow impact. Meanwhile, the dense silver coating ensures sustained Ag+ release, which is approximately 175-fold higher than that of conventional silver-containing antifouling surfaces (Ag-NPs/SLIPS), significantly enhancing chemical antifouling performance. Benefiting from this dual mechanism, the SSAS exhibits broad-spectrum antifouling performance, effectively resisting protein adsorption, bacterial colonization, diatom adhesion, and macrofouling by mussels and barnacles. This study offers an effective strategy for developing high-performance antifouling materials in marine engineering applications. (c) 2025 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The editorial office of Journal of Materials Science & Technology.

Combining a superhydrophobic surface with photovoltaic (PV) glass can effectively reduce dust deposition on the surface, increase the output efficiency of the PV module, and reduce the amount of water used to clean the PV module. However, the current methods of preparing superhydrophobic surfaces for PV glass, such as coating, sol-gel, and vapor phase deposition, present defects of poor stability and mechanical durability of the prepared surfaces. Therefore, this study proposes a stable design and preparation method for superhydrophobic PV glass surfaces, using femtosecond laser ablation and chemical modification to create PV glass surfaces with super-hydrophobic properties. In addition, the control variable method was used to analyze the effect of the surface microstructure's geometric parameters (width, interval, and height of the micropillars) and processing parameters (femtosecond laser power, scanning speed, scanning times) on surface wettability. By optimizing the parameters, a superhydrophobic surface with a contact angle of 155.9 degrees was achieved. Finally, the superhydrophobic surface's wettability, stability, durability, and self-cleaning performance were evaluated, and the results showed its good application potential. This research offers an experimental and theoretical basis for the promotion and application of femtosecond laser-based superhydrophobic PV glass, with significant application potential in the field of self-cleaning PV modules.