OBJECTIVES:The C-reactive protein-triglyceride glucose index (CTI) is a novel biomarker integrating insulin resistance and systemic inflammation, both of which are implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study aimed to investigate the association of CTI with CKD and the reduction of renal function. METHODS:This study used China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study data from 2011 to 2015. The 2011 and 2015 cross-sectional studies included 5,242 and 8,056 participants aged ≥45 years, respectively. A total of 3,435 eligible subjects participated in the longitudinal cohort study. Logistic regression, linear regression, and restricted cubic splines were used to assess the association of CTI with CKD, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and reduction of renal function, with subgroup and interaction analyses performed. RESULTS:The study demonstrated a positive association between CTI and CKD in both 2011 (odds ratio [OR] = 1.30, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.21, 1.41; P < .001) and 2015 (OR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.34, 1.56; P < .001) cross-sectional studies, with inverse associations observed with estimated glomerular filtration rate. In the longitudinal cohort study, there was a positive association of CTI with the incidence of new-onset CKD (OR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.47; P = .003) and reduction of renal function with CKD (OR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.31, 2.25; P < .001). CONCLUSION:CTI levels are significantly associated with CKD and the reduction of renal function, indicating its potential as a clinical biomarker for CKD risk and renal changes in middle-aged and older Chinese.

This study is intended to examine the connection between residential environmental quality and lung function as well as its deterioration. To this end, we used data from 2011 to 2015 waves of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). A total of 7,129 subjects aged ≥45 years participated in the cross-sectional study, with 5,009 subjects completing four-year follow-up. Linear and logistic regression were applied to explore associations of living environmental quality with PEF, PEF% pred, and severe airflow limitation. Additionally, linear regression was also employed to investigate the relationship between living environmental quality and the annual decline in PEF and PEF% pred, complemented by subgroup analyses. Additionally, sensitivity analyses were conducted. The results showed that, compared to high-risk living environments, both middle- and low-risk living environments showed positive associations with PEF and PEF% pred, and effectively relieve severe airflow limitation. Furthermore, the longitudinal analysis indicated that the low-risk living environment is significantly associated with a slow decline in PEF (β = -3.07, 95%CI: -5.13 ~ -1.01, P = 0.003) and PEF% pred (β = -0.009, 95%CI: -0.015 ~ -0.004, P = 0.001), particularly among urban residents. In summary, a higher quality of life environment score is associated with preserved lung function and a slower decline.

OBJECTIVES:A physical activity paradox is suggested by recent evidence that leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) is beneficial, whereas it may be detrimental to those with high occupational physical activity (OPA) levels. We aimed to investigate the association of domain-specific PA on the age of the whole body and organs (heart, kidneys, and liver). STUDY DESIGN:The analysis utilized data from NHANES, a cross-sectional study with 14,168 enrolled adult participants. METHODS:Domain-specific PA (i.e., Leisure, Transportation, and Occupation) was assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). Biological age was calculated from circulating biomarkers. To quantify differences in physiological age between participants, biological age acceleration (BAA) was assessed. Linear regression analysis was used to assess the association of domain-specific PA with BAA of the whole body and organs (heart, kidney, and liver). RESULTS:The multivariate linear model showed that total PA was negatively associated with whole-body BAA (β -0.47, 95 % CI (-0.71, -0.22)). In addition, LTPA was negatively associated with whole-body BAA (β -0.41, 95 % CI (-0.60, -0.21)) and liver BBA (β -1.20, 95 % CI (-2.05, -0.35)). Whereas OPA was positively associated with heart BAA (β 1.69, 95 % CI (1.05, 2.33)), and we found that only participants who performed OPA≥300 min/week were positively associated with heart BAA (β 1.97, 95 % CI (1.27, 2.66)). CONCLUSIONS:LTPA was associated with slower whole-body and live BAA, while high OPA is associated with higher heart BAA. Associations between domain-specific physical activity and biological aging may differ across activity domains.

BACKGROUND:Overactive bladder (OAB) is a syndrome marked by urinary urgency. Given the crucial role of metabolic anomalies in the pathogenesis of OAB, the aim of this study was to investigate the associations between different triglyceride glucose index (TyG)-related indicators and OAB. METHODS:9024 participants aged ≥ 20 years from NHANES 2005-2018 were involved. Weighted multivariate logistic regression was employed to assess the relationship between three TyG-related indicators and OAB with subgroup and interaction analyses. In addition, ROC, DeLong's test and confusion matrix were further utilized to assess the predictive power of different indicators for OAB in the total population versus different subgroups of the population. RESULTS:TyG-related indicators were positively associated with OAB. The associations were statistically different in age and physical activity subgroups (all p for interaction < 0.1). In the whole population, TyG-WHtR demonstrated the highest predictive ability, with the largest AUC of 0.625 (95 %CI: 0.609, 0.641), and was relatively more predictive in the < 60 years and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity subgroups. CONCLUSIONS:Positive associations of TyG-related indicators with OAB were observed. TyG-WHtR has the strongest predictive performance for OAB in the total population.

BACKGROUND:The burden of high high body mass index (BMI) in adolescent and young adults (AYA) is largely unknown. Therefore, we aim to assess this burden. METHODS:Data were extracted from GBD 2021. Age-standardized mortality, DALY rates (ASMR, ASDR) and estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) were used to describe the burden. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the correlation between the sociodemographic index (SDI) and ASMR/ASDR. RESULTS:From 1990 to 2021, the death and DALY number attributable to high BMI in AYA had increased by 109 % and 141 % respectively. Low-middle SDI regions showed the most significant upward trend (EAPC = 1.37 for ASMR and 1.97 for ASDR). All diseases caused by high BMI showed a upward trend except for asthma and leukemia. ASMR of this burden was negatively correlated with the SDI (r = -0.13, p < 0.001), while the relationship between ASDR and SDI was opposite (r = 0.23, p < 0.001). The burden of osteoarthritis caused by high BMI (r = 0.68, p < 0.001), low back pain (r = 0.67, p < 0.001), gout (r = 0.62, p < 0.001) due to high BMI rose with SDI, which contributed to the severe DALY burden in high SDI regions. CONCLUSIONS:The burden of high BMI is still rising in AYA. Targeted measures need to be taken in different regions.

Evidence regarding the cumulative impact of exposure to diverse volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on frailty remains limited. We aimed to explore the association between VOCs and frailty, and to investigate the mediating effects of oxidative stress and inflammation. Our study involved 4,677 participants aged ≥20 from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Multivariable logistic regression, weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were employed. We further conducted mediation analysis to explore the mediating role of oxidative stress and inflammation. Multivariable logistic regression revealed several VOCs were significantly correlated with frailty, particularly for N-Acetyl-S-(2-carboxyethyl)-L-cysteine (CEMA), N-Acetyl-S-(2-cyanoethyl)-L-cysteine (CYMA), N-Acetyl-S-(3,4-dihydroxybutyl)-L-cysteine (DHBMA), mandelic acid (MA), N-Acetyl-S-(4-hydroxy-2-buten-1-yl)-l-cysteine (MHBMA3) and N-Acetyl-S-(3-hydroxypropyl-1-methyl)-L-cysteine (HPMMA). WQS regression confirmed synergistic effects of combined VOCs exposure on frailty (OR = 1.53, 95%CI: (1.28, 1.83)), with four mVOCs (DHBMA, CEMA, HPMMA and CYMA) contributing most substantially. BKMR analysis further identified this positive correlation, and the association was more significant in the older group. Mediation analysis showed these relationships were partially mediated by oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways. This study offers novel evidence for a positive correlation between VOCs and frailty, with DHBMA being the most significant contributor. Oxidative stress and inflammation potentially act as mediators.

BACKGROUND:The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) related indices, indicators for insulin resistance, and depression are both established predictors of cardiovascular diseases. However, the single and combined effect of TyG related indices and depression on cardio-renal-metabolic multimorbidity (CRMM) risk remain uncertain. METHODS:This study included 7848 respondents aged 45 years and older, derived from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) 2011, 2020. Cox regression was used to determine independent and joint effect of TyG indices and depression on CRMM incidence. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) was further performed to identify associations of TyG indices with CRMM. RESULTS:Results demonstrated that both TyG indices (including TyG-WC, TyG-WHtR, and TyG-BMI) and depression were independently linked to increased risk of CRMM. The RCS model further confirmed the significant dose-response relationships. Participants experiencing both elevated TyG indices and depression exhibited the highest CRMM risk, in contrast to those with neither condition (HR = 1.630, 95%CI: 1.467-1.811; HR = 1.631, 95%CI: 1.465-1.817; HR = 1.582, 95%CI: 1.419-1.764; HR = 1.532, 95%CI: 1.372-1.711, respectively). LIMITATIONS:Firstly, disease diagnoses in the CHARLS were self-reported, which might cause recall bias. Then, data was specific to the population over 45 years old, so the results may not apply broadly to all populations. CONCLUSIONS:This study revealed both the single and joint effect of TyG, TyG-WC, TyG-WHtR, as well as TyG-BMI and depression on CRMM risk. Combined evaluations of the TyG index with depression screening is crucial for identifying related risk factors and enhancing prevention strategies against CRMM.

BACKGROUND:Circadian syndrome (CircS) is a complex syndrome involving disorders of biological rhythms and multidimensional health risks. The objective of this research is to explore the association between CircS and functional disability. METHODS:This research utilized data from CHARLS, spanning the years 2011-2015. In the cross-sectional study, data from 12,758 Chinese adults aged 45 years and above in 2011 were used, and logistic regression models were employed to explore the association of CircS and its components with functional disability. A total of 8538 eligible subjects participated in the longitudinal study, and Cox regression models were used to analyze the longitudinal association and subgroup analysis. RESULTS:The cross-sectional analysis revealed positive associations of CircS with both ADL disability (OR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.41, 2.00, p < 0.001) and IADL disability (OR = 1.74, 95% CI: 1.49, 2.04, p < 0.001). Longitudinal analysis also indicated that CircS was significantly associated with an elevated risk of developing both ADL disability (HR = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.33, 1.86, p < 0.001) and IADL disability (HR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.43, p = 0.012). Subgroup analysis found that the association between CircS and ADL disability had significant interactions with gender (p for interaction = 0.046) and smoking status (p for interaction < 0.001). CONCLUSION:Our findings find a positive association between CircS and functional disability, and the importance of gender and smoking status in these associations are emphasized.

Given the recent update of SF-6Dv2, detailed data on utility scores for cancer patients by cancer type remain scarce in China and other regions, which limits the precision of cost-utility analyses (CUA) in cancer interventions. The aim of the study was to systematically evaluate utility scores of six common cancers in China measured using SF-6Dv2, and identify the potential factors associated with utility scores. A hospital-based cross-sectional survey was conducted from August 2022 to December 2023. It recruited 896 cancer patients from three tertiary hospitals in China, including 270 with lung cancer, 96 with stomach cancer, 88 with liver cancer, 71 with oesophagus cancer, 142 with colorectum cancer, and 160 with breast cancer. The validated Simplified Chinese version of the SF-6Dv2 was used to calculate utilities based on the Chinese value set, and the utility values were described using the mean and standard deviation (SD). Participants’ socio-demographic, behavioral and clinical characteristics were also obtained from the survey. Univariate and multivariate linear regression models were performed to explore the impact of these three categories of characteristics on utility scores derived from SF-6Dv2 for the total cancer patients and each cancer group. The mean utility score was 0.66 (SD = 0.26) for the total cancer sample, 0.66 (SD = 0.25) for lung cancer, 0.75 (SD = 0.23) for stomach cancer, 0.69 (SD = 0.24) for liver cancer, 0.69 (SD = 0.24) for oesophagus cancer, 0.65 (SD = 0.31) for colorectum cancer, and 0.57 (SD = 0.24) for breast cancer. Multivariate linear regression analysis indicated that patients who were older, from larger families, under greater economic pressures, undergoing fewer health examinations, smoking, and in advanced cancer stages had lower utility scores in the total cancer sample (p<0.05), with variations observed across different cancer types. This study is one of the first to apply the SF-6Dv2 to a heterogeneous group of cancer patients, providing evidence for conducting CUA with SF-6Dv2 across six common cancers in China. In addition, the study provides a basis for improving interventions for different cancer types.

OBJECTIVES:The magnesium depletion score (MDS) is considered more reliable than traditional approaches for predicting magnesium deficiency in humans. We explored the associations of MDS and dietary magnesium intake with diabetes.METHODS:We obtained data from 18,853 participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2018. Using multivariate regression and stratified analysis, we investigated the relationships of both MDS and magnesium intake with diabetes. To compute prevalence ratios (PRs), we employed modified Poisson or log-binomial regression. We characterized the non-linear association between magnesium intake and diabetes using restricted cubic spline analysis.RESULTS:Participants with MDS ≥2 exhibited a PR of 1.26 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19 to 1.34) for diabetes. Per-standard deviation (SD) increase in dietary magnesium intake was associated with a lower prevalence of diabetes (PR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.87 to 0.96). Subgroup analyses revealed a positive association between MDS ≥2 and diabetes across all levels of dietary magnesium intake, including the lowest (PR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.18 to 1.55), middle (PR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.12 to 1.35), and highest tertiles (PR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.13 to 1.37; pinteraction<0.001). Per-SD increase in magnesium intake was associated with lower diabetes prevalence in participants with MDS <2 (PR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.87 to 0.98) and those with MDS ≥2 (PR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.84 to 0.98; pinteraction=0.030).CONCLUSIONS:MDS is associated with diabetes, particularly among individuals with low magnesium intake. Adequate dietary magnesium intake may reduce diabetes risk, especially in those with high MDS.

The evidence regarding the effects of blood pressure changes on older individuals remains inconclusive, and the impact of frailty throughout the life course is not known. We investigated the associations of different change patterns of blood pressure during 3-year intervals with frailty and mortality. Participants included 7335 persons from 2008 to 2014 of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). Change in blood pressure was calculated as the difference between follow-up and baseline. Frailty was evaluated using a 40-item frailty index. Mortality status was ascertained up to December 31, 2014. The mean age of participants was 82.6 ± 10.7 years. The optimal blood pressure level (SBP, 130-150 mmHg; DBP, 70-90 mmHg) was associated with the lowest risk of frailty while decreasing follow-up SBP and DBP were significantly correlated with frailty. Lower baseline blood pressure levels (SBP < 130 mmHg; DBP < 70 mmHg) were associated with decreased mortality risk when participants increased their blood pressure to optimal levels during follow-up SBP and DBP (0.78, 0.63-0.98), compared to maintaining a steady low SBP (< 130 mmHg) and DBP (< 70 mmHg). For those with DBP around 70-90 mmHg, decreasing follow-up DBP (< 70 mmHg) was associated with higher mortality (1.23, 1.07-1.42) compared to maintaining stable follow-up DBP (70-90 mmHg). These results remain significant after adjusting for frailty. Optimal blood pressure levels were associated with the lowest risk of frailty. The association between lower blood pressure and increased mortality risk persisted even after accounting for frailty. We used a nationally representative longitudinal cohort study by using 2008-2014 of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity in China. Change in blood pressure was calculated as the difference between follow-up and baseline. We investigated the associations of different change patterns of blood pressure during 3-year intervals with frailty and mortality.

Background The association between change in lifestyle and cognitive impairment remains uncertain.Objectives To investigate the association of change in lifestyle with cognitive impairment.Methods In this study, 4 938 participants aged 65 or older were involved from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey for years 2008-2018. A weighted healthy lifestyle score was derived from 4 lifestyle factors (smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and diet). Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were applied to investigate the associations between 3-year changes in healthy lifestyle (2008-2011) and cognitive impairment (2011-2018).Results Researchers documented 833 new-onset of cognitive impairments more than 20 097 person-years of follow up. Compared with those in the persistently unhealthy group, those in the improved and persistently healthy groups had a lower risk of cognitive impairment, with the multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of 0.67 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.55, 0.83) and 0.53 (95% CI: 0.40, 0.71), respectively. Furthermore, a significant interaction was observed between change in lifestyle and sex (p-interaction = .032); the HRs were 0.48 (95% CI, 0.34, 0.69) for the improved group and 0.41 (95% CI: 0.26, 0.64) for persistently healthy group among male vs 0.81 (95% CI, 0.63, 1.04) and 0.64 (95% CI, 0.44, 0.92) among female, respectively.Conclusions This study suggests that improving or maintaining a healthy lifestyle can significantly mitigate the risk of cognitive impairment in Chinese older adults. Additionally, researcher's findings emphasize the significance of maintaining a healthy lifestyle and highlights the potential positive impact of improving previous unhealthy habits, especially for older women.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the plant-based dietary index and vision impairment (VI), hearing impairment (HI), and dual sensory impairment (DSI) among Chinese aged 65 and older. Methods: Based on the 2018 data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS), a cross-sectional study was conducted on 14,859 samples. The assessment of dietary quality utilized the plant-based diet index (PDI), healthy plant-based diet index (hPDI), and unhealthy plant-based diet index (uPDI). Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the associations between PDIs and sensory impairments. Additionally, restricted cubic spline analysis was utilized to investigate the nonlinear association between PDIs and sensory impairments. Results: Participants in the highest quintile of PDI exhibited reduced prevalence of VI (OR 0.78, 95% CI: 0.67-0.90, p(trend) <0.001), HI (OR 0.83, 95% CI: 0.70-0.99, p(trend) <0.001), and DSI (OR 0.62, 95% CI: 0.51-0.77, p(trend) <0.001) relative to those in the lowest quintile. Moreover, individuals who ranked in the highest quintile for hPDI exhibited a 25% reduced risk of VI disease. Conversely, those in the highest quintile of uPDI were associated with increased prevalence of VI (OR 1.37, 95% CI: 1.17-1.61, p(trend) <0.001), HI (OR 1.36, 95% CI: 1.12-1.65, p(trend) <0.001), and DSI (OR 1.56, 95% CI: 1.25-1.95, p(trend) <0.001). The relationship between PDIs increasing by every 10 units and sensory impairments showed similar patterns. Notably, hPDI demonstrated a nonlinear relationship with HI (p(for nonlinearity) = 0.001), while the others exhibited linear associations. Conclusion: The increase in PDI and hPDI correlates with a reduced prevalence of one or more sensory impairments. Conversely, an increase in uPDI is associated with an elevated prevalence of multiple sensory impairments. Our study findings emphasize the significance of plant-based food quality, advocating for adherence to a plant-based dietary pattern while reducing the intake of less healthy plant foods and animal-based products.

Background: There is growing evidence that diet and aging are associated; however, few studies have examined the relationship between macronutrient subtypes and phenotypic age acceleration, and the extent to which BMI (body mass index) mediates this association is unclear. Methods: This study included 6911 individuals who were 20 years or older and had participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Daily macronutrient intakes were calculated and classified by the quartile of their subtypes. PhenoAgeAccel was calculated as an aging index using nine chemistry biomarkers. Multivariable linear regression and isocaloric substitution effects were used to evaluate the association of macronutrients with PhenoAgeAccel. Mediation analyses were used to examine the mediation role of BMI in the association. Results: After adjusting for the potential covariates, the consumption of high-quality carbohydrates (beta = -1.01, 95% CI: -1.91, -0.12), total protein (beta = -2.00, 95% CI: -3.16, -0.84), and plant protein (beta = -1.65, 95% CI: -2.52, -0.78) was negatively correlated with PhenoAgeAccel; the consumption of SFAs (beta = 1.77, 95% CI: 0.72, 2.81) was positively correlated with PhenoAgeAccel. For every serving of low-quality carbohydrates/animal protein and other calories replaced by one serving of high-quality carbohydrates/plant protein, PhenoAgeAccel would be reduced by about 25 percent. The ratio between BMI-mediated high-quality carbohydrates and PhenoAgeAccel accounted for 19.76% of the total effect, while the ratio between BMI-mediated total fat and PhenoAgeAccel accounted for 30.78% of the total effect. Conclusions: Different macronutrient consumption subtypes are related to PhenoAgeAccel, which is partially mediated by BMI, depending on the quality of macronutrients. Replacing low-quality macronutrients with high-quality macronutrients might slow aging.

Background: Growing evidence suggests that meal timing may influence dietary choices and mental health. Thus, this study examined the association between macronutrient consumption quality, food source, meal timing, and depression prevalence in Americans. Methods: 23,313 National Health and Nutrition Survey participants from 2007 to 2016 were included in this cross-sectional study. Macronutrient intake was calculated for all day, dinner, and breakfast and subtypes into 4 classes. Based on the Patient Health Questionnaire, depression was defined as a 9 -item score >= 10 on the PHQ-9. The correlation between macronutrients and depression prevalence was estimated with multivariable logistic regression models and isocaloric substitution effects. Results: Low-quality carbohydrates (OR = 1.54, 95 % CI: 1.11, 2.12) were positively linked to depression compared with the lowest quartile, after adjusting for age and other covariates. In contrast, total high-quality carbohydrate (OR = 0.52, 95 % CI: 0.40, 0.66), total animal protein (OR = 0.60, 95 % CI: 0.45, 0.80), and total vegetable protein (OR = 0.61, 95 % CI: 0.43, 0.85) were negatively associated with depression was negatively associated. Replacing low-quality carbohydrates with high-quality carbohydrates throughout the day reduced the risk of depression by approximately 15 %. Limitations: Cross-sectional data. Conclusion: All in all, diet plays a crucial role in the prevention and treatment of depression. Especially in terms of macronutrient intake, high-quality, moderate intake can reduce the risk of depression. However, different subtypes of macronutrient consumption may have different effects on depression, so it becomes crucial to carefully consider the selection and combination of macronutrients.

Objective: Insulin resistance (IR) frequently co-occurs with depression, but inconsistent associations between IR and depression have been reported, and less is known about the association in obesity, a major risk factor for both IR and depression. Thus the association between depression status and IR in a nationally representative sample of the US adults with obesity was evaluated.Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 3507 adults with obesity from National Health and Nutrition Ex-amination Survey from 2005 to 2016. The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was used, where IR was defined as a HOMA-IR value greater than its 75th percentile. The Patient Health Question-naire 9 was used to assess the depression status. Multivariate logistic regression model was applied to evaluate the association between depression status and IR.Results: The cut-off value of HOMA-IR in adults with obesity was 5.5, and the prevalence of IR was 26.3% in men, 19.8% in women. The association of depression status with IR depended upon gender (P for depression status by gender interaction = 0.04). Depression status was positively associated with IR in women (P = 0.01), where the ORs (95% CIs) for the risk of IR in the mild, moderate, severe depression status were 1.79 (1.21-2.64), 1.95 (1.10-3.45), and 2.21 (1.04-4.71), respectively (P for trend = 0.002). No association was found in men (P = 0.91).Conclusion: Positive association between IR and depression status was identified in women with obesity, where the risk of IR increased with the level of depression status, while no association was found in men with obesity.

Objective: People have high 10-year cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk should take measures to prevent CVD. Thus, to know which subgroups of the population have high CVD risk is important. This study found out trends and risk factor of CVD risk in the US population.Methods: The population aged 30 years and older who were not diagnosed with CVD came from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) in this study, n=35196. Logistic regression models were used to analyze the trends of CVD risk and estimate association between risk factor and CVD risk.Results: The estimated rate of CVD risk > 10% changed from 1999 to 2016 (from 42.2% to 47.7% for males, from 24.7% to 23.9% for females). The estimated rate increased in males over time (P for trend =0.001), while it was stable in females. Males who did not participate in vigorous recreational activity, the estimated rate of CVD risk> 10% significantly increased (P for trend <0.001). The estimated rate of CVD risk >10%, 20% and 30% increased with BMI level in males in the multivariable-adjusted model; the odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (OR [95% CI] ) of obesity was 1.63 [1.41, 1.88] for CVD risk >10%, 1.69[1.45, 1.48] for CVD risk >20%, and 1.56[1.30, 1.87)] for CVD risk >30%. Conclusions: The rate of CVD risk >10% had an increasing trend in American males adults, who did not participate in vigorous recreational activity. In addition, lower annual household income, higher weight status and do not participate in vigorous recreational activity increased the CVD risk.

目的 了解鲍氏不动杆菌感染给医院及患者造成的直接经济损失.方法 采用病例对照研究方法,选择某三甲医院2016年1-12月86例鲍氏不动杆菌感染患者作为感染组,1∶1条件配比后筛选出对照组,采用中位数描述两组患者住院天数和住院费用,采用秩和检验,分析鲍氏不动杆菌感染的直接经济负担.结果 因感染导致患者平均延长住院时间24 d,增加住院总费用15.86万元,日均住院费用增加0.25万元.增加住院费用最多的为西药费.呼吸道感染造成的费用增长最多为16.35万元,延长的住院天数为26d.从支付方式上看,省医保延长的住院天数为14.50 d,增加的住院总费用为8.14万元,日均费用增加0.21万元;市医保延长的住院天数为20 d,增加的住院总费用为15.85万元,日均费用增加0.24万元;全自费延长的住院天数为24d,增加的住院总费用为16.38万元,日均费用增加0.27万元.结论 鲍氏不动杆菌感染延长了住院天数,增加了住院费用,呼吸道感染延长的住院天数、造成的直接经济损失最多.对于增加的经济负担,患者的直接经济负担主要体现在自付金额上,不同的支付方式,对造成的经济负担存在影响.

High body mass index (BMI) predisposes to several chronic diseases, but a large-scale systematic and detailed study of dose-response relationship between BMI and chronic diseases has not been reported previously. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between BMI and 3 chronic diseases (hypertension, dyslipidemia and MetS) in northeast China. A sample of 16412 participants aged 18~79 years old were included in Jilin province in 2012. The lambda-mu-sigma (LMS) method was applied to examine the trend of BMI by age, and the restricted cubic splines were used to investigate the non-linear associations (dose-response curve) between BMI and chronic diseases. It was pointed out that BMI increased rapidly when young, then kept steady in middle age, and finally declined slowly in old age, and accordingly age was divided into 3 segments, which were different by gender. The odds ratios (ORs) of BMI for the chronic diseases increased relatively slowly when young, then increased dramatically in middle-age and old population, especially for men. Further, the ORs of BMI among non-smokers were lower than those among smokers, and the same trend was shown to be more apparent among drinkers and non-drinkers. The risk of BMI for common chronic diseases increased dramatically in middle-aged, especially for men with drinking and smoking habits.

Objective: To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) among adults in northeast China. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Jilin Province in 2012. Questionnaires were used to collect information about demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, and health status from 15,540 residents. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) was measured in the morning after at least 12 hours of fasting, and ?(2) tests were performed to compare differences between subjects with and without IFG. Logistic regression was carried out to identify factors influencing IFG occurrence. Results: There were significant differences in demographic characteristics (age, sex, education, and marriage status), lifestyle factors (smoking, drinking, physical activity, and average sleep duration), and health status (hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and BMI category) between subjects with IFG and without IFG (P<.05). IFG risk was significantly associated with sex, age, education (senior high school and college), marriage status (single), drinking, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and BMI category (all P<.05). Conclusion: In adults in northeast China, risk factors of IFG are sex, age, education (senior high school and college), drinking, hvperlipidemia, hypertension, and BMl category; however, the protective factor of IFG is marriage status (single).