Background: The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index and blood pressure (BP) status are key indicators associated with coronary heart disease (CHD). However, limited research has focused on individuals with disabilities. Objective: This study explores the potential combined effects of the TyG index and BP status on CHD risk in groups with varying disability characteristics. Methods: This study analyzed data from the Shanghai Disability Health Survey, conducted between January 2012 and December 2022. Participants were then categorized into 3 BP status groups: nonelevated BP, elevated BP, and hypertension. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to assess the associations between BP status, the TyG index, and CHD incidence. Additionally, the mediating, interaction, and combined effects of these factors on CHD risk were examined. A stratified analysis was performed based on participants' disability characteristics, including disability type and severity, to explore potential variations in the associations. Results: Among the 21,628 participants, the mean age was 53.30 (SD 10.57) years, and 50.89% (11007/21628) were male. In a follow-up of 77.45 months, CHD events occurred in 2312 participants (10.69%). The TyG index and BP status were independently associated with an increased risk of CHD. Mediation analysis showed that TyG explained 20.5% (95% CI 13.6%-22.0%) of the BP and CHD association. Significant multiplicative interactions were identified (hazard ratio [HR] 1.41, 95% CI 1.02-1.94), and joint analysis indicated the highest CHD risk in those with both hypertension and elevated TyG (HR 1.92, 95% CI 1.52-2.42). Stratified analyses revealed stronger mediation in participants with physical disabilities (22.6%, 95% CI 9.0%-60%) or visual disabilities (16.6%, 95% CI 4.8%-51%), while this was not significant in those with hearing or speech (P=.07) or intellectual or mental disabilities (P=.13). By disability grading, the mediated proportion was 22.3% (95% CI 9.2%-59.4%) in mild or moderate and 18.8% (95% CI 15.7%-29%) in severe or very severe groups. Joint associations showed consistently higher CHD risk across most disability classifications, with particularly elevated risk in people with intellectual or mental disabilities (HR 3.51, 95% CI 1.89-6.50). Conclusions: BP and the TyG index were significantly associated with CHD risk in individuals with disabilities, with TyG mediating a part of this association and showing stronger effects in physical and mild to moderate disabilities. Significant interactions between BP and TyG further highlight their combined impact, underscoring the need for integrated interventions targeting both factors.

Objectives To investigate the application value of the calcium-suppressed (CaSupp) images of dual-layer detector computed tomography (DLCT) in the evaluation of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) discs. Methods Thirty-three healthy subjects underwent DLCT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations. CaSupp images were reconstructed from the spectral-based images using a calcium suppression algorithm. The location, morphology, and thickness of the posterior band of the TMJ discs were evaluated on the oblique sagittal proton-density weighted images and CaSupp images. Results Of the 66 TMJ discs, anterior displacement was observed on 9 TMJ discs on MR images and 6 TMJ discs on CaSupp images, and posterior displacement was present on 3 TMJ discs on MR and CaSupp images. No significant difference was observed in TMJ disc displacement between MR images and CaSupp images ( P value = 0.730). The TMJ discs without displacement had no significant difference in the thickness of the posterior band between the MR and CaSupp images ( P value = 0.401). Conclusions The calcium-suppressed technique in DLCT may be a simple and preliminary way to evaluate the TMJ disc displacement and structure.

Background::Texture features were the intrinsic properties of the human tissues and could efficiently detect the subtle functional changes of involved tissue. The pathologic changes of the lateral pterygoid muscle (LPM) were significantly correlated with the temporomandibular disc displacement. However, the occult functional changes of LPM could not be detected by the naked eye on the medical images. The current study was aimed to evaluate the functional changes of the LPM in the patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) using texture analysis.Methods::Twenty-nine patients with TMD were performed with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging on a 3.0T MR scanner, who were consecutively recruited from the TMD clinic of Hainan Hospital of Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital from February 2019 to September 2019. The patients were classified into three groups according to the disc displacement: disc without displacement (DWoD), disc displacement with reduction (DDWR) and disc displacement without reduction (DDWoR). The gray-level co-occurrence matrix method was applied with the texture analysis of LPM on the axial T2-weighted imaging. The texture features included angular second moment, contrast, correlation, inverse different moment, and entropy. One-way analysis of variance was used for grouped comparisons and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis was applied to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of the texture parameters.Results::Texture contrast of LPM presented significantly lower in DDWoR (46.30 [35.03, 94.48]) than that in DWoD (123.85 [105.06, 143.23]; test statistic= 23.05; P < 0.001). Texture entropy of LPM showed significant differences among DWoD (7.62 ± 0.33), DDWR (6.76 ± 0.35), and DDWoR (6.46 ± 0.39) ( PDWoD-DDWR < 0.001, PDWoD-DDWoR < 0.001, and PDDWR-DDWoR = 0.014). Area under the ROC curve (AUC) demonstrated that texture entropy had an excellent diagnostic accuracy for DWoD-DDWR (AUC = 0.96) and DWoD-DDWoR (AUC = 0.98). Conclusion::The texture contrast and entropy could identify the altered functional status of LPM in patients with TMD and could be considered as the effective imaging biomarker to evaluate the functional changes of LPM in TMD.

y Objective: To observe the characteristics of brain activation during unilateral premolar occlusion. Methods: Functional magnetic resonance imaging was collected from 10 healthy volunteers during occlusion of the left first premolar (L1), left second premolar (L2), and right first premolar (R1). The brain activation patterns were analyzed, and the primary sensorimotor cortex, supplementary motor area, insula, thalamus, and prefrontal cortex were chosen as regions of interest. Results: Single premolar occlusion activated the precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus, cerebellum, thalamus, frontal lobe, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, and parietal lobe. The brain areas showing activation during single premolar occlusion were similar to those activated by chewing. The activation pattern of L1 was more similar to that of L2 than R1. No significant left and right hemisphere differences in signal intensity were detected within the regions of interest. Conclusion: Brain activation patterns from two ipsilateral premolars were more similar than the pattern from a contralateral premolar.

OBJECTIVE:In this study, a genetic risk score (GRS) for the body mass index (BMI) tested and built using a large sample of Chinese individuals aged at least 50 years in southern China. We collected information regarding the participants' weights at 20 years of age and middle age and tested the BMI-GRS effect modes.METHODS:This study involved a prospective study design. The genetic data of the participants in from the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study and selected BMI-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used to establish the GRS.RESULTS:We included 13 597 participants with 12 SNPs. After adjusting for covariates, the high-GRS group was 36% (95% CI: 25%-48%) and 34% (95% CI: 23%-47%) more likely of being overweight at baseline and follow-up, respectively, and 56% (95% CI: 34%-82%) and 49% (95% CI: 29%-72%) more likely of being obese at baseline and follow-up, respectively, compared with the low-GRS group (P-value for all trends <.05). The RRs for the incidences of metabolically healthy and unhealthy obese (MHO and MUO, respectively) individuals in the high-GRS group were 0.94 (95% CI: 0.65-1.35) and 1.28 (95% CI: 1.00-1.63), respectively.CONCLUSION:High-GRS participants were more likely to be overweight/obese at baseline and follow-up, and this relationship exhibited a dose-response relationship. The GRS was also associated with MUO.

Previous studies have examined the association between elevated serum uric acid (SUA) level and hypertension; however, the association in the Chinese elderly is still uncertain. A cross-sectional study was performed in a rural district of Beijing. A total of 2,397 participants (967 men and 1,430 women) completed the survey. The SUA levels of participants were categorized into four levels using the quartiles (P25, P50, and P75) as cutoff values. Participant was diagnosed as hyperuricemia if the SUA level was ≥417 μmol/L (male) or ≥357 μmol/L (female). Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure (BP) ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg and/or receiving antihypertensive drug treatment. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate the association between SUA and hypertension. We found that higher SUA level was associated with the increased risk of hypertension in both sexes, even after adjusting for potential confounding variables. In total, the risk for having hypertension increased by 0.3% per 1 μmol/L increment in SUA level, increased by 95% for the highest vs. lowest quartile of SUA level, and increased by 111% in the hyperuricemia patients. Moreover, we found that the association was more pronounced in the male participants. There were approximately J-shaped relationships between SUA level (quartiles) and hypertension in all age groups. Higher SUA levels are positively associated with hypertension among the Chinese rural elderly. Further studies are still required to determine the relationship between SUA level and hypertension and to explore its potential biological mechanisms underlying the gender-related association in the elderly population.ABBREVIATIONS:CVD; cardiovascular disease; BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; SUA: serum uric acid; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein; FPG: fasting blood glucose; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; SD: standard deviation.

Few epidemiological studies have examined the association between serum aminotransferase levels and hypertension, and have yielded inconsistent results.A cross-sectional study was performed in a Chinese rural elderly population. A total of 2174 participants with normal range of aminotransferase levels and without excessive drinking were included in the present study. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were measured on fasting morning serum samples using the Kinetic method. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure >= 140 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure >= 90 mm Hg and/or receiving treatment for hypertension. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate the association between gender-specific aminotransferase levels and hypertension.Increased serum ALT but not AST level was positively associated with hypertension. After adjusting for potential confounding variables, the association of hypertension and ALT level was only significant in women: for each 1IU/L elevation of ALT level, the adjusted odds ratio (OR), and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) of hypertension was 1.04 (1.01, 1.07); the ORs of hypertension increased across tertiles of ALT, and the ORs (95% CIs) were 1.00, 1.17 (0.85, 1.60), and 1.63 (1.15, 2.31 (P value for trend=.021). Furthermore, the association was only significant in central obesity women or nondrinking women.ALT level was significantly associated with hypertension only in women in a Chinese rural elderly population. Further studies are warranted to explore the possible gender-related association and to extend them to different populations.

目的 在社区老年人群中,探讨血尿酸(serum uric acid,SUA)水平与高血压的关系.方法 在2009年9月～2010年6月期间,使用整群随机抽样的方法对北京市万寿路地区60岁及以上的老年人进行横断面调查.结果 本研究的分析样本为2 074例老年人(男性839例,女性l 235例).在老年女性的研究对象中,血尿酸水平的增加使高血压的患病风险增加(OR=1.004,95％ CI:1.002～1.006,P＜0.001);以血尿酸四分位数最低组作为参照组,随着血尿酸水平增加,高血压的患病风险增加(血尿酸水平Q2(OR=1.263,95％ CI:0.902 ～1.773,P=0.187),血尿酸水平Q3(OR=2.008,95％ CI:1.412～2.872,P＜0.001)和血尿酸水平Q4(OR=2.015,95％ CI:1.403 ～2.922,P＜0.001);患有高尿酸血症者,罹患高血压的风险高于非高尿酸血症者(OR=1.563,95％ CI:1.082 ～2.253,P=0.018).在男性中,仅血尿酸水平使高血压的患病风险增加(OR=1.002,95％ CI:1.000～1.004,P=0.036).结论 血尿酸水平与高血压有相关性,特别是在老年女性当中.临床医生应特别关注老年女性的血尿酸水平,维持正常的血尿酸水平可能对高血压的预防和控制具有重要作用.

Objectives To estimate the prevalence and distribution of passive smoking in the community population aged 15 years and older in China.Design A systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies reporting the prevalence of passive smoking in China and a series of subgroup, trend and sensitivity analyses were conducted in this study.Data source The systematic review and meta-analysis, which included 46 studies with 381 580 non-smokers, estimated the prevalence and distribution of passive smoking in China. All studies were published between 1997 and 2015.Results The pooled prevalence of passive smoking was 48.7% (95% CI 44.8% to 52.5%) and was relatively stable from 1995 to 2013. The prevalence in the subgroups of gender, area, age and time varied from 35.1% (95% CI 31.8% to 38.3%) in the elderly (≥60 years) to 48.6% (95% CI 42.9% to 54.2%) in urban areas. The prevalence was lower in the elderly (≥60 years) than in those between 15 and 59 years of age (OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.44 to 1.81). The difference between females and males in urban and rural areas was not statistically significant (OR: 1.27, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.74 and OR: 1.14, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.58, respectively). In addition, a significantly increasing trend was found among males from 2002 to 2010. Heterogeneity was high in all pooled estimates (I2>98%, p<0.001).Conclusions The high and stable prevalence of passive smoking in China is raising increasing national concern regarding specific research and tobacco control programmes. Attention should be focused on young, middle-aged and male non-smokers regardless of region.

BACKGROUND:This study aims to evaluate the awareness, treatment, control rate of type 2 diabetes and its risk factors among Chinese community elderly, and also examine the changing trend for the past decade.METHODS:We conducted two population-based cross-sectional studies in a representative urban area of Beijing in 2001 and 2010 respectively, using with the same method. A total of 2,277 participants (943 male, 1,334 female) in 2001 and 2,102 participants (848 male, 1,254 female) in 2010 were recruited. All the participants diagnosed with diabetes were included in this study.RESULTS:The prevalence of diabetes was 21.4% and 24.8% in 2001 and 2010 respectively. Among participants with diabetes, 74.2% were aware of the condition, 51.0% were treated, 20.1% well controlled the condition in 2001, and the corresponding rates were 78.5%, 69.3%,15.9% in 2010 respectively. Higher education level and a positive family history were related to better management of diabetes, while obesity and alcohol drinking showed a reverse direction.CONCLUSIONS:The prevalence and awareness of diabetes stayed high for the past decade. The treatment increased 18.3% while the control rate decreased among community elderly for the past 10 years. It's urgent to carry out effective measures to raise awareness, treatment, and control rate of diabetes in order to avoid growing disease burden in China.

It remains unclear whether lowering the blood pressure effectively prevents cognitive impairment. The aim of the current study was to explore the association between the prevalence, treatment and control of hypertension and the risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) among elderly Chinese people. This is a cross-sectional study conducted in Beijing, China. A two-stage stratified clustering sampling method was used, and 2065 participants, aged ⩾60 years, were included in the analysis. The Mini-Mental State Examination was used to assess participants’ cognitive function. The prevalence of MCI was higher in hypertensive (16.5%) than in normotensive individuals (13.1%; P =0.043). Furthermore, in those hypertensive patients, the prevalence of MCI was lower in those treated (14.9%) than in those not treated (19.9%; P =0.019) and lower in those controlled (13.4%) than in those uncontrolled (17.9%; P =0.042). The adjusted odds ratio (OR; 95% confidence interval (CI)) of having MCI was 1.59 (1.07–2.35) in those with hypertension compared with those normotensive individuals. The assessment of the hypertensive patients revealed the adjusted OR (95% CI) of having MCI in those with treated hypertension was 0.60 (0.42–0.86) compared with those untreated hypertension, and in those with controlled hypertension was 0.64 (0.43–0.93) compared with those non-controlled hypertension (regardless of treatment). However, among the treated hypertensive patients, there was no difference in the prevalence of MCI between the patients who reached and those who did not reach their treatment goal. We suggest that improved diagnoses and optimal therapeutics are needed to achieve the aim of cognitive decline prevention.

Background: Previous studies have examined an association between sleep duration and hypertension, but the conclusions remain inconsistent.Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in a community-based rural elderly population of Beijing, China. A total of 2397 participants (967 male and 1430 female) completed the survey. Sleep duration was assessed in a face-to-face interview and was self-reported. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure (BP) >= 140 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP >= 90 mm Hg and/or receiving treatment for hypertension. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate the association between gender-specific sleep duration and hypertension prevalence.Results: Overall, no significant differences were observed among female participants and the total participants, and the differences were statistically significant only in men. After adjusting for potential confounding variables, the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidential interval (CI) of having hypertension was 1.33 (1.00, 1.77) in men who slept for >= 9 h compared with those slept for six to eight hours per 24-h period. Furthermore, a one hour nap was associated with less likelihood of hypertension in men compared with those who did not nap, with an adjusted OR (95% CI) of 0.61 (0.41, 0.90).Conclusion: In a community-based rural elderly population of China, we found that sleep duration of six to eight hours per 24-h period and a one hour nap were significantly associated with lower risk of hypertension only among male participants after adjustment for potential confounders. Further studies are still needed to determine the relationships between 24-h, nighttime, and daytime sleep duration separately with hypertension, and to explore the biological mechanisms underlying the gender-related association. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Background: The primary objective of this study was to explore the association of hypertriglyceridemic waist (HTGW) phenotype with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its sex difference in an urban Chinese elderly population. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, a total of 2102 participants aged 60–95 years were recruited and classified into four phenotypes: normal waist-normal triglyceride (NWNT), normal waist-elevated triglycerides (NWET), elevated waist-normal triglycerides (EWNT), and HTGW. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the associations of interest. Results: Total prevalence of CKD was 12.6%, and the CKD prevalence in participants with EWNT and HTGW was higher than with NWNT and NWET without regard to sex. Compared to NWNT phenotype, the adjusted OR for CKD was 1.95 (95% CI: 1.32–2.88) in HTGW groups. In contrast with the null findings (OR: 1.66; 95% CI: 0.94–2.94) in women after additional adjustment for diabetes and hypertension, the OR with HTGW remained strong (OR: 1.88; 95% CI: 1.04–3.39) in men. Similar findings appeared with the EWNT phenotype. Conclusions: The HTGW phenotype is positively associated with CKD among Chinese community elderly and may have a greater impact on men. More attention should be paid to the association between triglycerides and waist circumference in clinical practice and to the further identification this uncertain sex-related association.

This study sought to structure a genetic score for smoking behaviour in a Chinese population. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were evaluated in a community-representative sample (N = 3,553) of Beijing, China. The candidate SNPs were tested in four genetic models (dominance model, recessive model, heterogeneous codominant model and additive model), and 7 SNPs were selected to structure a genetic score. A total of 3,553 participants (1,477 males and 2,076 females) completed the survey. Using the unweighted score, we found that participants with a high genetic score had a 34% higher risk of trying smoking and a 43% higher risk of SI at ≤ 18 years of age after adjusting for age, gender, education, occupation, ethnicity, body mass index (BMI) and sports activity time. The unweighted genetic scores were chosen to best extrapolate and understand these results. Importantly, genetic score was significantly associated with smoking behaviour (smoking status and SI at ≤ 18 years of age). These results have the potential to guide relevant health education for individuals with high genetic scores and promote the process of smoking control to improve the health of the population.

Although active smoking is linked with hypertension, the effect of environmental tobacco smoke exposure on hypertension has rarely been studied, and the scant epidemiological data available have yielded uncertain findings. Therefore, we conducted a cross-sectional study in a representative urban area of Beijing, China. A two-stage stratified clustering sampling method was performed, and 1078 female participants aged ⩾60 years were included in the analysis. Among the participants without antihypertensive treatment, >2 hours of daily passive cigarette smoking was significantly associated with higher systolic (by 4.24) and diastolic blood pressure (by 2.09) after multiple adjustments. The prevalence of hypertension was significantly higher in passive smokers (71.9%) than in non-passive smokers (66.1%). After adjusting for potential confounders, a positive association was observed between passive smoking and the risk of hypertension, and the adjusted odds ratio (OR; 95% confidence interval (CI)) was 1.38 (1.03, 1.85). Inversely, the control rate of hypertension was significantly lower in passive smokers (26.3%) than in non-passive smokers (35.7%) among the hypertensive patients; the adjusted OR (95% CI) was 0.62 (0.44, 0.87). Furthermore, a dose-response association was observed between the amount and frequency of passive cigarette smoking and the control rate of hypertension. We demonstrated that passive smoking was significantly associated with the increased prevalence and lower control rate of hypertension in a community-based elderly population in Beijing, China. Additional randomized controlled trials and large prospective studies are still required to determine the relationship between passive smoking and hypertension among the Chinese elderly.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the association between reproductive variables and metabolic syndrome (MetS) among Chinese community elderly women.Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in a Beijing urban district. A two-stage stratified clustering sampling method was used and 1251 elderly women were included.Results: The prevalence of MetS was 65.1% in this population. Women with MetS had younger menarche age, a greater number of years after menopause, higher gravidity and parity. The prevalence of MetS showed an increasing trend for tertiles of years after menopause (p = 0.002) and number of children (p < 0.001), while decreasing trend for menarche age (p = 0.021). Logistic regression showed ORs of age at menarche, years after menopause and number of children for MetS were 0.94, 1.40, and 1.36 for second and 0.63, 1.58, and 1.75 for last tertiles.Conclusion: There is strong association between reproductive variables and higher risk of MetS. Simple information on timing of menarche and menopause could help identify women who may have higher risk of getting MetS and take early action to prevent related chronic diseases. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

SummaryObjectiveTo examine associations between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its individual components with risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) among community elderly and explore the age difference.DesignCross‐sectional study.SubjectsAbout 2 102 aged 60 and older community residents in Beijing metropolitan area, China.MeasurementsCognitive function was assessed by Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE). MetS was defined by the 2009 harmonizing definition. Overnight‐fasting blood samples were obtained to measure biochemistry indicators.ResultsThe prevalence of MetS and MCI was 59·1% and 15·9%, respectively. After adjusting age, gender, other demographic factors, lifestyle variables and medication use, participants with MetS or its individual components are at significantly elevated risk for MCI. In terms of MMSE score, as the continuous dependent variable, the β (95% CI) of MetS was −0·68(−0·99, −0·37). For prevalence of MCI, as the dichotomy dependent variable, the odds ratio (OR) of Mets is 1·52 compared to control group (or baseline) with 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1·16 to 1·95. The multivariate association only showed significant results among participants aged less than 80 years old.ConclusionsMetS is associated with worse cognitive function among younger elderly. Managing MetS, as well as its components, may contribute to control cognitive decline and reduce related disease and social burden.

Objective The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between waist circumference and the prevalence/control of hypertension in an urban elderly population.Methods From September 2009 to June 2010,a population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Wanshoulu area of Beijing,China.Results A total of 2 035 elderly (828 male,1 207 females) participants aged ≥60 years from a community were included in this study for data analysis.We found that the increased waist circumference could significantly increase the risk of prevalence and poor control of hypertension,with the adjusted odds ratios (95％CI) as 1.04 (1.01-1.08) and 0.96 (0.92-1.00),respectively.Among those identified pure central obesity females (64.7％),the prevalence of hypertension was significantly higher than those females with normal body mass index (BMI) or with normal waist circumference (52.2％).The adjusted odds ratio (95％CI) between the above said groups appeared as 1.58 (1.07-2.32).The control rate of hypertension among females (32.9％) with pure central obesity,was lower than that of the females with normal BMI and waist circumference (43.5％),with an adjusted odds ratio (95％ CI) as 0.62 (0.37-1.04,P=0.071).Conclusion There appeared significant association between people with pure central obesity and the increased risk of prevalence or with poor control of hypertension.More attention should be paid to both the prevalence and control of hypertension programs among females with pure central obesity.

OBJECTIVE:As the most important risk factors of cardiovascular disease, pre-hypertension and hypertension are important public health challenges. Few studies have focused on the trends of pre-hypertension and hypertension specifically for the aging population in China. Given the anticipated growth of the elderly population in China, there is an urgent need to document the conditions of pre-hypertension and hypertension in this aging population.METHODS:We conducted two cross-sectional surveys of Chinese adults aged ≥60 years in 2001 and 2010. A total of 2,272 (943 males, 1,329 females) and 2,074 (839 males, 1,235 females) participants were included in the two surveys, respectively.RESULTS:The age- and sex-standardized prevalence of hypertension significantly increased from 60.1% to 65.2% from the 2001 to the 2010 survey. Among the participants with hypertension, the awareness, treatment and control of hypertension all significantly increased from 69.8% to 74.5%, 50.3% to 63.7%, and 15.3% to 30.3%, respectively, from 2001 to 2010. A logistic regression showed that a higher education level, a higher BMI, a family history of hypertension and doctor-diagnosed cardiovascular disease were significantly associated with hypertension awareness and treatment.CONCLUSION:Hypertension prevalence increased rapidly between the years surveyed. Although the awareness, treatment and control of hypertension improved significantly, the values of these variables remained low. More attention should be given to the elderly because the population is aging worldwide, and urgent action, optimal treatment approaches and proper public health strategies must be taken to prevent and manage hypertension.

ObjectiveThe study aims to explore the patterns and changes of active and passive smoking in the elderly population.MethodsTwo cross-sectional surveys with representative samples of urban populations, aged between 60 and 95 years old, were conducted in 2001 and 2010 in Beijing. A current smoker was defined as a person who smoked a tobacco product at the time of the survey, and a passive smoker was defined as a person who had been exposed to smoke exhaled by a smoker for more than 15 minutes per day more than once per week.ResultsA total of 2,277 participants in 2001 and 2,102 participants in 2010 completed the survey. The current smoking prevalence changed slightly in males (24.7 vs. 21.2%, P = 0.081), while the prevalence in females decreased significantly from 8.8% (95% CI: 7.3-10.3%) in 2001 to 4.1% (95% CI: 3.0-5.2%) in 2010 (P<0.001). The prevalence of passive smoking was 30.5% (95% CI: 28.6-32.4%) in 2001 and 30.0% (95% CI: 28.1-32.0%) in 2010. The main source of secondhand smoke switched from a spouse in 2001 to offspring in 2010. This trend was observed in both sexes. Passive smoking in males from a smoking spouse decreased from 5.7% to 2.4% (P<0.001), while that from smoking offspring increased from 7.3 to 14.5%(P<0.001). Passive smoking in females from a spouse decreased from 30.6 to 17.6%, while that from offspring increased from 5.3 to 15.4% (P<0.001).ConclusionOffspring became the main source of secondhand smoke for the elderly. Our findings demonstrated the importance of implementing smoking prevention programs, to educate older adults who live with a smoking spouse and/or offspring.