Safety failures in high-energy lithium-ion batteries often originate from uncontrolled interfacial transport and electrolyte decomposition at elevated voltages. Existing coatings and artificial interphases provide limited protection because they degrade under the oxidative, fluorine-rich conditions generated by LiPF6-based electrolytes. Here, we demonstrate that hot-pressed graphene (HP-Gr) foils operate as an autonomous, self-healing chemical system, in which electrolyte decomposition products are converted in operando into a stable, self-limiting fluorinated surface layer. Rather than being detrimental, interfacial reactions trigger adaptive chemical passivation that restores and preserves interfacial function. By decoupling lamellar densification from surface chemistry, the materials design enables independent control of transport morphology and self-generated chemical protection. The resulting fluorinated skin suppresses Li+ penetration while preserving electronic and thermal transport, as confirmed by depth-resolved spectroscopy. This work establishes adaptive surface fluorination as a self-healing interfacial mechanism, providing a general strategy for transforming unavoidable chemical degradation into functional stabilization in multifunctional carbon materials.

Here, we report a one‐spot, temperature‐controlled AC electropolymerization strategy for converting graphene oxide and aniline into a crystalline, processable reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/polyaniline (PANI) composite for wearable ionic transistor textiles. By tuning the electropolymerization temperature from 4°C to 55°C under a low‐frequency triangular AC waveform, followed by mild postreduction, conformal polycrystalline PANI nanodomains are grown directly on rGO sheets. Low‐temperature synthesis yields the highest structural ordering and the lowest fraction of protonated imine species, directly linking growth conditions to mixed ionic–electronic transport behavior. The resulting rGO/PANI composite functions as an electrolyte‐gated transistor with stable operation and amplified gate response. Furthermore, the composite can be stencil printed onto cotton textiles to realize ratiometric Na+/K+ sensing at constant ionic strength, highlighting its potential for scalable, wearable ion‐sensing architectures.

Carbon-based coatings are promising for biomedical implants, including vascular stents, but fabrication on metals often requires adhesion interlayers or polymer-assisted transfer, increasing cost and complexity. Here, we report a simple, ambient-pressure chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process for the direct, interlayer-free growth of two carbon coatings on nitinol (NiTi) stents: few-layer graphene (FLG/NiTi, 170 +/- 20 nm) and amorphous carbon (a-C/NiTi, 620 +/- 30 nm). Both coatings significantly enhanced corrosion resistance, with protection efficiencies of 83.78% for FLG/NiTi and 89.19% for a-C/NiTi. Vascular cell assays revealed distinct and clinically relevant biological responses. a-C/NiTi promoted vascular endothelial cell (VEC) proliferation (+17.2% at 96 h relative to bare NiTi) while suppressing vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation (-25%), a desirable outcome as excessive VSMC growth drives in-stent restenosis, whereas endothelialization supports vessel healing. In contrast, FLG/NiTi inhibited proliferation of both cell types (>50% reduction for VECs). All samples exhibited excellent hemocompatibility (hemolysis < 0.2%), and a-C/NiTi reduced platelet surface coverage by 30% compared with bare NiTi, beneficial for mitigating thrombosis. Inflammatory assessment further showed a 73% reduction in TNF-alpha secretion on a-C/NiTi in comparison to bare NiTi. Together, these results demonstrate an interlayer/ polymer-free route to carbon-coated NiTi stents with tunable biological performance.

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) enable conversion of organic matter chemical energy to electricity and provide a great opportunity to upscale green energy production. However, fabricating MFCs with high power output demands strong electrode surface modification with metal nanostructures, for both the anode and cathode. Here, we propose a rational strategy to use different functionalities of graphene sponge in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 MFCs. In such a fuel cell, a graphene sponge functions as a bioanode and an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalyst. The ORR activity of the graphene reaches 98 mV dec-1, which is comparable to that of bare Pt electrodes. The maximum power density is 184 mu W cm-2, and the current density is 753 mu A cm-2, which is comparable with MFCs based on a Pt/C cathode (50 mu W cm-2 and 280 mu A cm-2). Furthermore, the MFC equipped with the free-standing graphene electrodes has a coulombic efficiency of 70%.

A nanoconfined thermoresponsive membrane composed of Ti3C2Tx MXene and hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) was developed for selective Li+ extraction. By integrating the electrothermal conductivity of MXenes and hydration-responsive gating of HPC, the membrane forms heterochannels with tunable spacing that regulate ion transport through nanoconfinement-enhanced mechanisms based on interaction energy and hydration radius. While density functional theory calculations predicted stronger sorption for Mg2+, experimental data revealed a clear preference for Li+ uptake from both simulated brine and battery black mass. This selectivity is attributed to favorable interactions of Li+ within the nanoconfined composite channels, where the subnanometer interlayer spacings promote partial dehydration and size-sieving effects. Li+ retention is governed not only by thermodynamic affinity but also by kinetic acceleration in nanoconfined pathways and hydration-based steric control. The membrane exhibits a reversible thermal response and maintains stable performance under Joule heating. It achieves >90% extraction efficiency from simulated Atacama brine and up to 98% Li+ recovery from black mass supplied by VGM Sustainability Solutions (SG3R, Pte. Ltd.).

Chemical oscillators-such as the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction-have long served as model systems for studying non-equilibrium chemical dynamics and as analogues of biological oscillations. However, many biological processes rely on out-of-equilibrium, often oscillatory, ionic fluxes that do not involve chemical reactions. Examples include action potentials in neurons, muscle contraction, cardiac rhythmicity, intracellular calcium signaling, and calcium wave oscillations. Despite these parallels, the development of biomimetic systems compatible with neuromorphic interfaces remains a significant challenge. Here, a strategy is demonstrated to organize oscillating ionic currents by developing ionic transistors composed of graphene oxide and polyelectrolyte, and assembling them into all-ionic integrated circuits. By driving these systems out of equilibrium using external voltages, periodic motion of various ions across defined interfaces is achieved. This behavior, governed by local electric fields arising from unbalanced ionic concentrations, closely mimics biological excitability, such as that observed in neuronal and cardiac systems. These ionic transistors serve as a foundational building block for neuromorphic interfaces, offering a universal platform to emulate complex biological ionic processes with high fidelity.

ABSTRACT The selective, rapid, and sensitive detection of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) nucleobases is critical for applications in genetic diagnostics, forensic analysis, and molecular biology research. Conventional detection techniques often require sophisticated instrumentation and complex sample preparation, which limit their use in point‐of‐care settings. Advances in 2D nanomaterials, particularly graphene oxide (GO), have enabled the development of highly sensitive DNA sensors; however, challenges in achieving selectivity, simplicity, and speed remain. In this work, we present a simple and cost‐effective transistor‐based memristive DNA sensor that exploits the specific interactions between GO and double‐stranded DNA. The platform enables direct, label‐free quantification of DNA sequences across a guanine–cytosine (GC) content range of 37%–55%, with strong linear calibration (coefficient of determination, R 2 = 0.9785). The measurement process is rapid, with electrical signals acquired within 2–5 min, and does not require denaturation, fluorescent labeling, or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. The slow relaxation of current decay following electrical pulse stimulation correlates strongly with GC content, yielding a robust analytical signal. These findings establish a pathway for DNA composition analysis, genetic screening, and taxonomic fingerprinting using memristive GO biosensors.

The study of cellular ion channels forms a basic understanding of healthy organ functioning and the body as a whole; however, the native role of signal transmission through ion channels between cells remains unclear. The success of the signal transmission investigation depends on the methods and materials used. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a new approach and system for studying detecting cell–cell communication. In this work, we suggest the system of hydroxyapatite patterns demonstrating piezoresponse in conjunction with fiber-based biosensors for detection of electrical signaling in cellular communities. Our system does not disrupt the integrity of cell membrane. The cells are located on self-assembled hydroxyapatite patterns forming the tissue patterns and communicating via spatially propagating waves of calcium, sodium, and potassium ions. These waves result from positive feedback caused by the activation of Ca2+ channels. The fiber-based ion-selective microelectrodes fixed above the patterns are used to detect the sodium, potassium, calcium ion currents in the extracellular space. We use norepinephrine to activate the Ca2+ channels result in intracellular Ca2+ release between the cell communities on different patterns. This system could be perspective as an efficient platform to lab-on-a-chip study as well as fundamental understanding of cellular communication during regeneration.

The extraction of gold (Au) from electronic waste (e-waste) has both environmental impact and inherent value. Improper e-waste disposal poses environmental and health risks, entailing substantial remediation and healthcare costs. Large efforts are applied for the recovery of Au from e-waste using complex processes which include the dissolution of Au, its adsorption in an ionic state and succeeding reduction to metallic Au. These processes themselves being complex and utilizing harsh chemicals contribute to the environmental impact of e-waste. Here, we present an approach for the simultaneous recovery and reduction of Au 3+ and Au + ions from e-waste to produce solid Au 0 forms, thus skipping several technological steps. We develop a nanoscale cross-dimensional composite material via self-assembly of two-dimensional graphene oxide and one-dimensional chitosan macromolecules, capable of acting simultaneously as a scavenger of gold ions and as a reducing agent. Such multidimensional architecture doesn’t require to apply any voltage for Au adsorption and reduction and solely relies on the chemisorption kinetics of Au ions in the heterogeneous GO/CS nanoconfinements and their chemical reduction on multiple binding sites. The cooperative phenomena in ionic absorption are responsible for the extremely high efficiency of gold extraction. The extraction capacity reaches 16.8 g/g for Au 3+ and 6.2 g/g for Au + , which is ten times larger than any existing gold adsorbents can propose. The efficiency is above 99.5 wt.% (current limit is 75 wt.%) and extraction ability is down to very low concentrations of 3 ppm.

The device based on polyelectrolyte–graphene oxide membranes demonstrates neuromorphic functions successfully applied with nanochannel ion interactions, resulting in a short-term memory effect.

AbstractBioelectrochemical systems (BES) have garnered significant attention for their applications in renewable energy, microbial fuel cells, biocatalysis, and bioelectronics. In BES, bioelectrodes are used to facilitate extracellular electron transfer among microbial biocatalysts. This study is focused on enhancing the efficiency of these processes through microcompartmentalization, a technique that strategically organizes and segregates microorganisms within the electrode, thereby bolstering BES output efficiency. The study introduces a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)‐based reduced graphene oxide (rGO) aerogel engineered as a bioanode to facilitate microorganism compartmentalization while providing an expanded biocompatible surface with continuous conductivity. The DNA‐rGO aerogel is synthesized through the self‐assembly of graphene oxide and DNA, with thermal reduction imparting lightweight structural stability and conductivity to the material. The DNA component serves as a hydrophilic framework, enabling precise regulation of compartment size and biofunctionalization of the rGO surface. To evaluate the performance of this aerogel bioanode, measurements of current generation are conducted using Shewanella oneidensis MR‐1 bacteria as a model biocatalyst. The bioanode exhibits a current density reaching up to 1.5 A·m⁻2, surpassing the capabilities of many existing bioanodes. With its abundant microcompartments, the DNA‐rGO demonstrates high current generation performance, representing a sustainable approach for energy harvesting without reliance on metals, polymers, or heterostructures.

Electronic waste (e-waste) contains substantial quantities of valuable precious metals, particularly gold (Au). However, inefficient metal recovery leads to these precious metals being discarded in landfills, causing significant water and environmental contamination. This study introduces a two-dimensional (2D) electrode with a layered graphene oxide membrane functionalized by chitosan (GO/CS). The GO/CS membrane acts as an ion-selective layer and demonstrates capabilities in the electrochemical extraction and reduction of Au ions. The multiple functional groups of GO and CS offer high cooperativity in ion extraction and reduction, achieving 95 wt.% extraction efficiency within 10 min. The simultaneous extraction and electrocatalytic reduction of Au ions within the membrane leads to the formation of ready-to-use metallic Au forms such as chips and sensors. Such an approach eliminates the processing steps required to convert extracted gold into functional products, reducing time, cost, and energy. This direct formation of usable Au components enhances the efficiency of the recovery process, making it economically viable and environmentally sustainable. The gold mining market is projected to be valued at $270 billion by 2032, with the recycling segment reaching $10.8 billion, highlighting the substantial benefits and economic potential of efficient e-waste recycling technologies.

There is a high interest in living organism-compatible materials associated with electrically active interfaces. Bacteria/electrode interfaces implement smart, functional systems with responses, based on which it is possible to elaborate self-regulating energy generation systems. Carbon materials have a number of advantages, such as biocompatibility, low electrical resistance, and the possibility of increasing the electrode surface on an industrial scale. The most promising approach for the industrial production of electrodes is 3D printing. We propose a 3D-printed carbon electrode – a novel lightweight material for electrodes in bioelectrochemical systems for efficient bioelectricity utilization. The pyrolytic process for manufacturing carbon electrodes is promising for upscaling and industrial applications. However, there is a problem of volume loss when 3D-printed polymers are pyrolyzed in an inert environment. We propose a new strategy for the thermal treatment of 3D-printed polymers that allow for reduced volume loss under pyrolytic carbonization. In addition, to achieve a higher electrode surface area, the graphene aerogel could be impregnated into the 3D-printed scaffolds. Chemical modification of graphene surface can enhance biocompatibility. Specifically, the oxidation of graphene leads to forming a hydrophilic and biocompatible material. We tune graphene hydrophilic properties and electrical conductivity via control over the thermal reduction of the oxidized form of graphene–graphene oxide 1 . Such sponge morphology affords 3D-printed carbon scaffolds an excellent lightweight host scaffold for microorganisms, in which the graphene nanowalls are homogeneously occupied by S. oneidensis MR-1. We demonstrate a novel sustainable method to produce graphene-based lightweight 3D printed electrode materials for green energy production from biomass. The proposed technology creates the opportunity for novel, innovative, disruptive graphene applications that can lead to the establishment of new energy-related industries and facilitate many startups in the ecosystem. Acknowledgments This work was supported by the Ministry of Education (Singapore) through the Research Centre of Excellence program (grant EDUN C-33-18-279-V12, I-FIM). References Xuanye Leng, Ricardo J. Vazquez, Samantha R. McCuskey, Glenn Quek, Yude Su, Konstantin G. Nikolaev, Mariana C.F. Costa, Siyu Chen, Musen Chen, Kou Yang, Jinpei Zhao, Mo Lin, Zhaolong Chen, Guillermo C. Bazan, Kostya S. Novoselov, Daria V. Andreeva, Carbon, 205, 2023, 33-39.

Corrosion is one of the major issues for sustainable manufacturing globally. The annual global cost of corrosion is US$2.5 trillion (approximately 3.4% of the world's GDP). The traditional ways of corrosion protection (such as barriers or inhibiting) are either not very effective (in the case of barrier protection) or excessively expensive (inhibiting). Here, we demonstrate a concept of nanoreactors, which are able to controllably release or adsorb protons or hydroxides directly on corrosion sites, hence, selectively regulating the corrosion reactions. A single nanoreactor comprises a nanocompartment wrapped around by a pH-sensing membrane represented, respectively, by a halloysite nanotube and a graphene oxide/polyamine envelope. A nanoreactor response is determined by the change of a signaling pH on a given corrosion site. The nanoreactors are self-assembled and suitable for mass-line production. The concept creates sustainable technology for developing smart anticorrosion coatings, which are nontoxic, selective, and inexpensive.

Coacervation is a self-assembly strategy based on the complexation of polyelectrolytes, which is utilized in biomedicine and agriculture, as well as automotive and textile industries. In this paper, we developed a new approach to the on-demand periodic formation of polyelectrolyte complexes through a Liesegang-type hierarchical organization. Adjustment of reaction conditions allows us to assemble materials with a tunable spatiotemporal geometry and establish materials’ production cycles with a regulated periodicity. The proposed methodology allows the membrane to self-assemble when striving to reach balance and self-heal after exposure to external stimuli, such as potential difference and high pH. Using chronopotentiometry, K+ ion permeability behavior of the PEI–PSS coacervate membranes was demonstrated. The periodically self-assembled polyelectrolyte nanomembranes could further be integrated into novel energy storage devices and intelligent biocompatible membranes for bionics, soft nanorobotics, biosensing, and biocomputing.

The high electrical conductivity and low dimensionality of graphene is essential for the development of novel lightweight bioanodes for new-generation energy technologies. However, the integration of graphene in biointerfaces presents a formidable challenge, especially because the surface energy of graphene is not compatible with living matter. Here we propose a sustainable chemical control method to reach the demanded surface hydrophilicity and conductivity of graphene nanowalls to form a lightweight, graphene-based, sponge bioanode. The few-nanometer-thick conductive graphene nanowalls create biocompatible hydrophilic microconfinements to harvest the biomass density of electrogenic Shewanella Oneidensis MR-1. The graphene-based bioanode shows a stable and rapid response with a steady-state biocurrent density of 135.35 mA m(-2) realized within a few hours. Our novel and sustainable graphene-based material provides a revolutionary energy opportunity for the establishment of new energy-related graphene industries as well as facilitates many startups.

At present research, we highlight ultrasonic treatment as a new way to create materials with a gradient change of chemical or physical properties. We demonstrate the possibility to fabricate novel materials with biocide activity based on simple and cheap Cu-Zn alloy. In this research, we propose a green preparative technique for the sonication of an alloy in an alkali solution. The method leads to a significant visual change and differentiation of particles into three different fractions. Due to the chemical micro gradients in media near the solid surface under intensive sonication, fast formation of specific functional groups occurs on the particles’ surface. The particles were studied X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) analysis, the field-emission scanning electron microscope (SEM) as well as electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) mode, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), the differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) technique. A strong correlation of both methods proves a redistribution of copper ions from Fraction I to Fraction III that influence for the antibacterial properties of the prepared material. The different biocidal activity was demonstrated for each separated Fraction that could be related to their different phase content and ability to release the different types of ions.

Urate oxidase (UOx) surrounded by synthetic macromolecules, such as polyethyleneimine (PEI), poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH), and poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) is a convenient model of redox-active biomacromolecules in a crowded environment and could display high enzymatic activity towards uric acid, an important marker of COVID-19 patients. In this work, the carbon fiber electrode was modified with Prussian blue (PB) redox mediator, UOx layer, and a layer-by-layer assembled polyelectrolyte film, which forms a complex coacervate consisting of a weakly charged polyelectrolyte (PEI or PAH) and a highly charged one (PSS). The film deposition process was controlled by cyclic voltammetry and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (at the stage of PB deposition) and through quartz crystal microbalance technique (at latter stages) revealed uniform distribution of the polyelectrolyte layers. Variation of the polyelectrolyte film composition derived the following statements. (1) There is a linear correlation between electrochemical signal and concentration of uric acid in the range of 10−4–10−6 M. (2) An increase in the number of polyelectrolyte layers provides more reproducible values for uric acid concentration in real urine samples of SARS-CoV-2 patients measured by electrochemical enzyme assay, which are comparable to those of spectrophotometric assay. (3) The PAH/UOx/PSS/(PAH/PSS)2-coated carbon fiber electrode displays the highest sensitivity towards uric acid. (4) There is a high enzyme activity of UOx immobilized into the hydrogel nanolayer (values of the Michaelis–Menten constant are up to 2 μM) and, consequently, high affinity to uric acid.

To improve the effectiveness of the viral infection diagnostic, we offer a new approach of immunochemical biosensors to determine single viral particles by specific antibodies. The antibodies are immobilized on the electrodes in a three-dimensional polymer matrix with several layers of polyelectrolytes on the screen-printed carbon electrode. Non-covalent immobilization of antibodies in successive layers of positively charged polyethyleneimine (PEI) and negatively charged polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) achieves the effect of macromolecular crowding. Such an immobilization approach promotes the preservation of the optimal conformation and antibody active center mobility for interaction with large virion particles. We established an electrochemical biosensor for tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) detection to demonstrate the method's applicability. Under the optimized architecture of the 3D-matrix, including a combination of two layers of a positively charged PEI with antibodies and the last layer of a negatively charged PSS, the assay is characterized by an extremely low limit of detection (LOD). This LOD could be as few as five viral particles in a sample volume of 5 mu l, which is two orders of magnitude lower than conventional ELISA with the same reagents. The advantage of the biosensor is also a wide linear range of detection from 10(3) to 10(9) viral particles/ml. The proposed principle for determining virion particles is well suited to novel express diagnostics and Point-of-Care viral infections detection.

We demonstrate that our bio-electrochemical platform facilitates the reduction of detection time from the 3-day period of the existing tests to 15 min. Machine learning and robotized bioanalytical platforms require the principles such as hydrogel-based actuators for fast and easy analysis of bioactive analytes. Bacteria are fragile and environmentally sensitive microorganisms that require a special environment to support their lifecycles during analytical tests. Here, we develop a bio-electrochemical platform based on the soft hydrogel/eutectic gallium-indium alloy interface for the detection of Streptococcus thermophilus and Bacillus coagulans bacteria in various mediums. The soft hydrogel-based device is capable to support bacteria' viability during detection time. Current-voltage data are used for multilayer perceptron algorithm training. The multilayer perceptron model is capable of detecting bacterial concentrations in the 104 to 108 cfu/mL range of the culture medium or in the dairy products with high accuracy (94%). Such a fast and easy biodetection is extremely important for food and agriculture industries and biomedical and environmental science.