Abstract Vaccines have profoundly reduced the global burden of infectious diseases and are increasingly being explored for cancer immunotherapy. However, developing vaccine platforms capable of simultaneously achieving efficient antigen delivery, precise immune modulation, and durable protective immunity remains a major challenge. Bacteria-derived micro/nanoparticles (BPs) have recently emerged as promising vaccine platforms that integrate the structural advantages of nanomaterials with the intrinsic immunostimulatory properties of bacterial components. Their micro-to-nanoscale dimension, pathogen-mimicking architecture, and capacity for multivalent antigen presentation facilitate efficient lymphatic trafficking, antigen-presenting cell targeting, and coordinated activation of both innate and adaptive immunity. Moreover, the endogenous pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) within BPs serve as built-in adjuvants, potentiating antigen cross-presentation, inducing trained immunity, and eliciting robust T-cell and B-cell responses. These unique structure–function relationships have accelerated the clinical translation of BP-based vaccines, with several candidates now in clinical trials or already commercialized. In this review, we discuss the fundamental mechanisms, engineering strategies, and clinical research progress of BPs in vaccine development, while critically emphasizing the current challenges in safety, mechanistic elucidation, and scalable manufacturing. We further outline future opportunities for harnessing BPs as precision-tailored platforms for next-generation immunization paradigms.
Abstract Cardiovascular implants (e.g., vascular stents, occluders) face persistent challenges of thrombosis, immune activation, and delayed endothelial healing. Moreover, functional surfaces that can synergistically balance the demands of antithrombosis and pro-endothelialization remain suboptimal. Here, we develop a genetically engineered, recombinant humanized collagen V (rhCol V) that promotes vascular endothelial cell proliferation via the αvβ3-FAK pathway and induces smooth muscle contractile transition. Proteomics indicates reduced platelet adhesion via αIIbβ3 inhibition, thereby reducing thrombogenicity. In rabbit models, rhCol V-coated stents outperformed drug-eluting stents in long-term endothelial repair and remodeling, while suppressing acute thrombosis and immune activation. This engineered biomaterial has the potential to enhance the safety and efficacy of cardiovascular implantable devices.
Abstract Dynamic holography is pivotal for next-generation displays with critical applications in augmented reality, virtual reality, and beyond. While metasurfaces have emerged as powerful approaches for dynamic holography, existing works remain largely confined to intensity-only modulation, restricting the available channels for display and information storage. Herein, we realize a generalized platform applicable to major types of dynamic holography (monochromatic, color, 3D, and vectorial) by introducing a learned metasurface and aperture synthesis framework (LMAS). This paradigm extends Fourier duality from the intrinsic static real-momentum mapping relationship into the dynamical regime and establishes a learned mapping between real-space aperture displacement and momentum-space holographic evolution via gradient optimization. Crucially, the aperture’s inherent field-agnostic nature provides a universal physical interface that unifies diverse optical degrees of freedom, allowing us to demonstrate four distinct types of dynamic meta-holography. The LMAS approach establishes metasurfaces as a generalized, compact, and scalable architecture for holographic evolution within a minimalist system configuration, offering broad potential in advanced displays, optical storage, and information multiplexing.
Abstract Long-range ordered cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) architectures are vital for photonic applications, but conventional self-assembly predominantly yields defective, multidomain nanostructures. Herein, this study proposes a slit-confined self-assembly (SCSA) strategy to construct a scalable CNC cholesteric liquid crystal structure with a single orientational domain. Distinct from conventional methods relying on extreme external fields or drying protocols, SCSA utilizes a simple glass slit to steer CNC assembly through synergistic physical effects: gravity drives tactoids sedimentation and interfacial hydrogen bonding enforces preferential alignment. Concurrently, the geometric constraint effectively suppresses the nucleation and propagation of topological defects, enabling the formation of centimeter-scale monodomain cholesteric architectures. As a result, brilliant structural color in aqueous CNC suspensions is achieved without external fields or active stimuli, enabled solely by the synergistic effects of geometric confinement, gravity-driven sedimentation, and interfacial hydrogen-bond anchoring. The resulting highly ordered architecture achieves an exceptional orientation factor of 0.98 and a structural color dissymmetry factor (g) as high as 1.3, accompanied by reversible structural reassembly behavior. Furthermore, upon coassembling with luminescent guests, the system exhibits a giant circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) dissymmetry factor (glum) reaching −1.1. Collectively, this work establishes a robust, straightforward, and scalable route for highly controllable liquid crystal self-assembly, offering promising avenues toward high-performance photonic applications.
Abstract Great strides have been achieved in lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-mediated mRNA delivery. However, traditional LNPs can induce undesirable side effects such as inflammatory reactions. Oxidative stress damage arising from ionizable lipids within LNPs is regarded as a major underlying cause of these adverse effects. Herein, we propose incorporating endogenous vitamin E (VE) into the tail moiety of commercial ionizable lipids to improve biosafety. Proof-of-concept investigations using SM-102-derived W3 confirm that this endogenous antioxidant modification substantially mitigates the inflammatory toxicity of mRNA-loaded LNPs. Following intravenous administration, W3 LNPs markedly decrease the levels of multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines, demonstrating an improved safety profile compared to SM-102 LNPs. Further analysis reveals that W3 LNPs significantly reduce intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, alleviate oxidative stress damage, thereby inhibiting the activation of key inflammatory pathways such as NF-κB. Of note, the optimized formulation, sW3 LNPs enable efficient mRNA delivery to the spleen, with stronger antitumor efficacy and higher safety than SM-102 LNPs. In summary, W3 lipid confers minimal inflammatory adverse effects while preserving excellent delivery capability, which indicates that the VE-engineered LNPs possess great potential to serve as powerful and multifunctional platforms for next-generation mRNA therapeutics.
