针对目前深水钻井防台时隔水管处理方式存在的作业窗口小、作业模式选择困难、易发生事故等问题,本文提出了将隔水管硬悬挂与软悬挂方案相结合的新方法,既能快速操作,又能缓冲隔水管运动.为了降低新方法中隔水管的加速度,提出并分析了 3种控制方案对加速度的补偿效果,结果表明加速度峰值控制方案具有制造安装简单、实施方便等优势.在此基础上针对加速度峰值控制方案中封闭高压系统散热难的问题,提出了采用差动液压缸实现半开式循环散热的方法.本文提出的隔水管加速度峰值控制悬挂方法及其配套的差动散热-主动控制节流装置,具有较好的动载荷补偿能力,可为我国深水钻井防台提供技术支持.

涡激振动引起的应力和疲劳损伤是影响钻井隔水管作业安全的重要因素,设计阶段往往采用严苛的海洋环境参数,虽然可以保证系统安全,但是却会影响钻井时效.本文利用加速度监测装置对南海X-1井进行了隔水管的涡激振动监测,通过对监测数据的频谱分析,发现隔水管产生涡激振动的频谱具有明显的锁频特征,并且涡激振动并不存在于整个作业过程,因此在实际作业阶段隔水管参与涡激振动的模态最高阶次存在超过设计预期水平的可能性.本文提出根据实测数据预测和评估钻井隔水管涡激振动响应的方法,对保证隔水管系统作业安全具有重要意义.

为了提高靶点精度,连通救援井与事故井,需要利用探测定位工具确定事故井的井眼位置,而国内目前缺乏相关的成熟技术.针对这一问题,提出了一种基于对称激励的瞬变电磁救援井探测定位方法,根据麦克斯韦方程建立了探测距离和方位的计算模型,研制了救援井探测定位工具样机,进行了救援井电磁探测定位工具井下试验.试验结果显示,电磁探测定位工具的最大探测距离可达24.0 m,距离误差小于10％,方位误差小于5°.研究结果表明,该电磁探测工具可对事故井的井眼进行准确定位,可为救援井与事故井的直接连通提供保障,并为形成具有我国自主知识产权的救援井探测定位和连通技术奠定了基础.

古潜山内幕油气藏钻井若严格按照海洋过平衡钻井工艺施工,容易发井漏、井塌和井涌等井下复杂情况,并可能对油气层造成严重的表皮伤害.本文以南海海域实施的首口古潜山内幕油气藏A井溢流压井作业实践为例,通过井控作业过程的分析,对该类型油气藏的井控技术进行研究和探索,为后续同类型井井控作业提供参考.

跨国海洋油气钻探项目的参与方较多,需要进行界面管理.目前各大石油公司界面管理的普遍做法是建立桥接文件.文化冲突是项目界面管理的一个重要问题,而且项目管理运营的决策风险可能导致项目运行出现问题.清晰的责任分摊或界定,对项目风险处理与管控具有重要意义.桥接文件使得项目各方的多种管理体系共存,在澄清不同体系存在的冲突的同时,填补了项目权益主体多体系间的缺口,为项目提供了一个良好的管理界面.桥接文件是项目界面管理风险触发后的指导体系,及早识别隐患、评估可能的风险是制定桥接文件的关键.

随着海洋石油勘探开发向深水区迈进,超深水探井的弃井作业也随之而来.分析了超深水水下井口系统切割回收技术难点,设计了切割钻具组合,研发了国产化的外悬挂螺杆动力水下井口系统切割回收工具,并对重要作业参数进行匹配研究.在水深1 901 m的YL8-1-2井作业,仅用11h完成了508 mm×914.4 mm(20英寸×36英寸)水下井口的切割,并顺利回收.可为我国海洋石油相关作业向深水进军提供借鉴.

为了实现深水钻井导管批量安装作业安全及提升时效的目的 ,提出了深水钻井导管水下打桩技术,并验证了该技术应用于深水钻井导管安装的可行性.介绍了该技术的关键装备——打桩锤的基本原理、特点与应用现状.分析了深水导管打桩锤选型的关键因素、选型原则、选型方法与流程.为我国南海深水油气开发提供参考.

针对深水油气田开发钻井表层导管的安装,业内提出了基于动力沉桩理论的深水钻井导管水下打桩技术,并通过实践证明了该技术的可行性.由于国内尚无该技术应用,为评价该技术在中国南海深水区块的适用性,从对导管可打性角度出发,基于南海深水典型表层土壤特性与钻井实践,对国外已实施油田的土壤特性进行了类比分析,利用波动方程分析软件建立了管-土-锤模型,分析并设定了打桩工况,对导管在设定工况下进行了可打性评估,分析了打桩过程导管管体应力、锤效率、锤击数表现及锤击能量影响.分析表明,对于南海深水区块,典型深水钻井导管能在设定打桩工况下安全锤入至南海深水典型导管入泥设计深度,导管的可打性满足作业要求,有利于该技术的探索.分析结果可以为南海深水导管水下技术应用评估提供参考.

深水表层未成岩地层土固结程度低、强度低,浅层固井难度大.为了合理进行浅层固井的设计及施工,分析了固井胶结强度影响因素.结合南海深水海域表层土质特点,利用相似性原理,进行浅层固井模拟实验,分析了水泥强度、候凝时间和套管尺寸对固井胶结性的影响规律.由实验结果得出:高强度水泥第一、第二胶结面胶结强度高于中强度水泥和低强度水泥,但强度差值不超过20％,且随着时间的延长,高强度水泥胶结强度与中、低强度水泥胶结强度趋于相同;3种强度水泥环的胶结强度均随候凝时间的延长而增加,但是候凝时间达到18 h后,界面胶结强度的增加趋势逐渐递减;使用?50.8 mm、?76.2 mm、?114.3 mm等3种不同尺寸的模拟套管,水泥环的胶结强度变化规律一致.研究表明,中、低强度水泥与高强度水泥在胶结强度方面相差较小,所以可以考虑研发中、低强度水泥替代高强度水泥用于浅层固井作业;浅层固井的候凝时间达到一定时间节点后,胶结强度增加趋势放缓,后期可进行浅层固井最佳候凝时间窗口的研究.利用相似性原理模拟现场施工工况的实验具有可靠性.

南海海域台风频发,对于深水浮式钻井平台,常规避台模式要求回收所有隔水管,但是在深水、超深水海域,这种应对台风的方案有其局限性.据测算,水深超过1500 m时,台风准备时间(回收所有隔水管、处理井口的作业时间)超过4天,而目前天气预报的水平只能提前4～5天,因此常规避台难度极大,经常会遭遇到还没有起完隔水管,台风已经逼近平台位置的情况,悬挂隔水管成为一种不得不面对的防台避台方案.硬悬挂和软悬挂是目前悬挂隔水管两种常见的模式,由于软悬挂能够补偿和缓解钻井船升沉施加在悬挂隔水管上的动态载荷,因此业内普遍认为软悬挂模式在提高悬挂隔水管对海洋环境的适应能力方面具有一定的优势,但是常规的软悬挂模式作业程序复杂,而且实施过程中存在伸缩节、张力器液缸等相关设备冲程超标的风险.通过对隔水管悬挂状态下横向和轴向的动力响应进行分析,确定了限制隔水管悬挂安全的主要因素,针对隔水管应力超标和转角过大、干涉等风险,设计了一种具有加装扶正器的锥形悬挂短节;针对悬挂隔水管的轴向压缩风险,研制了一种具有补偿功能的隔水管悬挂装置,降低了悬挂隔水管动态载荷产生轴向压缩和动态应力超标的风险.定量评估表明使用新型隔水管悬挂系统,可以将常规的悬挂窗口由不足10年一遇波流环境条件提高到满足100年一遇的波流环境条件,大大提高了悬挂隔水管的安全性.

Liwan 22-1-1 ultra-deep water well is located in the eastern section of the South China Sea, with an operating water depth of 2 199.35 m, and is the deepest deep water well in China. Addressing to technical challenges of ultra water depth, low seabed temperature, extremely narrow safety pressure window, poor diagenesis of shallow stratum, complicated mechanical behaviors of riser and drill string, mature drilling engineering design and precise onsite management had been implemented, and some key technical measures including jetting conductor driving in, FLAT-PRO constant rheological synthetic drilling fluid, low temperature early strength cement slurry surface casing cementing, drilling fluid equivalent circulation density (ECD) monitoring while drilling, etc, had been adopted to fulfill the drilling safely and efficiently, which established the record of shortest drilling cycle under the same water depth in the world, and achieved an excellent project engineering quality. The successful drilling of Liwan 22-1-1 ultra-deep water well marked a major breakthrough in China's ultra-deep water drilling technology. It not only accumulated valuable experience for China's ultra-deep water well drilling, but also promoted and guided the development of ultradeep water drilling technologies across the globe.

在深水钻井中,一旦钻遇浅水流极易出现井漏甚至井喷等重大事故.因此,在钻前对钻井事故发生做出提前判断,降低钻井风险显得尤为重要.本文对浅水流及其预测方法进行了概述,根据不同地质资料完整度条件,研究具有针对性的预测方法和流程.深水预测资料主要包括:浅层高精度地震剖面、地震资料、测井资料及邻井资料.通过多种资料的结合,提高预测精度,制定合理的深水钻井防治浅水流措施,提高深水钻井作业的安全性.

为保证深水钻井作业过程中锚泊系统的安全性,降低事故发生率,提高事故应急处置能力,基于故障树、工作安全分析等风险分析方法,并结合锚泊系统自身特性,设计深水半潜式平台锚泊系统风险分析流程.依据钻井作业周期顺序,从抛锚、钻井作业及起锚阶段设计锚泊系统作业风险分析流程.搜集统计锚泊系统常见事故类型,设计走锚风险分析流程,建立走锚事故应急程序.结果表明:所设计的锚泊系统风险分析流程能够弥补现有锚泊系统风险分析的不足,为开展锚泊系统全生命周期内的风险分析提供理论指导,为其它锚泊系统风险相关研究提供参考.

An optimum design method for composite mooring system components of semi-submersible drilling platform is proposed to decrease the chain length in mooring system in order to increase deploying and retracting efficiency of mooring line. Optimum design criterion and process are developed, combined with design parameters of mooring system. Hydrodynamic model of moored semi-submersible platform is established, and results of platform and mooring system are obtained based on ANSYS-AQWA. The optimum length of chain is 395m, by analyzing dimensionless parameters for offset of platform, minimum safety factor of mooring system, anchor dragging, grounding length of mooring line and uplift force of anchor, and considering the effect of pretension angle and pretension on steel chain reduction. The efficiency of deploying and retracting of mooring line is improved, and the variable load of platform is decreased.

Surface conductor sinking is one of the main risks in deep water drilling operations.Disturbance caused by jetting on bearing capacity is the main reason of surface conductor sinking.In order to ensure the subsea well-head stability during well construction and production process,a calculation model of surface conductor bearing ca-pacity considering time effect was established.Based on the structural features of surface conductor and jetting in-stallation technique,jetting experiments were carried out to study the bearing capacity of the conductor.The results show that jetting parameters have significant influence on the recovery of the friction force between the conductor and the surrounding seabed soil.The surface conductor bearing capacity increased exponentially with time.The friction force restores quickly in an interval immediately after the conductor is jetted down to the designed depth.And the bearing capacity increases with time,but the rate of increase gets slower with time.Friction force of the conductor is inversely proportional to the flow rate and bit-out.Influence of bit-out on the bearing capacity decreases once the bit nozzle is completely out of the conductor.In jetting operations,it is significant to select the appropriate jetting param-eters and take into account the time effect on bearing capacity to guarantee the stability of surface conductor.

张力腿平台是深海油气勘探开发的重要装备,而表层导管负责承载后续管串及水下防喷器,因此研究张力腿平台表层导管的安装方法对维持井口稳定性具有重要意义.针对南海某油田深水张力腿平台开发模式和水下井口布置方式,从水下井口间距、海底土特性等影响因素出发,分析了钻入法、喷射法和水下打桩法等3种表层导管安装方法的特点及适应性,并综合考虑张力腿平台安装时间、油田投产时间等因素,开展了张力腿平台表层导管安装方法优选.研究结果表明,水下打桩法在批量施工中作业效率较高、经济性较好,是张力腿平台表层导管安装方法的首选,可为南海深水油田张力腿表层导管安装提供借鉴.

根据不同工况对锚泊系统的不同要求,确定锚泊系统性能优化的设计变量、优化目标和约束条件等.以南海某深水半潜式钻井平台为例,采用ANSYS-AQWA软件建立平台-锚泊系统动力耦合分析模型,根据现场环境载荷划分工况,并采用AQWA-DRIFT模块进行时域分析,得到各个方向上平台的最大漂移量、平均漂移量及系泊线最小安全系数等结果.基于作业工况安全作业窗口最大的优化要求,以及现场对平台漂移量和系泊线安全性能要求的优先级顺序,确定作业工况下的最优预张力范围;选取某极限工况,基于极限工况系泊线安全系数最大的优化要求,确定极限工况最优预张力范围.

The method of pumping killing fluid with different densities at high flow rate into blowout well through relief well is the first choice of well killing by relief well. This paper briefly sets forth the technical principle of dynamic well killing and provides the key points in dynamic well killing design and the method of equipment selection. The flow of dynamic well killing design was given in an example of one well, and the simulation of dynamic killing of multi-reservoir blowout was carried out under WCD (worst case discharge). The paper also gives the methods for selection of killing fluid density, platform equipment, etc. based on dynamic well killing. It is thought that the deepwater dynamic well killing design should take into account the fluid types of blowout well, blowout flow channels, wellbore flowrate under the effect of water depth, etc. Compared with conventional well killing method, deepwater dynamic well killing method is characterized by large displacement (max. up to 12 m3/min), high surface pump pressure (max. up to 26 MPa), large volume of required killing fluid (max. up to 2 100 m3), etc. All these can be used as a reference to the concept of design of dynamic well killing through relief well, drilling fluid pump on the platform, drilling fluid storage capacity, equipment selection, etc.