Tetrastigma hemsleyanum (Sanyeqing) is a valuable perennial medicinal plant in China, renowned for its extensive pharmacological properties and applications in traditional medicine. However, its cultivation is threatened by anthracnose disease. This study identified the causal Colletotrichum species responsible for the disease in Zhejiang province via morphological characterization and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses (ACT, CAL, CHS-1, GAPDH, ITS). The results revealed considerable diversity among these pathogens, with C. fructicola identified as a widely distributed species with relatively high virulence. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. aenigma, C. siamense, C. plurivorum, C. sojae, and C. truncatum as causal agents of anthracnose on T. hemsleyanum. Pathogenicity of all species was confirmed, which fulfilled Koch's postulates. Collectively, these findings clarify the pathogenic species associated with T. hemsleyanum anthracnose in Zhejiang and provide a theoretical foundation for the development of effective disease control strategies.

• Preventation of fruit drop is not only essential for increasing production in horticultural crop but also directly determines fruit quality. Although the hormones and other plant growth regulators have been investigated and applied in production, there is still lack of a natural, effective and available option to reduce fruit drop.• Piceatannol, as a natural phenolic compound, has been reported for positive medical treatment in human. In this study, we unveiled the regulatory role of piceatannol in Morella rubra (M. rubra), that sufficiently inhibit fruit drop before harvesting and better than the application of 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (4-CPA).• Our data suggested that piceatannol was implicated in fruit drop via increasing auxin and zeatin levels in M. rubra during fruit development. The integrative analysis of transcriptome and metabolome further revealed that piceatannol-regulated pathway in decrease of fruit drop is related with programmed cell death and plant hormone signal transduction in M. rubra.• This work provides a theoretic basis for the inhibitory role of piceatannol against fruit drop, aiming to offer a potential and sufficient mean for improving horticultural crop yields.

Strawberry anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum siamense threatens global strawberry production. Traditional chemical control faces environmental and safety challenges, making resistant cultivar development critical for sustainability. This study aimed to rank 10 cultivars’ resistance to C. siamense Cs.4J and clarify temporal redox and transcriptomic drivers of resistance. We evaluated resistance using the disease index (DI), observed oxidative stress indicators [peroxidase (POD), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT)], and conducted Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis and weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA). Significant resistance differences emerged: ‘Tianxianzui’ (TXZ) was resistant (DI 10.0–20.0%), while ‘Miaoxiang7’ (MX7) was highly susceptible (DI > 50%). ‘MX7’ showed sustained POD overactivation, progressive H2O2 accumulation, and high MDA (severe oxidative damage); ‘TXZ’ maintained redox balance via earlier CAT activation. KEGG identified 5 key pathways (e.g., phenylpropanoid biosynthesis), and Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) revealed 2 core modules (resistance-related red, susceptibility-related brown) plus 2 hub genes (FvRNF144B-like [Fragaria vesca RING Finger Protein 144B-like], FaPHR1-like [Fragaria × ananassa PHR1-like]). ‘TXZ’ and ‘MX7’ represent resistant/susceptible cultivars; early CAT activation for redox balance is a key resistance trait. The 5 pathways and 2 hub genes provide a theoretical basis for future functional validation and exploring strawberry–C. siamense interaction mechanisms.

Bletilla striata (Thunb. ex A. Murray) Rchb (known as baiji in Chinese), a herbal plant distributed mainly in China, has become a focus of scientific attention recently due to its medicinal value (He et al. 2017). In May 2023, blight symptoms on leaves and stems were observed approximately 60% of Bletilla striata in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (29.80° N, 119.67° E). Brown spots initially appear on the infected leaves, which gradually decay as the spots expand. The wilting is accompanied with fading and yellowing, and eventually leading to defoliation. The infected stem initially appears brown spots, which gradually decay as the spots expand, resulting in the death of the whole plant, affecting the yield and quality of the herbs ultimately. To isolate the pathogen, small symptomatic leaves and stems (5×5 mm) were surface-disinfected with 75% ethanol for 30 s and 1% NaClO for 2 min, then rinsed in distilled water 3 times. Subsequently, the disinfected tissues were placed on PDA and incubated at 27 ℃ for 3 days. A total of 8 fungal isolates with similar morphological characteristics were obtained. The colony by single-spore purification was light purple to dark purple with abundant aerial mycelium. Macroconidia were relatively slender with a curve, mainly three to five septate and measuring 24.34 to 54.64 μm (average 40.29 μm) × 3.59 to 5.45 μm (average 4.49 μm) (n=30). Microconidia appeared obovoid to pyriform, with sizes of 5.31 to 8.43 μm (average 7.12 μm) × 2.30 to 4.29 μm (average 3.22 μm) (n=30). The morphological characteristics were consistent with Fusarium annulatum (Yilmaz et al. 2021). To further confirm the isolate's identification, the genomic DNA of isolates were extracted and identified by phylogenetic analyses of multilocus sequences of the RNA polymerase largest subunit (rpb1, primers Fa and G2R), RNA polymerase second largest subunit (rpb2, primers 7cf and 11ar) and the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1, primers EF1 and EF2) (O'Donnell et al. 2022). The sequences were deposited in GenBank (rpb1: OR493933, OR493934, OR753402; rpb2: OR753398, OR753399, OR753400; tef1: OR493935, OR493936, OR753401). BLAST searches of the rpb1, rpb2, and tef1 sequences revealed 99.83% (1775/1778 nt), 99.79% (957/959 nt), and 98.98% (678/685 nt) homology with those of Fusarium annulatum CBS:258.54 from New Caledonia (rpb1: MT010944; rpb2: MT010983; tef1: MT010994). To confirm pathogenicity, one-year-old B. striata leaves and stems were disinfected with 75% ethanol, wounded with a sterile syringe on 3 healthy leaves and stems, inoculated with 5 × 5 mm mycelial discs of strain BJ-L1 and BJ-S1, respectively. And the control were treated similarly except that they were inoculated with PDA discs. The experiment was replicated 3 times. After 5 days, all inoculated leaves and stems showed similar symptoms to those initially observed on infected plants. The same pathogen was re-isolated and identified by morphological characterization and molecular analysis, confirming Koch's postulates. Thus, the pathogen causing blight of B. striata was determined to be F. annulatum. To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. annulatum causing blight on B. striata in China. F. annulatum has a wide range of hosts and has been reported to infect a wide range of crops, fruits and vegetables (Bacon et al. 1991). This study provides the basis for further research on this disease and is important for the management of this disease and the improvement of the economic benefits of B. striata.

‘Hangju’ is a variety of Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat. with both edible and medicinal value, cultivated as a traditional Chinese medicine for four centuries. The cultivation of ‘Hangju’ is currently at risk due to waterlogging, yet there is a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding its response to waterlogging stress. This study compared the waterlogging-tolerant ‘Hangju’ variety Enhanced Waterlogging Tolerance (EWT) with the waterlogging-sensitive variety CK (‘zaoxiaoyangju’). EWT exhibited a more developed aeration tissue structure and demonstrated rapid growth regarding the adventitious roots following waterlogging. The time-course transcriptome analysis indicated that EWT could swiftly adjust the expression of the genes involved in the energy metabolism signaling pathways to acclimate to the waterlogged environment. Through WGCNA analysis, we identified Integrase-Type DNA-Binding Protein (CmTINY2) as a key factor in regulating the waterlogging tolerance in EWT. CmTINY2, a transcription factor belonging to the ethylene-responsive factor (ERF) subfamily III, operated within the nucleus and activated downstream gene expression. Its role in enhancing the waterlogging tolerance might be linked to the control of the stomatal aperture via the Ethylene-Responsive Element (ERE) gene. In summary, our research elucidated that the waterlogging tolerance displayed by EWT is a result of a combination of the morphological structure and molecular regulatory mechanisms. Furthermore, the study of the functions of CmTINY2 from ERF subfamily III also broadened our knowledge of the role of the ERF genes in the waterlogging signaling pathways.

Winterberry holly (Ilex verticillata) is an economically valuable landscaping ornamental plant. Serious outbreaks have been reported, in its leaf tips curl upward, irregular black brown spots appear on leaves, and extensive defoliation is commonly observed. The incidence in Hangzhou was estimated at 50% and resulted in large economic losses for growers in 2018. Samples were collected from the main cultivation area in Zhejiang Province. In total, 11 fungal isolates were obtained from diseased leaves through a single-spore purification method, and isolate LVY 9 exhibited strong pathogenicity. Based on morphology and molecular phylogenetic analyses based on multilocus sequence typing of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, actin (ACT), calmodulin (CAL), and chitin synthase (CHS-1) genes, we identified the pathogen as Colletotrichum siamense, causative agent of anthracnose of winterberry holly.

Bacterial wilt of Curcuma wenyujin（BWCW） caused by Ralstonia solanaceraum was becoming a common destructive disease in the planting of C. wenyujin at present. In order to control the disease, a bio-organic fertilizer（BOF） was developed by using Paenibacillus jamila ZJU-C612-3 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ZJU-C612-4, which were screened early in our laboratory and showed strong antagonistic activities to R. solanaceraum. The incidence rate of C. wenyujin tuber treated with BOF in greenhouse pot culture was reduced by 60 percentage point. After using 200 kg BOF in 667 m~2 field, the incidence rate of healthy C. wenyujin tuber was reduced by 17.66 percentage point, and the plants grew well. In addition, the BOF could alleviate the monocropping obstacle of C. wenyujin. After applying bio-organic fertilizer in the 5-year continuous cropping field, the incidence rate of continuous cropping C. wenyujin tuber decreased by 9.43 percentage point and 19.75 percentage point in July and August. This study result could provide a basis for the industrialized development of bio-organic fertilizer for the control of bacterial wilt of C. wenyujin in future.

Dendrobium officinale is an important traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). A disease causing bud blight in D. officinale appeared in 2021 in Yueqing city, Zhejiang Province, China. In this paper, 127 isolates were obtained from 61 plants. The isolates were grouped into 13 groups based on collected areas and morphological observations. Four loci (ITS, LSU, tub2 and rpb2) of 13 representative isolates were sequenced and the isolates were identified by constructing phylogenetic trees with the multi-locus sequence analysis (MLSA) method. We found the disease to be associated with three strains: Ectophoma multirostrata, Alternaria arborescens and Stagonosporopsis pogostemonis, with isolates frequencies of 71.6%, 21.3% and 7.1%, respectively. All three strains are pathogenic to D. officinale. A. arborescens and S. pogostemonis isolated from D. officinale were reported for the first time. Iprodione (50%), 33.5% oxine-copper and Meitian (containing 75 g/L pydiflumetofen and 125 g/L difenoconazole) were chosen to control the dominant pathogen E. multirostrata, with an EC50 value of 2.10, 1.78 and 0.09 mg/L, respectively. All three fungicides exhibited an effective inhibition of activities to the growth of the dominant pathogen E. multirostrata on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates, with Meitian showing the strongest inhibitory effect. We further found that Meitian can effectively control D. officinale bud blight disease in pot trial.

Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat. is a famous perennial herb with medicinal, edible, and ornamental purposes, but the occurrence of plant diseases can reduce its value. A serious disease that caused leaf spots in C. morifolium appeared in 2022 in Tongxiang City, Zhejiang Province, China. The C. morifolium leaves with brown spots were collected and used for pathogen isolation. By completing Koch’s postulates, it was proven that the isolate had pathogenicity to infect C. morifolium. It was determined that the pathogen isolated from chrysanthemum leaves was Nigrospora oryzae, through morphology and a multilocus sequence analysis method using a combination of the internal transcribed spacer gene (ITS), beta-tubulin gene (TUB2), and translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene (TEF1-α). This is the first report of C. morifolium disease caused by N. oryzae in the world. Through dual culture assay on PDA plates, 12 strains of bacteria with antagonistic effects were selected from 231 strains from the C. morifolium phyllosphere, among which Bacillus siamensis D65 had the best inhibitory effect on N. oryzae growth. In addition, the components of a strain D65 fermentation broth were profiled by SPME-GC-Q-TOF analysis, providing a foundation for further application and research of biological control.

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is a commercial spice crop well-known throughout the world, valued for culinary, colorant, and pharmaceutical purposes. In China, Fusarium nirenbergiae was detected as causative agent of saffron corm rot, the most pervasive disease for the first time in 2020. In the present study, 261 Fusarium-like isolates were recovered from 120 rotted corms in four saffron producing fields at Zhejiang, Shanghai, and Yunnan provinces, China, in 2021. A combination of morpho-cultural features and multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) of the concatenated rpb2 (DNA-directed RNA polymerase II largest subunit) and tef1 (translation elongation factor 1-α) partial sequences showed that the isolates from saffron belong to Fusarium nirenbergiae as well as F. commune, and F. annulatum with isolation frequencies of 58.2%, 26.8%, and 14.9%, respectively. Notably, F. commune was more prevalent than F. annulatum in the collected samples. Pathogenicity tests confirmed that both species were pathogenic on saffron corm. This is the first report of F. annulatum and F. commune causing corm rot of saffron, globally. Outcomes of the current research demonstrate that Fusarium spp. associated with saffron corm rot are more diverse than previously reported. Furthermore, some plants were infected by two or more Fusarium species. Our findings broaden knowledge about Fusarium spp. that inflict corm rot and assist the development of control measures.

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is the most expensive spice plant and is distributed widely around the world. However, its production is limited by corm rot, a disastrous disease, attributed to Fusarium oxysporum in many regions of the world. In 2020, extensive surveys were carried out in Zhejiang, Shanghai, Anhui, and Guizhou provinces as saffron growing areas of China. Fourteen single-spore isolates were obtained from rotted corms and identified as F. nirenbergiae according to morphological appearance and multilocus phylogenetic analysis with translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1), DNA-directed RNA polymerase II largest subunit (rpb2), and β-tubulin (tub2). Results of the pathogenicity assay supported the conclusion that F. nirenbergiae is the pathogen responsible for corm rot. In this study, we obtained the whole genome sequence of two highly virulent F. nirenbergiae strains via the Illumina HiSeq platform. Genome sequence assemblies of approximately 52.7 and 52.2 Mb were generated for isolates WY5 and SH1, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of F. nirenbergiae causing C. sativus corm rot in China and indeed worldwide. Results from this research contribute to our understanding of genetic diversity, genomic information, and host determination, which will enable researchers to design appropriate management measures for this hazardous disease.

A rare plant species of the Orchidaceae family, Dendrobium officinale is considered among the top ten Chinese medicinal herbs for its polysaccharide. Since 2021, when the dieback disease of D. officinale was first reported in Yueqing City, Zhejiang Province, China, Fusarium isolates (number = 152) were obtained from 70 plants in commercial greenhouses. The disease incidence ranged from 40% to 60% in the surveyed areas. Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) coupled with morphological characterization revealed that the collected isolates belonged to five species (sp.), viz., Fusarium concentricum, F. fujikuroi, F. nirenbergiae, F. curvatum, and F. stilboides, with isolation frequencies of 34.6%, 22.3%, 18.4%, 13.8%, and 10.5%, respectively. Notably, at least two Fusarium species were simultaneously isolated and identified from the infected plants. Finally, the pathogenicity test results demonstrated that such species were responsible for the dieback disease of D. officinale. However, F. concentricum and F. fujikuroi were more invasive compared to the other species in this study. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study was the first report of F. concentricum, F. curvatum, F. fujikuroi, F. nirenbergiae, and F. stilboides causing the dieback disease of D. officinale in China and worldwide. This work provides valuable data about the diversity and pathogenicity of Fusarium populations, which will help in formulating effective strategies and policies for better control of the dieback disease.

Plant virus elimination is commonly used to rejuvenate the plant, and improve yield and quality, but how it affects belowground growth and the soil environment remains unknown. Here, the root morphological and metabolic traits, soil physicochemical properties, and bacterial diversity and composition of the rhizosphere and surrounding bulk soil of virus-free (VF) and common virus- carrying (VC) Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat were identifed using LC-MS-MS and high-throughput MiSeq sequencing analysis. These plants were cultivated in the same field and experienced similar management practices. The results showed that the VF chrysanthemum cultivation improved soil properties, including soil carbon and aggregate stability, and exhibited significantly higher plant growth parameters than the VC plants. Plant virus elimination significantly enhanced root biomass production and proliferation, and promoted the synthesis of root metabolites, in addition to the quantity of rootreleased organic carbon. Further analysis indicated that root-associated microbial diversity increased after plant virus elimination. The shift from soil oligotrophy to copiotrophy bacteria were mainly driven by changes in root morphological and metabolic traits, indicating a strong bottom-up regulatory effect in VF chrysanthemum roots. In conclusion, plant virus elimination has great potential for improving soil quality, bacterial diversity, aboveand belowground productivity, which may provide a new approach for future environmental breeding programs.

目的:探讨阿托伐他汀对慢性硬膜下血肿(CSDH)患术后改良barthel指数(MBI)和中国卒中量表(CSS)评分的影响.方法:选择2014年2月至2019年2月我院接诊的126例CSDH术后患者进行研究,通过随机数表法将其分为观察组和对照组,每组各63例.两组患者均接受钻孔引流术,对照组术后给予常规处理,观察组联合阿托伐他汀口服治疗,均持续用药1个月.比较两组治疗前后血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、人S100B蛋白(S-100B、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-1(IL-1)、MBI、CSS评分的变化情况及不良反应的发生情况和复发情况.结果:观察组治疗后血清NSE、S-100B、CRP、TNF-α、IL-1水平均低于对照组(P＜0.05),MBI评分高于对照组,CSS评分低于对照组(P＜0.05);两组不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),观察组复发率明显低于对照组(P＜0.05).结论:阿托伐他汀能降低CSDH患者患术后炎症反应,提高MBI、CSS评分,降低复发率,且不增加不良反应.

立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani kühn)寄主范围广且腐生性强,主要危害禾本科、茄科、豆科和十字花科等43科260多种植物,造成水稻、玉米和马铃薯等作物产量严重减少以及品质下降.目前种质库中尚未发现高水平的抗源,因此无法借助转基因手段培育抗立枯丝核菌的新材料.立枯丝核菌致病因子主要为毒素和细胞壁降解酶,基于病原菌和植物互作关系,本文着重阐述了立枯丝核菌毒素提取工艺的发展、成分鉴定、生物活性及致病机理,旨在为进一步深入研究立枯丝核菌及其相关病害的有效防治提供一定的理论依据.

[背景]植物内生菌广泛分布在自然界中,具有巨大的潜在开发与应用价值.[目的]对温郁金内生细菌进行分离鉴定,并从中筛选出具有生防潜能的菌株.[方法]采用常规组织分离法对温郁金根茎内生细菌进行分离并利用16S rRNA基因序列分析进行初步鉴定;采用平板对峙法以铁皮石斛炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)为供试菌株对温郁金内生细菌进行拮抗菌的筛选;通过形态学鉴定、生理生化鉴定以及16S rRNA基因序列分析,确定拮抗菌株B-11的分类地位;以6个不同属的植物病原真菌为供试菌株对拮抗菌株B-11的抑菌谱进行测定,并研究其对病原菌菌丝的影响;利用特异性平板和MALDI-TOF-MS检测技术对拮抗菌株B-11产生的抑菌物质进行检测;采用离体叶片接种法研究拮抗菌株B-11对铁皮石斛炭疽病菌的防治效果.[结果]从温郁金根茎中分离得到25株内生细菌菌株,这些细菌菌株分属于12个属,其中芽孢杆菌属为优势菌属,占分离菌株的28％;通过初筛获得8株对C.gloeosporioides有抑菌活性的菌株,其中菌株B-11的抑菌活性最强,经鉴定该菌为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacllius velezensis);抑菌谱测定发现菌株B-11能够对供试的属于不同属的6种植物病原真菌的菌丝生长具有抑制作用,显微观察发现经对峙培养6d后这6种病原菌的菌丝体出现畸形膨大、分枝增多等现象;特异性平板检测结果表明拮抗菌株B-11能够产生蛋白酶、β-葡聚糖酶和嗜铁素,但不产生几丁质酶;MALDI-TOF-MS检测结果表明拮抗菌株B-11能够产生伊枯草素、丰源素和表面活性素3种脂肽类抗生素,其中伊枯草素的产量最高;离体叶片接种实验表明,拮抗菌B-11的离心去菌发酵液对铁皮石斛炭疽病的防治效率可达64％.[结论]温郁金根茎含有丰富的内生细菌资源,其内生细菌菌株B-11有潜力作为开发抗真菌代谢物和新药物的重要微生物资源.

为鉴定药用植物内生菌的种类,采用稀释涂布平板法从多花黄精Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua的根、茎、叶内分离出11株内生菌菌株,经平板对峙法筛选出对尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum具有拮抗作用的菌株ZJU-3.经形态学、生理生化鉴定及16S rDNA序列分析,初步确定该菌株为贝莱斯芽胞杆菌Bacillus velezensis.通过基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)分析,发现该菌株能产生表面活性素(surfactin)、泛革素(fengycin)和伊枯草菌素(iturin)三类脂肽类化合物.利用盐酸沉淀和甲醇抽提法获得了菌株ZJU-3发酵液中脂肽粗提物.该脂肽粗提物可明显抑制尖孢镰刀菌菌丝的生长,抑制率达到51.6％.经液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS)分析表明菌株ZJU-3可产生吲哚乙酸、激动素、玉米素、赤霉素等多种植物激素.温室栽培试验结果发现该菌株对多花黄精具有显著的促生效果,根长和单株根数明显高于对照组.本研究可为进一步应用该菌株提供理论依据.

采集元胡种植前后水稻冬闲田的土壤样品,采用平板法分离土壤中微生物,rDNA序列分析微生物种类,同时测定土壤中氮、 磷、 钾、 微生物碳氮等含量.结果显示,与水稻收获后翻耕田块相比,种植元胡田块细菌数量显著降低(降低76.9％),放线菌数量显著提高(提高812.2％);种植元胡田块全氮、 全磷、 全钾、碱解氮和速效钾等含量无显著变化,但显著提升了土壤速效磷、 土壤微生物碳氮和土壤微生物熵;冬闲田和种植元胡田块差异不显著.元胡667 m2产量为118 kg,市场价格43元·kg-1,667 m2效益5074元.研究表明,水稻+元胡种植模式可作为浙江地区水稻冬闲田的一种新型的栽培模式.

乙酰乳酸合成酶（Acetolactate synthase,ALS）是影响植物和微生物体内3种支链氨基酸生物合成第1阶段的关键性酶,已证实其为一种重要的除草剂靶标,并被广泛应用.禾谷镰刀菌是禾本科作物的重要病原菌之一,为了探索以ALS为靶标,开发禾谷镰刀菌病害防治药剂的可能性,根据已有ALS抑制剂的结构特点设计合成了14种嘧啶氧苄胺类化合物,以双草醚为对照,测定了它们对水稻、油菜和禾谷镰刀菌ALS的抑制效果.发现4种化合物对镰刀菌ALS都有抑制作用.并且,这4种化合物都能不同程度地抑制水稻ALS的活性,其中2种化合物能抑制油菜ALS的活性.通过分析这4种化合物对镰刀菌生长的抑制效果,可知它们对ALS与菌体的抑制效果存在差异,总体上对ALS的抑制效果更强.此外,针对化合物12#进行不同浓度的抗菌活性测定,发现该化合物的浓度与对镰刀菌生长的抑制率呈正相关.研究还表明,ALS对不同类型生物的抑制具有特异性,这为进一步开发以ALS为靶标的禾谷镰刀菌病害防治药剂提供了新的思路.

ABSTRACT CTX-M-producing Escherichia coli is the predominant type of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli worldwide. In this study, molecular typing was conducted for 139 CTX-M-producing E. coli isolates, phenotypically positive for ESBLs, isolated from environmental water, swine, healthy humans, and hospitalized patients in Hangzhou, China. The antibiotic resistance profiles of the isolates for the cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones were determined. The isolates showed 100% resistance to cefotaxime and ceftriaxone while maintaining relatively high susceptibility to cefoxitin, cefepime, and ceftazidime. A total of 61.9% (86/139) of the isolates, regardless of origin, showed high resistance to fluoroquinolones. PCRs and DNA sequencing indicated that bla CTX-M-14 was the most prevalent CTX-M-9 group gene and that bla CTX-M-15 and bla CTX-M-55 were the dominant CTX-M-1 group genes. Isolates from all sources with CTX-M types belonging to the CTX-M-1 or CTX-M-9 group were most frequently associated with epidemics. Molecular homology analysis of the isolates, conducted by phylogenetic grouping, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and multilocus sequence typing (MLST), demonstrated that the dominant clones belonged to B2-ST131, D-ST648, D-ST38, or A-CC10. These four sequence types (STs) were discovered in E. coli isolates both from humans and from environmental water, suggesting frequent and continuous intercompartment transmission between humans and the aquatic environment. Seven novel sequence types were identified in the current study. In conclusion, this study is the first to report the molecular homology analysis of CTX-M-producing E. coli isolates collected from water, swine, and healthy and hospitalized humans, suggesting that pathogens in the environment might originate both from humans and from animals.