Home range estimation is the basis of ecology and animal behavior research. Some popular estimators have been presented; however, they have not fully considered the impacts of terrain and obstacles. To address this defect, a novel estimator named the density-based fuzzy home range estimator (DFHRE) is proposed in this study, based on the active learning method (ALM). The Euclidean distance is replaced by the cost distance-induced geodesic distance transformation to account for the effects of terrain and obstacles. Three datasets are used to verify the proposed method, and comparisons with the kernel density-based estimator (KDE) and the local convex hulls (LoCoH) estimators and the cross validation test indicate that the proposed estimator outperforms the KDE and the LoCoH estimators.

河南南召县银洞山铅锌矿床地处兰草—回龙多金属Ⅳ级成矿带中段,是中国中部重要的多金属成矿远景区.文章通过对银洞山铅锌矿床地质特征、岩矿石岩相学特征、地球化学特征进行分析,认为区内的栾川群煤窑沟组、NWW-NW向断裂构造和燕山期花岗岩对成矿有十分重要的作用,成矿物质主要来源于燕山期花岗岩,有部分来自地层;并认为该矿床为岩浆热液型矿床.

Fuzzy c-means clustering is an important non-supervised classification method for remote-sensing images and is based on type-1 fuzzy set theory. Type-1 fuzzy sets use singleton values to express the membership grade; therefore, such sets cannot describe the uncertainty of the membership grade. Interval type-2 fuzzy c-means (IT2FCM) clustering and relevant methods are based on interval type-2 fuzzy sets. Real vectors are used to describe the clustering centres, and the average values of the upper and lower membership grades are used to determine the classification of each pixel. Thus, the width information for interval clustering centres and interval membership grades are ignored. The main contribution of this article is to propose an improved IT2FCM* algorithm by adopting interval number distance (IND) and ranking methods, which use the width information of interval clustering centres and interval membership grades, thus distinguishing this method from existing fuzzy clustering methods. Three different IND definitions are tested, and the distance definition proposed by Li shows the best performance. The second contribution of this work is that two fuzzy cluster validity indices, FS- and XB-, are improved using the IND. Three types of multi/hyperspectral remote-sensing data sets are used to test this algorithm, and the experimental results show that the IT2FCM* algorithm based on the IND proposed by Li performs better than the IT2FCM algorithm using four cluster validity indices, the confusion matrix, and the kappa coefficient (kappa). Additionally, the improved FS- index has more indicative ability than the original FS- index.

The Tudimiaogou-Yindongshan lead-zinc polymetallic orefield is located in the Tudimiaogou-Weimoshi lead and zinc silver polymetallic metallogenic belt. The belt is an important part of southwestern Henan lead and zinc silver polymetallic metallogenic province, of which molybdenum, gold resources play an important role in China. Frequent magmatic activity and widespread structure in the area provide favourable metallogenic conditions(Fu, 2012; Zhang, et al, 2015). Based on the study on the geochemical characteristics of the orefield and the macroscopic geological survey, this paper discusses the characteristics of the ore-forming fluid and the ore-forming material source, and analyze the genesis of the orefield. This work is to make contributions to enriching the metallogenic theory of southwestern Henan. *

Based on the study of geological characteristics and fluid inclusions, the ore-forming process can be divided into 3 metallogenic stages, quartz pyrite stage, quartz polymetallic sulfide stage and quartz carbonate stage.The main type of fluid inclusions is rich liquid inclusions (LV type).Quartz pyrite stage homogenization temperature is mainly concentrated in 290℃-330℃, the salinity range changes from 0.35% to 11.23%, the average value is 5.37%.The homogenization temperature of quartz polymetallic sulfide stage is mainly concentrated in 290℃-330℃, the salinity range changes from 0.35% to 11.23%, the average value is 5.37%.The quartz-carbonate stage homogenization temperature is mainly concentrated in 133℃-201℃, the salinity range changes from 2.23% to 12.07%, the average value is 4.96%.The ore-forming fluid in the initial stage is magmatic fluids of high salinity, which is belonged to H2O-NaCl system of low-middle temperature and low salinity.With the further evolution of mineralization, atmospheric precipitation is involved in the late stage.

The Tudimiaogou Pb-Zn deposit located in the Tudimiaogou-Weimosi lead-zinc-silver polymetallic metallogenic belt,is an important part of Yuxina lead-zinc-silver polymetallic metallogenic province.Based on the field geological investigation,petrographic study and geochemical analysis,it is concluded that the Meiyaogou group is the main ore-bearing layer,NW-trending and NWW-trending fractures are the main ore-controlling structures,and there is a close relationship between mineralization and Yanshanian complex rock mass.Ore-forming materials mainly derived from magma mixed with strata material.The deposit genesis belongs to hypabyssal hydrothermal Pb-Zn deposit related to Yanshanian magmatic activity.

尕大阪铜多金属矿床位于北祁连东段,是北祁连走廊南山成矿带重要的块状硫化物矿床产地之一,其成矿构造环境一直有孤岛或大陆裂谷的争论.本文通过对矿床内不活泼元素Nb/Y-Zr/TiO2投图及微量元素分析,探讨研究区次火山岩和两种变质岩(绢云石英片岩、绿泥石片岩)的原岩特征以及矿石化学成分特征.通过对矿床内次火山岩的常量元素、微量元素及稀土元素特征研究,发现其具有岛弧环境火山岩的特征.并据此认为尕大坂铜多金属矿床形成于弧后岛弧环境.

为降低权重确定的不确定性,将循证医学领域广泛使用的Meta分析方法用于定量预测青海杂多地区的矿产资源.在分析该地区成矿规律与控矿因素的基础上,选择地层、构造、岩浆岩、地磁异常、化探异常和遥感蚀变异常这6个要素的11个预测因子,构建成矿定量预测的指标体系.以区内的50多个已知矿点为样本,采用规则网格单元统计上述11个预测因子与已知矿点的空间位置套合情况,从而将地质资料中的非定量数据转化为Meta分析所要求的定量信息,并通过Meta分析计算得到不同预测因子的优势比.通过分析各个预测因子之间优势比之差,结合模糊综合层次分析法(FAHP)求得各个因子在成矿预测中的权重.基于该权重,利用模糊综合评判(FCA)建立青海杂多地区铅锌多金属矿的成矿定量预测模型,并划分出3类不同级别的成矿有利区.以此为基础,划定出5个成矿远景区,圈定A类勘查靶区5处,B类勘查靶区10处,C类勘查靶区20处.研究结果表明:基于Meta分析的定量预测法比常规的综合化探异常法的找矿有效性提高36％.

The North Sanjiang metallogenic belt in Qinghai Province has excellent metallogenic conditions and geological background to form large or superlarge metal deposits, and Narigongma is the most typical porphyry Cu-Mo deposit in this region. Based on the typical characteristics of alteration zoning of the porphyry Cu-Mo deposit and using the ASTER data,the authors extracted the remote sensing alteration anomaly information of kaolinization, propylitization,pyritization and silicification by using Crosta technology and band ratio method. The distribution map of granite porphyry and faults was obtained on the basis of remote sensing interpretation of the ASTER and QuickBird images. According to the metallogenic regularity and ore-controlling factors of the Narigongma deposit, eight mineral prediction areas were delineated based on the mineral predictive factors derived from remote sensing data. The remote sensing characteristics of alteration zoning of Narigongma can provide important reference information for the exploration of porphyry Cu-Mo deposits in the North Sanjiang metallogenic belt.

文章在论述地学类专业的职业素质教育的概念和内涵基础上,认为地学类高等教育要在培养专业技能的同时,进一步加强学生的职业素质教育.要在人才培养方案中明确职业素质教育目标,加强“双师素质”师资队伍建设和实训基地建设,构建地学类本科职业化校园文化氛围,让职业素质教育贯穿于课程教育、实践活动和学生文化活动之中,将专业技术知识学习、职业技能训练和职业素质拓展有机结合起来,使学生在四年的大学生活中逐渐完成从学生向职业工作者的角色转变,实现高等教育的培养目标.

以培养地质人才的综合职业能力为导向,培养学生就业竞争能力是高等本科地学类教育课程改革的趋势.文章对学生综合职业能力的内涵进行了解析,并探讨了本科地学类教育综合职业能力课程的定位、内涵、改革方法和实施办法,希望能切实促进地质人才综合职业能力的培养,适应社会生产和岗位就业需求.

In recent years, the DIDSON (Dual-frequency IDentification SONar),which can provide almost-video-quality images to identify objects even in turbid water has been used in enumerating fish populations, underwater structures inspection, oil/gas leakage detection and identification, underwater security, evidence searching, ship’s hulls and ports safety inspection, and underwater navigation and so on. In this paper, a designed vessel-mounted observing systems collected DIDSON data and GPS data according to designed lines in the Dishui Lake, shanghai city. Every line area was calculated according to the depth and sonar open-angle. Trained observers counted manually each fish image in every DIDSON file. Then based on the area and number of fish observed, the average density and zoning density of the Dishui lake was calculated. At last the whole fish number and distribution was calculated based on the ARCGIS software. The practice proved the method based on DIDSON Data is very feasible, effective and accurate for fishery resources estimating.

With the advancement of remote sensing technology, the mineralization-related alteration anomalies can now be used as independent indicators for mineral exploration. Crosta technique, as a method for mineralization and alteration information extraction, played an important role in mineral exploration. However, the traditional Crosta technique calculates the eigenvectors of each component based on the statistical analysis of the entire image. It will produce a lot of noise in the abnormal component and reduce the accuracy of the alteration information extracted. This paper presents an improved method based on local variable window. In the improved method, the entire image is divided into a number of independent statistical analysis units by the local variable window. In each local variable window, principal component analysis and judgment of the abnormal component will comply after the elimination of interference information such as water, clouds, snow and so on. The improved method can reduce the background noise, filter interference information, and identify weak alteration information effectively. Using the improved Crosta technique, mineralization-related alteration anomalies are extracted to guide mineral resources prospecting in the Mohailaheng area, Qinghai province. The NWW-trending faults are the principal faults in the Mohailaheng area, which control the distribution of the strata and the mineralized zones. The combinations of silicification, ferritization and carbonatization anomalies within the fault zones are useful indicators for mineral exploration. There are some intensive alteration anomalies of silicification and ferritization in the intersections of fault F3, F4 and F5, which will be the high priority targets for Pb-Zn deposit exploration.

Mapping geochemical anomaly is essential for prospecting. Kriging is often used to characterize the spatial variability of geochemistry. However, due to its smooth effects, it is incapable of detecting multi-location uncertainty of geochemistry estimate. Sequential gaussian simulation (SGS) can model the spatial uncertainty through generation of several equally probable stochastic realizations. In this study, SGS is used to map Pb spatial distribution and to provide a quantitative measure of its spatial uncertainty in particular. The results show that the spatial pattern of Pb is well recognized using the SGS. The different among realizations is used to provide a quantitative measure of spatial uncertainty of Pb estimate. Knowledge of spatial uncertainty is helpful to evaluate anormal areas of Pb element.

对利用ASTER、RapidEye、QuickBird及ASAR等多种类型遥感影像在伟晶岩型矿床遥感找矿中的综合应用进行了探讨.云英岩化和钠长石化是阿祖拜矿田两类主要的蚀变类型.在分析其光谱特征的基础上,确定了利用ASTER数据对这两类蚀变进行信息提取的方法.利用ASTER热红外数据进行了岩浆岩类型的划分,为不同岩性接触带的准确定位提供了依据.伟晶岩在可见光-近红外光谱段的高反射率是伟晶岩的自动识别及遥感解译重要的物理基础.以QuickBird的伟晶岩解译结果为检验标准,得到RapidEye的伟晶岩自动提取精度约86％.构造交汇部位、岩性接触带以及伟晶岩富集区与蚀变异常的叠加部分是该区成矿预测的重要依据.基于蚀变异常、伟晶岩富集区、地质构造等遥感找矿综合信息,圈定了4个远景成矿靶区,为进一步开展地质详查工作提供参考.

Crop planting suitability evaluation is important for agricultural production. In this study, a comprehensive evaluation framework which combined geographical information system, remote sensing, global position system and geostatistics with other models was presented to evaluate the tobacco planting suitability on a small scale. Ten indicators from three respects of climate, terrain and soil nutrients were selected to build evaluation indicator system. The results show that 70% of study area is suitable for tobacco planting. However, the spatial distribution of current tobacco fields is some degree of irrationality, and 20% of fields are located in moderate or not suitable area. Through scale analysis of the arable land, the suitable fields are mainly distributed in the middle and southern parts of the study area, which is 6324.5 ha.

The classical statistical method is always used to construct quantitative remote sensing retrieval model. However, the method doesn't take into account the spatial relations between data, which will severely affect the retrieval accuracy. In order to improve the spatial predictive accuracy of soil organic matter, a multivariate geospatial method for making retrieval model was presented in this paper. Considering the spatial distribution characteristic of regression error, a multivariate geostatistical method called ordinary Kriging with varying local means (OKLM) was presented, which was used to construct remote sensing retrieval model. The method was illustrated using soil organic matter (SOM) content in Southwest Sichuan province, and was compared with other method, such as ordinary Kriging, ordinary remote sensing retrieval method, and remote sensing retrieval model based on regression Kriging. The results showedthe proposed method improved the predictive accuracy effectively among these methods, because the proposed method was based on relations between SOM sampling data and TM images using spatial statistics, taking fully into account the spatial relations among the data, and obtained more accurate retrieval model. Compared with regression Kriging, OKLM assumed that the means of regression errors cannot always be zero in local neighborhood, which was more in line with the actual situation. The proposed method provides a scientific basis for the farmland nutrient management and sustainable development of the regional agricultural.

Spectral distortion is one of the most significant problems in the field of remote sensing image fusion. In former studies, we found the fusion method based on independent component analysis (ICA) could solve this problem effectively, and attain a better balance between spectral and spatial information of fused image. However, this method may lead to spectral distort in a few local regions unavoidably. In this paper, an improved ICA fusion method is proposed. Improvement mainly includes two aspects. Firstly, a convenient way which uses negentropy to measure the nongaussianity of IC is presented to select main body independent component (MBIC); secondly, in order to avoid too much spatial information caused by replacing MBIC with panchromatic (PAN) image directly, a wavelet decomposition is applied to extract the detail information of PAN image. The results show that the proposed method can have a better trade-off between spectral and spatial information. Moreover, compared with ICA fusion method, it can not only improve the spatial resolution of fused image, but also eliminate the drawback of spectral distortion of ICA fusion method in some local regions.

Angou molybdenum deposit is located in the molybdenum ore belt in East Qinling,where Yanshanian granite and granite porphyry are exposed.Systematic geological survey and trace element analysis were used to identify the geological features and genetic type of the deposit.The results show that the low w(Rb)/w(Sr) ratios of the granite-like rock indicate the deep source of magma,the molybdenum content of the stratigraphy and igneous rock is much higher than the average,the very low molybdenum content around the ore body indicates that extraction of magma and hydrothermal effects is strong.Pb is positively correlated with Au and Ag.The relationship between mineralization of molybdenum and other elements is not obvious,Angou molybdenum deposit is defined as a porphyry-blasting breccias type deposit.Ore-forming processes can be summarized as the formation of the detachment fault system in mesozoic,magma emplacement and mineral extraction,ultra-shallow emplacement and blasting and hydrothermal mineralization.

为了提高土壤有机质含量的空间预测精度,该文采用了一种多元地统计方法来构建遥感定量反演模型.考虑到回归误差在空间上具有一定程度的聚类,该文提出了基于局部变化均值的普通克里金方法,然后用其构建土壤有机质含量遥感定量反演模型.对四川省西南部土壤有机质含量进行空间预测试验,并与普通克里金、普通遥感定量反演、基于回归克里金的遥感定量反演等方法相比较.结果表明:该文提出方法的空间预测结果最优,其原因为该方法通过空间统计来建立采样数据与地表反射率间的联系,充分考虑了数据间的空间相关性,因此可以更精确地获得土壤有机质含量的遥感反演模型;相比基于回归克里金的遥感定量反演方法,基于局部变化均值的普通克里金假设回归误差在局部邻域内的均值也不一定为零,更符合实际情况.该方法为农田养分管理及区域农业的可持续发展提供科学依据.