Prunus scopulorum is a valuable Chinese wild cherry germplasm resource. It can survive under relatively cold climate conditions and is highly adaptable to the environment. Here, we successfully constructed a high-quality whole-genome map of P. scopulorum at the chromosome level. The genome size is 248.6 Mb, with a scaffold N50 of 27.83 Mb. A total of ~111.76 Mb of repetitive sequences were identified, accounting for 44.96% of the total genome, of which 1.34% were long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs), 18.29% were long terminal repeats (LTRs), and 0.22% were short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs). The benchmarking universal single-copy orthologues (BUSCOs) value reached 97.0%, and the LTR assembly index (LAI) reached the reference genome level (17.04). Further analysis led us to predict the presence of 32,542 protein-coding genes, 99.41% of which are functionally annotated. This high-quality genome assembly provides valuable resources for understanding species evolution in the genus Prunus and promoting the study of important traits in P. scopulorum.

The European chestnut, native to Europe and found mainly in Eastern Europe, is highly valued for its unique nutritional characteristics and excellent wood quality, making it an essential economic tree species. In this paper, we report a haplotype-resolved chromosome-level genome of the European chestnut cultivar ‘Marron Nouzillard’ based on PacBio HiFi and Hi-C sequencing technology. The assembly contained two haploid genomes with sizes of 747.45 Mb (contig N50 of 22.57 Mb) and 731.89 Mb (contig N50 of 29.47 Mb), which predicted 50,614 and 51,385 protein-coding genes, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that European chestnut had the same ancestor as Chinese chestnut and Japanese chestnut, and European chestnut diverged from these two species 22.82 million years ago. According to the analysis of gene family expansion and contraction, there were 312 expanded groups and 200 contracted groups in European chestnut. Expansion gene enrichment analysis revealed that European chestnut was mainly associated with regulation of growth and development and detoxification, while Chinese chestnut was mainly associated with resistance to pests and diseases. These valuable genomic data hold great importance for the breeding, reproduction, and disease resistance improvement of European chestnuts.

This study systematically investigated the differential impacts of five commercial yeast strains on the chemical fingerprint and sensory attributes of cherry wine through integrating multiomics flavor analysis and sensory evaluation. During fermentation, total sugar content decreased from 220 g/L to 4.8-5.3 g/L, resulting in an ethanol concentration of around 11.0% (v/v). Cherry wine fermented with SIHA7 yeast exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity, whereas 71B yeast was particularly effective in reducing malic acid levels. This strain also showed an association with higher lactic acid concentrations in the final wine, suggesting a complex interplay between yeast metabolism and indigenous microbial activity. Sweet amino acids dominated the amino acid profile, accounting for 48.9%-61.1% of the total amino acids. The principal volatile compounds identified in the cherry wines included isoamyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol, isobutyraldehyde, 2-phenylethanol, ethyl acetate, ethyl caproate, and ethyl hexanoate. Among the tested yeasts, VIC (Vivace) showed the greatest ester production, with esters accounting for 55.8% of the total volatiles. Correlation analysis revealed that the floral aroma of cherry wine was significantly associated with specific amino acids (aspartic acid and serine), higher alcohols (isoamyl alcohol, 2-phenylethanol, and benzyl alcohol), and ethyl caproate. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the role of yeast species in shaping the quality and sensory attributes of cherry wine.

In plant science, understanding the hierarchical structure of leaf venations is crucial for insights into plant physiology, evolution, and ecology. However, data-driven segmentation methods are hampered by the lack of specialized datasets for hierarchical leaf vein analysis. To address this, we introduce the HierArchical Leaf Vein Segmentation (HALVS) dataset, the first of its kind, containing 5,057 high-definition scanned leaf images from three species with 83.8 person-days of human annotations across three vein levels. We propose a novel label-efficient hierarchical segmentation framework combining Partially Supervised Semantic Segmentation (PSSS) and Denoising Diffusion Label Refinement (DDLR). PSSS classifies leaf pixels using primary and secondary vein annotations to generate high-confidence pseudo-labels for the background and tertiary veins, reducing omission errors. DDLR then refines these pseudo-labels, propagating structural priors from sparse veins to accurately recover tertiary veins. This framework significantly improves the integrity and connectivity of tertiary veins at low annotation costs. We also pioneer cross-species learning, training models on easily-annotated species and applying them to difficult ones. Despite challenges, DDLR remarkably enhances segmentation performance across all vein levels, providing an effective solution for complex hierarchical patterns and advancing agricultural research.

In the cultivation and production of sweet cherry, the cost of picking fruit is high due to inconsistency in the maturation period, which has affected the development of the cherry industry. In this study, the effects of exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) on the sweet cherry variety 'Luying 3' fruit quality and maturation stage were observed and recorded, and the physiological and molecular mechanisms were explored to systematically analyze the effects of ABA on sweet cherry fruit ripening to promote the development of the cherry industry. Exogenous ABA (400 mg L-1) enhanced the color of 'Luying 3' fruit in the developing stage but had no significant effect on the fruit weight, soluble solid content, titratable acid content, and sugar-acid ratio in the mature stage. The application of ABA significantly promoted the secretion of endogenous ABA, gibberellin (GA) and salicylic acid (SA). A total of 766 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained between the treatment group and the control group at 47 and 54 d after flowering. The DEGs were significantly enriched in plant hormone signal transduction pathway, MAPK plant signal transduction pathway and glycolysis pathway. Six genes related to the synthesis of endogenous hormones were screened, of which five were upregulated and one was downregulated. Four DEGs related to the sweet cherry fruit metabolic rate were upregulated by ABA, which positively regulated fruit ripening. Eight differentially expressed AP2/ERF transcription factors were identified, of which 5 were upregulated and 3 were downregulated. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the application of ABA in promoting the consistency of cherry fruit maturity.

Sweet cherry (Prunus avium) represents a significant stone fruit crop in temperate regions worldwide. While molecular breeding has progressed substantially following the initial sweet cherry genome release, existing genome assemblies contain unresolved gaps and comprise consensus chimeric sequences that fail to differentiate haplotype alleles, significantly constraining research on important agronomic trait inheritance. This study presents a phased-resolved telomere-to-telomere reference genome of sweet cherry u2018Tietonu2019. The assembly anchors 653.03 Mb of sequence onto 16 pseudochromosomes representing two haplotypes, with 67,012 coding genes identified (33,777 in hapA and 33,235 in hapB). The genome demonstrates superior quality metrics, including a consensus accuracy exceeding QV44, contig N50 above 17.94 Mb, Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs completeness of 98.7%, and a long terminal repeat (LTR) assembly index exceeding 20. This genome provides phased and annotated chromosome pairs, offering a comprehensive view of sweet cherryu2019s diploid genome organization. Utilizing this reference genome, we identified a large fragment deletion associated with yellow-skinned fruit in sweet cherry u201813-33u2019. This resource will significantly enhance breeding efforts and genetic research in sweet cherries.

Fruit size is a key trait in small-fruit breeding, yet its measurement remains labor intensive and prone to human error. To address this, we developed a non-destructive, automated size measurement system based on machine vision and LabVIEW, designed for small fruits such as cherry, blueberry, and walnut. The system integrates a modular architecture, including flat-field correction, calibration, and pattern matching sub-VIs, to ensure user-friendly operation. These sub-VIs also enable the system’s core data analysis, such as real-size conversion through calibration and noise reduction for data accuracy through flat-field correction. An optimized image processing pipeline (grayscale conversion, Canny edge detection, morphological operations) enables precise contour extraction, even for fruits with stems or irregular surfaces. The system supports multi-species adaptation through lightweight parameter adjustments, without hardware modification. Experiments involved 15 samples per species (cherry ‘Tieton’, blueberry ‘Northland’, walnut ‘Xiangling’). A gold-standard protocol was established using a pre-calibrated digital caliper operated by two experienced technicians, with the mean of six replicates per fruit defined as the true value. Results demonstrated low root mean square errors, with coefficients of determination (R2) exceeding 0.98. Paired t-tests confirmed no significant differences from the gold standard. The system achieved a measurement speed of 0.4 s per fruit, six times faster than manual methods, and complied with the precision requirements of GB/T 26906-2024 (Sweet Cherry). This system offers a cost-effective, high-throughput solution for fruit breeding and phenotyping, effectively overcoming the limitations of manual measurement.

Sweet cherry (Prunus avium) represents a significant stone fruit crop in temperate regions worldwide. While molecular breeding has progressed substantially following the initial sweet cherry genome release, existing genome assemblies contain unresolved gaps and comprise consensus chimeric sequences that fail to differentiate haplotype alleles, significantly constraining research on important agronomic trait inheritance. This study presents a phased-resolved telomere-to-telomere reference genome of sweet cherry ‘Tieton’. The assembly anchors 653.03 Mb of sequence onto 16 pseudochromosomes representing two haplotypes, with 67,012 coding genes identified (33,777 in hapA and 33,235 in hapB). The genome demonstrates superior quality metrics, including a consensus accuracy exceeding QV44, contig N50 above 17.94 Mb, Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs completeness of 98.7%, and a long terminal repeat (LTR) assembly index exceeding 20. This genome provides phased and annotated chromosome pairs, offering a comprehensive view of sweet cherry's diploid genome organization. Utilizing this reference genome, we identified a large fragment deletion associated with yellow-skinned fruit in sweet cherry ‘13-33’. This resource will significantly enhance breeding efforts and genetic research in sweet cherries.

Pteroceltis tatarinowii, a unique single-species plant and fibrous tree in China, is the raw material for making Xuan paper. However, the lack of a complete genome sequence has limited both basic and applied research on P. tatarinowii. We describe two high-quality chromosome-level haplotype genomes with lengths of 366.41 Mb and 362.96 Mb, with 38,502 and 43,005 predicted genes, respectively. Genome analyses supported the classification of P. tatarinowii into the Cannabaceae family and suggested that it experienced only 1 WGD event. The genes involved in cellulose and lignin synthesis expanded significantly in the genome, which reflected the fiber properties of P. tatarinowii. The cellulose and lignin metabolic pathways identified via transcriptome showed that the CELB, BGLU and GYS genes may play key roles in cellulose synthesis and that the Prx and UGT72E genes may play key roles in lignin synthesis. Further transgenic verification revealed that the CELB-1 gene negatively regulates cellulose synthesis, the CELB-2 gene positively regulates cellulose synthesis, and the Prx-1 and Prx-2 genes positively regulate lignin synthesis. This work provides biological evidence for the classification and evolution of P. tatarinowii, and provides a cornerstone for understanding the underlying genetics regulating the synthesis of fibers in P. tatarinowii.

Walnut,a deciduous fruit tree in temperate regions,belongs to the genus Juglans in the fami-ly Juglandaceae.The genus Juglans,comprising approximately 23 species,is widely distributed throughout the world.The distribution range of walnut covers Asia,Europe,North America,South America,Oceania,and parts of Africa.There are significant morphological differences among various varieties.Plants of this genus have edible,medicinal,and material values.Walnut kernels are rich in nu-trients,containing various plant proteins,fats,trace elements,and vitamins.China is rich in walnut germplasm resources and is one of the origin and distribution centers of the genus Juglans.There are five species native to China,namely,Common walnut(J.regia L.),Manchurian walnut(J.mandshurica Max),Wild walnut(J.cathayensis Dode),Ma walnut(J.hopeiensis Hu),and Iron walnut(J.sigillata Dode).China has a long history of cultivation,and its cultivation area and yield rank first in the world.In the future,China's walnut industry needs to optimize its variety structure further,promote green tech-nology,and tap the potential of high-value by-products to consolidate its position as the world's largest producer.China's walnut germplasm resources are vibrant,which provides a solid foundation for the de-velopment of the walnut industry.China has established several national and provincial walnut germ-plasm repositories,including the Walnut Germplasm Resources Repository of Yunnan Academy of For-estry and the Walnut Germplasm Resources Repository of Hebei Province,which have preserved a large amount of germplasm resources.These databases provide essential basic data for walnut breeding and industrial development by collecting,preserving,identifying,and evaluating information.In terms of breeding and popularization,many new walnut varieties with high yield,high quality,and disease re-sistance were cultivated through cross-breeding and marker-assisted selection.For example,varieties such as Xiangling,Wen 185,Zhonglin series,Liaohe series,and Yunxin series have demonstrated excel-lent performance in terms of yield,quality,and disease resistance,and have been widely promoted and planted across the nation.In recent years,the breeding and popularization of early fruiting walnut variet-ies have significantly increased the early yield and economic benefits of walnut.The genetic diversity and functional genes of walnut germplasm resources were analyzed by genomics,transcriptomics,and metabolomics to provide theoretical support for molecular breeding.For example,genome sequencing technology has revealed the origin of allopolyploidy and the changes in the evolutionary rate of walnut species.In the future,it is necessary to collect and preserve additional wild walnut germplasm resourc-es,explore their disease resistance,stress resistance,and high-yielding genes,and provide more high-quality resources for breeding.To explore the application potential of walnut germplasm resources in functional foods,medicine,and materials science,we must improve resource utilization efficiency.The National Walnut and Chestnut Germplasm Repository(Tai'an)is one of the most significant reposito-ries for preserving walnut germplasm resources in China.By December 2024,450 walnut germplasm resources had been collected and preserved,facilitating the optimization of walnut varieties and industri-al upgrading.This effort played a crucial role in alleviating rural poverty and promoting prosperity,as well as industrial revitalization.Basic research on walnut quality and disease resistance has promoted the promotion of excellent walnut varieties and industrial upgrading.This paper reviews the develop-ment history of the National Walnut Germplasm Repository(Tai'an),summarizes the current situation of collection and conservation of walnut germplasm resources in recent decades,and the achievements of innovative utilization of walnut germplasm resources,and prospects the future research direction,to provide reference and guidance for the efficient utilization and industrial development of walnut germ-plasm resources in the future.

The spines of Chinese red chestnut are red and the depth of their color gradually increases with maturity. To identify the anthocyanin types and synthesis pathways in red chestnut and to identify the key genes regulating the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, we obtained and analyzed the transcriptome and anthocyanin metabolism of red chestnut and its control variety with green spines at 3 different periods. GO and KEGG analyses revealed that photosynthesis was more highly enriched in green spines compared with red spines, while processes related to defense and metabolism regulation were more highly enriched in red spines. The analysis showed that the change in spine color promoted photoprotection in red chestnut, especially at the early growth stage, which resulted in the accumulation of differentially expressed genes involved in the defense metabolic pathway. The metabolome results revealed 6 anthocyanins in red spines. Moreover, red spines exhibited high levels of cyanidin, peonidin and pelargonidin and low levels of delphinidin, petunidin and malvidin. Compared with those in the control group, the levels of cyanidin, peonidin, pelargonidin and malvidin in red spines were significantly increased, indicating that the cyanidin and pelargonidin pathways were enriched in the synthesis of anthocyanins in red spines, whereas the delphinidin pathways were inhibited and mostly transformed into malvidin. During the process of flower pigment synthesis, the expression of the CHS, CHI, F3H, CYP75A, CYP75B1, DFR and ANS genes clearly increased, that of CYP73A decreased obviously, and that of PAL, 4CL and LAR both increased and decreased. Notably, the findings revealed that the synthesized anthocyanin can be converted into anthocyanidin or epicatechin. In red spines, the upregulation of BZ1 gene expression increases the corresponding anthocyanidin content, and the upregulation of the ANR gene also promotes the conversion of anthocyanin to epicatechin. The transcription factors involved in color formation included 4 WRKYs.

苹果病虫害绿色防控关系到果品品质和质量安全,对促进苹果产业绿色高质量发展具有重要意义.综述了苹果病虫害绿色防控技术及研究进展,主要从监测预警、农药减量、物理防治、生物防治、生态调控等方面进行归纳总结,提出了苹果病虫害绿色防控存在的问题及今后的工作方向.

The types of sweet cherry rootstocks in the world included full-size vigorous rootstocks, semi-vigorous rootstocks, semi-dwarfing, and full-dwarfing. To varying degrees, these rootstocks had many excellent characteristics including resistant to gummosis, viral disease, Crown Gall, continuous cropping disease, sticky heavy soil, waterlogging, high temperature, cold, drought, barren, iron deficiency chlorosis. Compared to full-size vigorous rootstocks, The trees grafted with semi-vigorous rootstocks, semi-dwarfing rootstocks and full-dwarfing rootstocks were compact in dwarfing, easy management, early harvest and high yield. They could be used for high-density, ultra-high density and pedestrian orchard. The planting mode which adopted new dwarfing rootstocks with dense and wide rows made the trees dwarfing and compact, easy to manage, and can obtain benefits early, facilitate the implementation of facility cultivation, improve labor efficiency, and save labor. The author introduced the types, main agronomic traits, and main rootstock varieties of sweet cherry, and proposed specific measures for garden construction.

Lectin receptor-like kinases (LecRLKs), a large family of plant receptor-like kinases, play an important role in plant response to abiotic stresses. However, little information is available about the roles of LecRLKs in the salt stress response of sweet cherry (Prunus avium). Here, an L-type LecRLK gene (PaLectinL7) was characterized from sweet cherry. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that PaLectinL7 is a plasma membrane protein. The expression of PaLectinL7 was up-regulated by salt, drought and exogenously gibberellin treatments. Overexpression of PaLectinL7 in the roots of Gisela 6 enhanced its tolerance to salt stress. Additionally, transcriptome analysis showed that lignin metabolic-related genes were regulated by PaLectinL7 overexpression. Meanwhile, the lignin contents and associated enzymes (CAD and COMT) rose concurrently with PaLectinL7 overexpression under salt stress. We also found that PaCAD1, a key enzyme involved in lignin metabolism, interacted with PaLectinL7 and could be phosphorylated by PaLectinL7 in vitro, suggesting that PaLectinL7 may regulate the enzyme activity of PaCAD1. Therefore, these results indicated that PaLectinL7, as a membrane-bound regulator, promoted lignin deposition by regulating the activities of enzymes related to lignin metabolism, thus enhancing salt tolerance.

Corilagin is a promising anticancer drug candidate. Acer nikoense and A. ammonium are both known to contain corilagin. To explore whether corilagin occurs in congeneric species and to fully develop the medicinal value of maple, the corilagin content in different varieties of maple was determined by Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC). Acer buergerianum leaves contained corilagin and the corilagin content in leaves of different varieties at the deciduous stage varied from 1.2371 to 6.8887 mg/g, with an average of 4.3791 mg/g. Among the cultivars, ‘Xingwang’ and ‘Qianlihong' showed relatively high corilagin contents and the content in ‘Qilujin’ was the lowest. The range of corilagin contents at the new leaf stage was 8.7452~11.2441 mg/g. Many parts of A. buergerianum contained corilagin, with the highest content in the leaves; based on this considerable corilagin concentration, this plant can be developed into raw material for corilagin extraction. There are large differences among varieties. To increase the output value and efficiency, it is necessary to further screen high-content varieties for industrial production; harvesting can be performed in spring and autumn, with autumn as the main season and spring as a supplemental season.

Japanese chestnut (Castanea crenata Sieb. et Zucc) is an economically and ecologically important chestnut species in East Asia. Here, we presented a high-quality chromosome-level reference genome of the Japanese chestnut cultivar ‘Tsukuba’ by combining Nanopore long reads and Hi-C sequencing. The final assembly has a size of 718.30 Mb and consists of 12 pseudochromosomes ranging from 41.03 to 92.03 Mb, with a BUSCO complete gene percentage of 97.6%. A total of 421.37 Mb repetitive sequences and 46,744 gene models encoding 46,463 proteins were predicted in the genome. Genome evolution analysis showed that Japanese chestnut is closely related to Chinese chestnut and these species shared a common ancestor ~6.5 million years ago. This high-quality Japanese chestnut genome represents an important resource for the chestnut genomics community and will improve our understanding of chestnut biology and evolution.

晚熟大果甜樱桃新品种鲁樱6号由山东省果树研究所选育.树体强健,生长势强,树姿半开张,萌芽力、成枝力强,易成花,丰产,7年生树平均666.7 m2产量1 480 kg;果实肾形,深红色,果皮光亮,果个大,平均单果重15.1 g,均匀,可溶性固形物含量16.2％,风味浓郁;果皮厚、有韧性,耐贮运;果实发育期57 d左右,在泰安地区5月底成熟.简介了鲁樱6号的栽培技术要点.

为提升核桃嫁接成苗率,探究不同类型胡桃属砧木在嫁接中的亲和力差异,筛选优异嫁接砧木,以3个胡桃属植物—核桃、黑核桃、野核桃为砧木,核桃为接穗,进行嫁接试验.结果表明:以野核桃和核桃为砧木的成活率与新梢长势明显优于黑核桃为砧木,采用插皮接方式嫁接大树的平均嫁接成活率分别为60.37％,55.93％,64.07％,当年生新梢长度分别为41.00 cm,33.00 cm,38.89 cm,当年生新梢粗度分别为10.44 mm,7.89 mm,10.00 mm.同时论述了核桃嫁接以及接后管理的要点,为核桃的产业化推广提供理论与实践基础.

对沭东丘陵地区多年来的生态环境因子进行调查记录,引进了52个甜樱桃品种进行试验对比,对初选的表现较好的9个品种的生长结果习性和果实品质进行了统计分析,分析了生态环境因子对甜樱桃果实品质的影响,筛选出4个适合沭东丘陵地区种植的甜樱桃优良品种.

为进一步提升山东省甜樱桃产业水平,实现优质高效发展,促进山东省甜樱桃产业由生产大省向强省的转变,概述了山东省甜樱桃的种植历史及现状、面临的挑战和机遇,提出了重视种质资源利用,加快选育优质、特色新品种;推广矮砧集约高效栽培技术,研发高光效树形、果园生草、水肥一体、化肥农药减量减施、物联网技术等;加强采后处理、分级包装、冷链贮运,实施初深加工技术的研究与推广,延伸产业链条.