利用多巴胺仿生修饰活性碳纤维,通过共价键作用固定化漆酶,采用扫描电镜(SEM)和红外光谱(FTIR)对该生物材料进行表征,考察了其对蒽醌型染料活性蓝KN-R的脱色效果及主要影响因素.试验结果表明,与游离漆酶及活性碳纤维相比,该固定化漆酶对活性蓝KN-R具有较好的催化降解效能.采用0.5 g固定化漆酶催化降解40 mL初始质量浓度为75 mg/L的活性蓝KN-R,反应10h,染液基本为无色,经紫外光谱(UV)测定发现,废水中染料分子的芳香结构和共轭体系基本被降解.当pH值在3.0～6.0,温度在20～40℃范围内时,固定化漆酶的脱色效果较好,并且具有良好的热稳定性能和操作稳定性,循环使用3次后,仍有较高的脱色降解能力.

In this paper, sol-gel auto-combustion method is used to synthesize CdO nanoparticles. The synthesised sample is characterized for its size and structure using X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. And some molecular groups containing in the nanoparticle are detected by Fourier transformer Infra Red (FT-IR). Then, the sample is used to remove the organic sulfur from hydrogenation desulfurated diesel under ultrasonic condition. The influence parameters including catalyst dosage, oxidant dosage, oxidation temperature, oxidation time and extracting times are been researched. The obtained result indicates that under the optimal condition, the desulfurization degree can be reached 72.7%.

In this study, we developed a new synthesis method for modifying activated carbon fibers (ACFs) by dopamine with oxidation-based self-polymerization (DA-ACFs). In addition, laccase was immobilized on the surface of unmodified ACFs (L-ACFs) and DA-ACFs (LDA-ACFs) via cross-linking after being incubated for 12h at 5 degrees C. The surface composition and microstructure of the samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared reflection and thermo-gravimetric analysis. The optimized laccase concentration for preparing the samples was 2.0 g L-1. The results demonstrated that the successful poly-dopamine modification increased the catalytic abilities of the ACFs in terms of biocompatibility and hydrophilicity. Compared with free laccase, the immobilized laccase exhibited significantly higher relative activity over a pH range of 3.5-6.5 and a temperature range of 30-60 degrees C; the thermo-stability increased, and 50% relative activity of the LDA-ACFs remained after 5 h at 55 degrees C. After six cycles of reuse, the relative activity of LDA-ACFs remained 60%, compared to 40% activity remaining for L-ACFs, and long-term storage stability was demonstrated. Moreover, the kinetic parameters (K-m) of the two immobilized laccases were both higher than that of free laccase, whereas the maximum velocities (V-max) were lower. These results indicate that the DA-ACFs are economical, simple, and efficient carries for enzyme immobilization, and can be suitable for further biotechnology and environmental applications.

Herein, we describe the hydrothermal immobilization of BiVO4 on activated carbon fibers (ACFs) and characterize the obtained composite by several instrumental techniques, using Reactive Black KN-B (RB5) as a model pollutant for photocatalytic performance evaluation and establishing the experimental conditions yielding maximal photocatalytic activity. The photocatalytic degradation of RB5 is well fitted by a first-order kinetic model, and the good cycling stability and durability of BiVO4@ACFs highlight the potential applicability of the proposed composite. The enhanced photocatalytic activity of BiVO4@ACFs compared to those of BiVO4 and ACFs individually was mechanistically rationalized, and the suggested mechanism was verified by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and RB5 degradation experiments. Thus, this work contributes to the development of BiVO4@ACF composites as effective photocatalysts for environmental remediation applications.

Ultrasound assisted photocatalytic oxidation technology is an efficient and gentle technology to remove the organic sulfur from diesel. The influence parameters of catalytic oxidation phase include catalyst dosage, reaction temperature, oxidation time, hydrogen peroxide to diesel fuel ratio and time of the extraction process. Furthermore, the comparison of the results under two conditions of ultrasound irradiation and mechanical agitation are also specially examined. The obtained results indicate that under the optimal condition, ultrasound assisted oxidative desulfurization (UAOD) is more efficient for sulfur removal which the desulfurization degree can be reached 99.47%.

采用超声夹聚能反应器,研究超声波输出电压、超声时间、超声温度对原油降黏的影响,并对最佳超声处理条件下原油的黏度恢复情况进行考察.结果表明:原油黏度随着超声输出电压的增大而减小;随着超声时间的延长和超声温度的升高,原油的黏度呈现先下降后不变的趋势;在超声频率20 kHz、超声时间30 min、加热套温度60℃、输出电压250 V的条件下,原油60℃黏度由8.6Pa·s下降到4.15 Pa·s,效果最佳,在室温下静置40 d,原油60℃黏度为4.2Pa·s.

We studied the use of acoustics for coalescence of water droplets and dehydration of crude oil emulsion. Experimental studies were conducted using acoustic standing waves in a resonant cavity to trap water droplets and enhance oil separation. The focus was on the effect of ultrasound irradiation on crude oil emulsion properties, such as viscosity, water drop radius, shear strength of oil-water interfacial films, and flocculation size of asphaltene. These properties are important to the coalescence of water drops in water-oil (W/O) emulsion in the process of oil separation with ultrasound. Ultrasound irradiation is able to decrease the emulsion stability, which provides a new insight into the acoustics-aided demulsification mechanism. It can be considered as a supplement of traditional acoustics-aided demulsification mechanism (ultrasound-induced motion of water droplets). Furthermore, the effects of ultrasonic parameters such as the type of ultrasonic field, irradiation time, frequency, and acoustic intensity on dewatering the W/O emulsion are discussed. These results provide guidance for setting the optimum conditions for the separation of W/O emulsion with ultrasound. Under the optimum conditions, water content in crude oil emulsion can be decreased from 40% to 3.8%, which satisfies the requirement of dehydration for refinery.

本文以炼油厂污油为研究对象,探索脉冲式超声对污油中水滴的聚并效果.比较污油中水滴直径的分布情况,发现超声对污油中水滴聚并作用效果明显,且脉冲式超声作用效果好于传统连续式超声作用效果.另外,重点考察超声类型、辐射时间、周期、脉宽、频率和声强对污油中水滴平均粒径的影响,并得到了脉冲超声破乳的最佳操作条件:脉冲式超声辐射,频率20 kHz、辐射时间6 min、周期80 ms、脉宽12 ms、超声声强0.4 W/m2.在最佳实验条件下,污油中水滴平均粒径由22 μm增至76 μm,污油中水的质量分数由60％降至7％,达到了炼油厂对污油脱水后水含量的要求(含水质量分数＜10％).

采用钨酸盐/H202/N-甲基吡咯烷酮硫酸氢盐（[HNMP][HSO4]）体系对模拟燃油和实际燃油进行深度催化氧化脱硫研究.采用X线衍射仪（XRD）、傅里叶红外光谱仪（FT-IR）以及热分析仪（TG）对合成的2种Keggin型钨酸盐（烷基硅钨酸铵（Q4SiW）和烷基磷钨酸铵（Q3 PW））进行表征.考察不同脱硫体系、不同催化剂、催化剂用量、H2O2用量、反应温度和不同硫化物等对模拟油脱硫效果的影响.结果表明：在反应温度60℃,反应时间4h,模拟油3 g,[HNMP][HSO4]1g,n（0）∶n（S）∶n（催化剂）=300∶50∶1,Q4SiW为催化剂条件下,此催化氧化体系对噻吩（TS）、苯并噻吩（BT）和二苯并噻吩（DBT）的脱硫率分别为54.2％、87.4％以及99.1％,且重复使用5次,催化氧化性能并未明显降低.

The heat flow divergence equation is derived to reveal the inherent thermodynamic mechanism for enhancing convective heat transfer . It is found that the two mechanisms, in the case that heat and mass transfer processes are both spontaneous progresses, when mass flow and heat flow are in the same phase , the decreasing of phase difference between mass flow and heat flow, the increasing of heat transfer, which reflects field synergy mechanism of energy transfer between two spontaneous progresses with positive entropy generation rate, while in the case that heat transfer is nonspontaneous process and mass transfer is spontaneous process, when mass flow and heat flow are in the opposite phase, the increasing of phase difference between mass flow and heat flow, the increasing of heat transfer, which reflects the thermodynamic coupling mechanism of energy conversion between spontaneous process with positive entropy generation rate and nonspontaneous process with negative entropy generation rate. Between mass flow and heat flow from the same phase to the opposite phase, corresponding to the energy transfer mechanism of field synergy and the energy conversion mechanism of thermodynamic coupling.

A method to aid the separation of the oil phase from waste oil emulsion of refineries had been developed by using a pulsed ultrasonic irradiation technology. Compared with conventional continuous ultrasonic irradiation, it is found that pulsed ultrasonic irradiation is much better to make water drop coalescence and hence dehydration of waste oil. The effects of ultrasonic irradiation parameters on waste oil dehydration are further discussed. The orthogonal experiment is also designed to investigate the degrees of influence of ultrasonic parameters and the optimal technological conditions. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the water content of waste oil is decreased from 65% to 8%, which thereby satisfies the requirements of refineries on the water content of waste oil after treatment (<10%).

A new liquid whistle ultrasonic generator has been studied. The effects of liquid whistle nozzle structure on the sound intensity are discussed,and liquid whistle combined with bactericide is adopted for circulating water sterili-zation. The experimental results show that the sound intensity of conical nozzle is the best,and the best cone angle is 45°. When the initial bacteria content is 1.2×106mL-1,and the water pressure 0.3 MPa,the sterilization rate of singly used liquid whistle can reach 39%in 90 min. Liquid whistle ultrasound and bactericide have good synergistic effect. It can reduce 41%-45%of bactericide dosage in 30 min with liquid whistle ultrasound. This method has good environ-mental and economic benefits.

研究基于载荷估计的风力发电机组独立变桨距技术.传统的独立变桨距控制技术需测量叶根弯矩作为目标值,且需在每个桨叶上安装载荷传感器,增加了安装和维护成本,同时会引入测量噪音,基于载荷估计的独立变桨距技术能很好地克服上述问题.分析风力发电机组载荷的主要来源及其影响程度,建立风载荷的过程模型,并以此构建载荷估计器.在NREL建立的风力发电机组模型FAST上对载荷估计器进行验证,并与传统方式进行对比,结果表明:基于载荷估计的独立变桨距控制器在一定程度上可消除风力发电机组上的不平衡载荷,与统一变桨距控制相比,叶轮的俯仰力矩最大峰值减少23％,偏转力矩的最大峰值减少15％,与传统独立变桨距控制技术相比,成本大大降低.

A novel insoluble bactericidal ceramisite filler was obtained by immobilizing 3-(trimethoxysily1)-1-propanamine onto the surface of ceramisite and reacting with bromo propyl triphenyl phosphonium bromide. The intermediate and product were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, thermo gravimetric analyzer, and environment scanning electron microscopy. The antibacterial activity of bactericidal ceramisite against heterotrophic bacteria in the simulated industrial recirculation water was tested by plate count method. The result shows that when the prepared dosage of bactericide ceramisite filler is 0.2 g/mL, the sterilizing ratio can be up to 99.3% in 45 min of operation time. After regenerating the ceramisite filler for one time, its bactericidal ability could be recovered to above 97.2%. When the initial bacterial concentration of 7.48 x 10(6) (colony-forming units (CFU))/mL with 3.1 L water was treated by 90 g of bactericide ceramisite filler in 6 h, the heterotrophic bacteria concentration kept below 5 x 10(5) CFU/mL. After being regenerated, the reused bactericide ceramisite could still treat 2.5 L water as well.

New functional materials crosslinkingβ-cyclodextrin(MDI-β-CD) can be used for better treatment of wastewater containing phenol because of the special structure. Modified crosslinkingβ-cyclodextrins has the ability to absorb phenol pollutants because of the porous structure. In order to improve treatment effects,the treatment abilities of MDI-β-CD and the suitable working conditions of the phenol wastewater were studied using ultrasonic. The dosage of MDI-β-CD , the pH and concentration of wastewater,ultra sound intensity and frequency were investigated. The suitable technological conditions of adsorption were determined as the following:pH 6.0,initial concentration 100 mg/L,wastewater volume 100 mL,new type crosslinking β-cyclodextrins 40 g/L,absorption temperature 40 ℃,absorption time 120 min. The ultrasound parameters were 0.2 W/cm2 of ultrasonic intensities and 20 kHz ultrasonic frequency. The absorption efficiency was up to 94.1%.

A crosslinked β-cyclodextrin polymer (β-CD-MDI), synthesized by the modification of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) with crosslinking reagent diphenyl methane diisocyanate (MDI), was prepared and used as an adsorbent in the treatment of phenol wastewater ultrasonic aided. An infrared spectroscopy test was conducted to characterize β-CD-MDI. The adsorption capacity of phenol in wastewater was determined by assessing the corresponding parameters, such as the amount of adsorbent β-CD-MDI, the initial concentration of phenol, the influence of pH and ultrasonic intensity. The adsorption efficiency of β-CD-MDI is up to 87.3% with an amount of crosslinked polymer of 40 g/L, an initial phenol concentration of 100 mg/L and a wastewater pH of 6. The application of ultrasound can facilitate the purification of wastewater and reduce the adsorption time remarkably.

About 15000 tons of oily scum with poor usage for their high water-containing can be produced per year by Yangtze Petrochemical Co. Refinery. Experiment using ultrasound for pre-processing to reduce the water-containing, as well as reducing the volume of the oily scum was presented. Results from single factor experiments and orthogonal experiments gave the optimum values of some factors influencing dehydration efficiency such as frequency, voltage, ultrasonic treatment time and temperature, sedimentation temperature, etc. The importance of each factor was determined. Compared with the original technology, the ultrasound method is obviously superior in saving the depletion of flocculants to make the processing cost much lower for the same result and meantime in making the water-containing of the oily scum lower in the same condition of sedimentation. The dewatered oily scum could be used in the delayed coking process.

Oxidative desulfurization of hydrogenation diesel was studied using MnO2/Al2O3 as catalyst in the presence of H2O2, formic acid and isobutyl aldehyde at 60°C and atmospheric pressure. The sulfur impurities in diesel were oxidized to sulfate and dissolved into the water phase. The sulfur content could be reduced from 500 to 1 ppm in 30 min in appropriate reaction conditions. The combination of two oxidative processes by adding isobutyl aldehyde could remove the sulfur impurities in diesel easily without solvent extraction.

研究了通过将溴丙基三苯基溴化固载到黏土陶粒填料表面而制备的新型抗菌陶粒填料在循环水杀菌中的应用。通过杀菌实验确定初始异养菌浓度大约为1010mL-1时的杀菌工艺条件:抗菌陶粒用量不少于0.3g/mL,间歇搅拌50 min,杀菌率可达99.3%。清洗并再生5次,杀菌率仍达74.2%以上;陶粒填充柱模拟工业循环水抗菌,100 g抗菌陶粒填料连续6 h处理水量3.6 L时,异养菌浓度控制在5×105mL-1以下。通过实验对比,再生时加入超声辐照后杀菌效果更好。

With the research of trimaran′s maneuverability hydrod ynamic performance prediction as background,based on the no-lift potential flo w theory in the unbounded flow field,the additional mass of the ellipsoid hull and Wigley ship hull form,moved in the horizontal calm water surface plane,wer e calculated by the boundary element method with the source distribution.The ac curacy of the calculation results were validated via comparing the Munk moment c alculation results from the additional mass with those from the direct pressure distribution calculation by the surface panel method under the no-lift potentia l flow theory.By extending the present no-lift potential flow theory method fr om the ordinary mono-hull ships to the trimaran,the trimaran′s additional mas s with different outriggers′ arrangements was calculated,and the outrigger pos ition arrangements′ influence on the trimaran′s additional mass was analyzed. The resulting caculation and conclusion in keep with actual ship maneuvering law.