Cotton Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (Atk.), severely impairs cotton yield and quality. This study developed a novel eco-friendly seed coating agent (DIF) to replace toxic conventional formulations, with Difenoconazole as the core active ingredient. Laboratory and field trials (2024, Anhui) evaluated DIF’s effects on seed germination, seedling growth, Fusarium wilt control and cotton fibre quality, with carboxin-thiram (CT) as the positive control and uncoated seeds as blank control (CK). The 1:100 (agent: seed) DIF was optimal, boosting seedling root length (13.96 cm) and biomass, and achieving a 98.67% field control efficiency against Fusarium wilt. DIF improved seed yield and lint yield vs. CK (P > 0.05) and had no adverse effects on key fibre quality parameters. This eco-friendly DIF has great potential for cotton Fusarium wilt management with economic and environmental benefits.

Knowledge of the critical periods of crop–weed competition is crucial for designing weed management strategies in cropping systems. In the Lower Yangtze Valley, China, field experiments were conducted in 2011 and 2012 to study the effect of interference from mixed natural weed populations on cotton growth and yield and to determine the critical period for weed control (CPWC) in direct-seeded cotton. Two treatments were applied: allowing weeds to infest the crop or keeping plots weed-free for increasing periods (0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 20 wk) after crop emergence. The results show that mixed natural weed infestations led to 35- to 55-cm shorter cotton plants with stem diameters 10 to 13 mm smaller throughout the season, fitting well with modified Gompertz and logistic models, respectively. Season-long competition with weeds reduced the number of fruit branches per plant by 65% to 82%, decreasing boll number per plant by 86% to 96% and single boll weight by approximately 24%. Weed-free seed cotton yields ranged from 2,900 to 3,130 kg ha−1, while yield loss increased with the duration of weed infestation, reaching up to 83% to 96% compared with permanent weed-free plots. Modified Gompertz and logistic models were used to analyze the impact of increasing weed control duration and weed interference on relative seed cotton yield (percentage of season-long weed-free cotton), respectively. Based on a 5% yield loss threshold, the CPWC was found to be from 145 to 994 growing degree days (GDD), corresponding to 14 to 85 d after emergence (DAE). These findings emphasize the importance of implementing effective weed control measures from 14 to 85 DAE in the Lower Yangtze Valley to prevent crop losses exceeding a 5% yield loss threshold.

TFC (10% thifluzamide–fludioxonil–clothianidin) is a novel wheat seed-coating agent. In the field, we confirmed that 10% TFC plays a positive role in preventing soil-borne diseases and promoting wheat seedling growth. However, its effects on rhizosphere microecology and the underlying molecular mechanism are not fully understood. Field trials revealed a positive effect on the biomass, plant height, and root length of wheat sharp eyespots in a Yingshang field, with 95.3% control efficiency. The effects of 10% TFC on the rhizosphere soil microbiome of young wheat plants were evaluated using high throughput sequencing technology. The results demonstrated that seed-coating agents significantly changed bacterial and fungal communities, and reduced the number of bacteria but increased the number of fungi. Sequence analysis revealed that the abundance of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Patescibacteria in bacteria and Ascomycota, Mortierellomycota, and Basidiomycota in fungi were significantly enriched, which have been reported as being beneficial for plant growth and pathogen resistance. In contrast, the abundance of Mucoromycota in fungi was reduced, and most of the related genera identified were pathogenic to plants. In this study, 15-day-old wheat plant tissues treated with 10% TFC were subjected to global transcriptome analysis by RNA sequencing to provide insights into the effects of 10% TFC on seedling growth. The comparative analysis of Triticum aestivum L. libraries identified 8286 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), of which 2290 and 5996 genes were up- and downregulated in seedling growth in the presence of 10% TFC, respectively. Gene ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) functional analyses were performed for up- and downregulated DEGs separately, showing that these DEGs were enriched for terms related to the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway, the protein products of which promote cell differentiation and seedling growth. This research provides comprehensive insights into its effects on wheat seedling growth and the rhizosphere microecology of seed coatings and provides important insights into their regulation and into understanding the potential benefits of seed coatings in disease management and plant growth promotion.

The aim of study is to clarify the morphological,physiological and yield changes of each cotton variety under the machine-harvested cotton pattern and provide a theoretical basis for variety selection in mechanized cotton production in the Yangtze River basin.In the field trial from 2018 to 2019,the low density(45000 plants/hm2)of'Zhongmiansuo 63F2'(a hybrid cotton variety)was used as the control treatment,the growth process,agronomic traits,dry matter accumulation and yield changes of'Zhongmian Suo 63F2','Zhongmian Suo 425'(conventional early-maturing cotton variety)and'Zhongmian Suo 50'(conventional early-maturing cotton variety)were studied under high density(90000 plants/hm2)with the planting pattern of machine-harvested cotton.The results showed that the leaf area index,dry matter accumulation,boll number and yield of each variety under the planting pattern of machine-harvested cotton were higher than those of the control treatment.The boll weight and seed cotton yield of'Zhongmiansuo 63F2'were higher than those of the two early maturing cotton varieties,but it didn't reach the significant level.The conventional early-maturing cotton varieties'Zhongminansuo 425'and'Zhongmiansuo 50'matured earlier and concentrated fruiting,which were suitable for the two-harvest-a-year continuous cropping system in the Yangtze River basin.

随着畜禽规模化养殖的发展,畜禽抗生素用量不断增加,且随着畜禽粪便扩散到土壤、水体中;植物吸收、积累并转化抗生素,从而对植物生长和生理代谢产生影响.本文综述了畜禽抗生素应用及污染现状,详述了近年来四环素类、磺胺类和喹诺酮类等畜禽抗生素对大田作物、蔬菜果树、湿地植物、农田杂草、水生植物及藻类的种子萌发、根、叶的形态和生理代谢的生态毒理效应的研究进展,着重综述了畜禽抗生素对这些植物光合作用和抗氧化系统的生态毒理效应的研究进展.以期为污水的植物修复、粮食蔬菜的生物安全以及生态环境安全提供科学依据.

Aerobic composting can recycle nutrients from animal manure. Adding microorganism inoculants is an effective way to accelerate composting process. The study aimed to evaluate effects of inoculating with microbial agents on nitrogen conversion and bacterial community succession in pig manure composting. 3 composting treatments were conducted including no microbial inoculant (CK), inoculating thermophilic degrading bacteria (T1), and compound commercial microbial agents (T2). The results showed that T1 advanced the time for entering the thermophilic stage (>50 degree celsius), and accelerated organic matter degradation. T1 produced more NH3 than other treatments. TN in group T1 and T2 was significantly greater than CK in composting maturity stage (after 14-15 d, T <= 40 degree celsius). (Final C/N)/(Initial C/N) of group T1 and T2 was 0.66, 0.65, and GI was 90.7 and 87.6, respectively. T1 improved the relative abundance of Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria at the phylum level and increased Bacillus genera at genus level during the composting process. In conclusion, we demonstrated that pig manure composting added to thermophilic degrading bacteria effectively improved the quality of compost.

通过查阅我国棉花产业发展相关文献与统计资料,以及对安徽省棉花产业链的实地考察,从产业现状、存在问题、发展前景等方面对安徽省棉花产业进行了剖析.分析了现阶段安徽省棉花产业发展面临的风险、技术瓶颈和未来的调整转型方向.以期为安徽省棉花产业振兴,实现棉花产业发展转型升级,推动棉花全产业链融合发展提供思路与参考.

There are many prominent problems or challenges in the traditional cotton production under the cotton-based double cropping system, which include complex planting pattern and cumbersome cultivation technology, long growth period, low degree of mechanization, heavy inputs of labor, chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and the resulted low economic benefits. After nearly 10 years of researches and practice, China has established and applied the green and light-simplified and mechanized cultivation technology of cotton in a cotton-based double cropping system, namely the green production with reduced chemical fertilizers and pesticides, light and simplified field management, and mechanized production by using mechanics instead of labors. Based on the author's research and relevant research progress at home and abroad, this paper summarizes and reviews the basic concept, the technical route, the key technologies and theoretical basis of the green, light and mechanized cultivation of cotton under the cotton-based double cropping system. The core contents of the technology are one-time sowing by machinery (direct one seed precision sowing by machinery under no-tillage instead of cotton seedling transplanting, simultaneous sowing of seed and fertilizer, no thinning and no seedling replenishment), no pruning (avoid removal of vegetative branches and manual topping through close planting and chemical regulation to shape reasonable plant type and maturity), and one-time mechanical harvesting (establish a centralized fruiting population structure through comprehensive regulation and control) to save labor by 70%; Using cotton varieties with early maturity or mid-early maturity, reasonably higher plant density, one-off deep-soil application of controlled-release fertilizer and spraying fertilizer by UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) with water-soluble fertilizer for foliage, which can save fertilizer by 50%; and by making use of the resistance of insect-resistant cotton varieties, sowing late at an appropriate time to shorten cotton growth period, and control pests and diseases by using food or sex induced inducers, biological pesticides, insecticidal lamps, and UAV, which can save pesticide by 40%. Compared with traditional technologies, this technology has greatly reduced the labor inputs in cotton production, the substitution rate of agricultural machinery for labor has reached 60%, the utilization rate of chemical fertilizer has increased by more than 11.2%, and the economic benefit has increased by 30%. It also alleviates the non-point source pollution caused by excessive use of chemical fertilizer and pesticides, and provides technical support for promoting the fundamental reform of cotton production mode.

总结了参加国家及安徽省棉花产业技术体系工作的经验、体会和思考,主要有:爱岗敬业、团队稳定和人才培养是保障;深入调研、掌握实情和找准问题是基础;岗站合作、纵横结合核心技术集成创新是关键;技术产品化和技术标准化是抓手;科技培训、基地建设和成果可视化是手段;对接政府和经营主体,聚焦全产业链,服务产业竞争力提升是根本.

棉花是国内重要的经济作物和纺织工业原料,是事关国计民生的重要战略物资,但棉花生产机械化程度低,现代植棉业发展缓慢,特别是黄河流域和长江流域棉区,一家一户的棉花种植规模小、效率低.近年来,国内农用无人机产业快速发展,农用无人机技术是发展智慧农业的有效保障手段之一,它为棉花产业向机械化、智能化升级提供了一定的技术支撑.通过对农用无人机应用发展现状,及其在棉花病虫草害防控、化学调控、脱叶催熟等田间管理应用情况进行概述,提出了当前面临的主要问题和发展展望,以期为推动国内棉田无人机技术的发展和应用提供依据.

为探讨一次性减量施用缓控释肥对机采棉氮磷钾养分吸收和产量的影响,获得适宜安徽沿江棉区的机采棉最佳施肥量,根据"3414"肥料试验方案,以棉花品种'中915'为材料,设计氮磷钾3因素4施肥水平的田间肥效试验.结果表明,各施肥处理棉花单株结铃数、单铃重等均高于不施肥对照(CK),各施肥处理皮棉产量为834.83～1443.35 kg/hm2,较CK增加了37.9％～138.4％,N2P2K2处理(N 150 kg/hm2、P2O5 75 kg/hm2、K2O 120kg/hm2)的皮棉产量最高.棉花单株氮累积量各施肥处理显著高于对照,增加了37.2％～79.4％,氮累积量随施氮量的增加先增后减,以N2P2K2处理最大.棉花单株磷素累积量各施肥处理显著高于对照,增加了8.1％～53.5％,N1P1K2处理(N75 kg/hm2、P2O5 37.5 kg/hm2、K2O 120 kg/hm2)最大,N2P2K2处理次之.棉花单株钾累积量施肥处理显著高于对照,增加了29.9％～97.0％,以N2P2K3处理(N 150 kg/hm2、P2O5 75 kg/hm2、K2O 180 kg/hm2)最大,其次为 N2P3K2(N 150 kg/hm2、P2O5 112.5 kg/hm2、K2O 120kg/hm2)、N2P2K2.综合来看N2P2K2的产量及相关性状表现最好.结合养分吸收和产量构成相关数据综合分析,推荐在安徽沿江棉区机采棉模式种植可采用缓控释肥一次性减量施用,氮肥纯养分施用量为 N 150 kg/hm2、P2O5 75 kg/hm2、K2O 120 kg/hm2.

为探索油菜(Brassica napusL.)秸秆在防治杂草方面的潜力,以马唐[Digitaria sanguinalis(L.)Scop.]、旱稗[Echinochloa hispidula(Retz.)Nees.]、马齿苋(Portulaca oleraceaL.)、反枝苋(AmaranthusretroflexusL.)和醴肠(Eclipta prostrata(L.)L.]为受体,采用室内生物测定方法研究油菜秸秆不同部位水浸提液对5种杂草的化感作用.结果 表明,与对照相比,250.0 g/L油菜叶和主茎水浸提液处理抑制马唐、反枝苋和醴肠的发芽率,延长它们的平均发芽时间;250.0 g/L油菜叶和主茎水浸提液处理降低马齿苋发芽率,对它的平均发芽时间没有明显影响;250.0 g/L油菜叶水浸提液处理对旱稗发芽率和平均发芽时间均没有显著影响,该浓度主茎水浸提液降低旱稗发芽率,延长旱稗的平均发芽时间;125.0 g/L根水浸提液处理抑制马唐、反枝苋和醴肠发芽率,延长它们的平均发芽时间,具化感抑制效应.250.0 g/L油菜叶、主茎水浸提液处理和125.0 g/L根水浸提液处理均抑制5种杂草的根长;15.6 g/L叶水浸提液处理对马唐和醴肠、15.6 g/L主茎水浸提液处理对反枝苋、7.8 g/L根水浸体液处理对反枝苋、旱稗的根生长有促进作用.不同浓度油菜根、主茎和叶水浸提液对5种杂草茎生长的化感作用存在差异.总体上看,油菜叶水浸提液对旱稗和醴肠的化感综合抑制效应较强;根水浸提液对醴肠的化感综合抑制作用较强.主茎水浸提液对醴肠和马齿苋的化感综合抑制效应较强.

在安徽省沿江棉区开展了油菜秸秆覆盖对棉田杂草发生、棉花生长及土壤杂草种子库影响的研究.结果 表明:随着油菜秸秆覆盖量的增加,对棉田杂草的抑制效果增强.与未覆盖秸秆且不除草处理相比较,7000 kg/hm2秸秆覆盖量处理棉花单株铃数和子棉产量显著提高.7000 kg/hm2秸秆覆盖量处理在覆盖后30、60、120天逐步减少0～20 cm土层杂草种子库密度,与全程除草剂处理较一致;随着覆盖量减少,对0～20 cm土层杂草种子库密度的降低幅度减小.全程除草剂处理降低0～5 cm土层杂草种子库多样性,而油菜秸秆覆盖则可能增加0～5 cm土层的杂草种子库多样性.3500 kg/hm2覆盖量+秸秆覆盖30天后喷施除草剂处理的抑草效果和增产效果与全程除草剂处理较一致.因此,在安徽省沿江棉区油-棉连作棉田推荐使用3500 kg/hm2油菜秸秆覆盖量+秸秆覆盖30天后喷施除草剂.

[目的]分析施用一次性减量控释肥与常规肥料对棉花群体冠层结构及棉花产量的影响,研究一次性减量施用控释肥对棉花化肥减施增效的作用,为棉花化肥减施增效技术提供研究基础.[方法]采用多重复田间试验,利用CI-110等仪器研究施用不同用量的控释肥和常规肥料条件下,棉花冠层结构、光合性能、产量及其构成因子等参数变化.[结果]一次性减量施用控释肥能保持棉花中后期较高的叶面积指数、提高中下层透光性、增强光能截获能力、减少群体漏光损失,延缓叶片老化和光合功能衰退速率.各处理棉花盛花期、吐絮前期LAI与棉花总成铃数、单铃重及产量显著或极显著相关,盛铃期与棉花僵烂铃比重极显著相关.研究一次性减N25％施用控释肥处理比一次性全量施用控释肥处理平均增产2.89％、比全量施用常规肥料处理平均增产5.53％、比减N 25％施用常规肥料处理平均增产14.89％、比不施氮肥对照平均增产50.96％.[结论]一次性减量施用控释肥可以构建合理的棉花群体冠层结构,增加棉花单株成铃数及产量,减少氮肥投入量,提高肥料利用率;一次性减N 25％施用控释肥(225 kg/hm2)为安徽省沿江棉区杂交棉适宜的氮肥用量.

从发展现状、形势分析、发展展望等方面对2009—2018年安徽省棉花产业进行了总结,对存在问题、发展潜力、发展方向及对策等进行了分析,旨在为各级政府和相关部门决策咨询提供科学依据,为棉花相关新型农业经营主体和企业等提供参考.

[目的]研究棉花专用缓控释肥和叶面水溶肥的应用效果.[方法]设置田间小区试验,5个处理,T1:不施肥(CK);T2:常规施肥;T3:常规施肥+叶面水溶肥;T4:棉花专用缓控释肥+叶面水溶肥;T5:棉花专用缓控释肥减量20％+叶面水溶肥,分析不同施肥处理对棉花生育进程、产量构成及产量、经济效益和农学效率的影响.[结果]与常规施肥相比,棉花专用缓控释肥和叶面水溶肥处理生育期没有明显变化,株高有所降低,果枝台数明显增加;棉花专用缓控释肥、叶面水溶肥处理提高了棉花铃数、单铃重而增产;籽棉收入、收益和农学效率均以棉花专用缓控释肥+叶面水溶肥处理最高.[结论]专用缓控释肥和叶面水溶肥配施适合推广应用,是一种省工、增收、增效的施肥模式.

主要从部分术语和定义、观测方法、观测时期、标准品种、一些测试性状增补等方面分析存在的问题,从而提出修订NY/T 2238-2012《植物新品种特异性、一致性和稳定性测试指南棉花》与研制棉花测试操作手册及校准手册的建议.

长江流域棉区是中国三大主要产棉区之一.近年来,受劳动力成本上升,棉花用工繁多、比较效益下降,以及生产中机械化、信息化程度低等因素影响,当地棉花种植面积急剧萎缩.为改变现状,从棉花品种、轻简化机械化管理技术、绿色高效栽培技术以及现代农业信息化智能化技术等方面进行了分析,探讨了长江流域棉花轻简高效种植技术措施及研究方向,为长江流域棉花产业持续发展提供参考.