Black soils feed the world yet remain undervalued in food and climate governance frameworks. A policy package, including global monitoring as public infrastructure, co-designed and place-based solutions based on tailored tools, planning that fits land and people, mobilizing alliance with finance and force, and mainstreaming black soils in global pacts, can contribute to improving land quality and stabilize yields where it matters most.

Coking industrial activities contribute to approximately one-quarter of soil polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, posing risks to soil quality and human health. High-resolution, multi-site prediction remains challenging because conventional models seldom incorporate source-explicit drivers. Here, we developed a regional risk-mapping framework that integrates coking enterprise source strength (SBI) and modeled atmospheric deposition flux (CPES) into a stacked-ensemble learning pipeline. A total of 320 soil samples collected around 20 representative plants were used for model training and validation; the optimized model was then applied to predict ∑PAHs within 3-km buffers of 130 coking sites across the region. We constructed three progressively enhanced covariate sets-environmental factors (EF), EF+SBI, and EF+SBI+CPES-to test performance gains and driver attribution. Incorporating SBI and CPES raised R² from 0.41 to 0.63 and reduced RMSE from 0.42 to 0.33, while identifying distance to site, atmospheric deposition, and NDVI as dominant predictors. Operational plants had higher mean ∑PAHs than closed plants (1028 vs 644 ng/g). Closed plants still surpassed background levels by about 1.3 times. Scenario analysis showed a clear greening effect. In the priority management zone, increasing NDVI by 0.025 decreased the predicted mean from 541.7 ng/g to 489.5 ng/g, halving moderately-heavily polluted farmland, and reducing the potentially exposed population by over 40 %. The source-aware framework improves accuracy and transferability of regional PAH exposure risk assessment and supports tiered, site-adjacent zoning and mitigation around industrial point sources.

Nonylphenol (NP) is a globally concerned endocrine disruptor, yet its ecological risks in soil are often evaluated solely by residual concentrations or degradation rate, overlooking the more subtle functional and structural disturbances to soil microbiomes. Here, we conducted a 90-day concentration-gradient microcosm experiment to integrate NP degradation dynamics with extracellular enzyme stoichiometry, vector-based microbial nutrient limitation, community succession, and co-occurrence network reorganization. We found that NP was efficiently degraded (>75% even at 120 mg kg⁻¹ within 90 days), but rapid degradation did not prevent profound functional shifts. Medium-to-high NP concentrations (≥30 mg kg⁻¹) significantly suppressed β-glucosidase (max inhibition 68.4%) and, more importantly, altered enzyme stoichiometric ratios (Carbon (C): nitrogen (N) and C: phosphorus (P) decreased linearly with NP concentration). Vector analysis revealed a critical transition: Medium-to-high NP exposure shifted microbial metabolic indicators from C-P co-limitation toward stronger P limitation. Concurrently, NP exerted strong selective pressure, reducing α-diversity but enriching NP-tolerant and putative degradative taxa (Proteobacteria, Lysobacter, Pseudomonas). This compositional restructuring drove microbial co-occurrence networks toward a more connected yet topologically reorganized "NP-adapted" configuration, with keystone taxa shifting from conventional nutrient cyclers (Massilia, Nitrospira) to stress-tolerant degrader genera (Truepera, Pseudonocardia). Collectively, we demonstrate that NP's ecotoxicological fingerprint lies not in its persistence but in its ability to decouple C-N-P acquisition strategies and force a network‑level adaptive reorganization - even under substantial degradation. Thus, risk assessment for NP‑contaminated soils must move beyond degradation data alone to include enzymatic stoichiometric imbalances, microbial P‑limitation status, and co‑occurrence network topology.

To address the soil organic carbon (SOC) decline in Northeast China (NEC) since the 1980s and its potential implications for food security, China has implemented a series of cropland protection (CP) policies since the 2010s. However, regional-scale SOC dynamics and their underlying mechanisms under this changing cropland-use context remain unclear, which limits targeted black soil conservation. Here, using 1304 SOC samples in 1980s, 2010s, and 2020 s, we applied an explainable machine-learning framework to generate three maps of cropland SOC and compare the driving mechanisms of SOC change between the intensive cultivation (IC) period (1980s-2010s) and the CP period (2010s-2020 s). Regional average SOC content decreased from 27.52 to 19.65 g kg-1 during the IC period, and remained nearly stable at 19.54 g kg-1 in the 2020 s. Initial SOC (ISOC), clay content, mean annual temperature, and mean annual precipitation (MAP) were the dominant controls on SOC change, but their nonlinear responses differed between periods. Notably, MAP showed the clearest period-specific response. Higher MAP was associated with reduced SOC loss during the IC period, while its positive contribution reversed during the CP period. SOC responses during the CP period were conditional rather than uniform, suggesting that Low-ISOC, clay-rich, cooler, or relatively dry croplands showed greater potential for SOC stabilization or enhancement, whereas high-ISOC, warmer, or wetter regions should prioritize SOC conservation and erosion control. Our study implies that cropland-use policy contexts should be explicitly considered while explaining SOC dynamics to better guide cropland protection and black soil conservation.

Developing a low-cost, highly efficient remediation biosorbent for arsenic (As5+ and As3+) is essential for protecting environments and using biomass resource. In this study, ZnCr-LDH-tailored sawdust biochar composites (ZnCr-LDH/BC) were synthesized and used as adsorbents for decontamination of arsenic-contaminated water and soil. ZnCr-LDH tailoring improved arsenic adsorption efficiency, especially for flower-like ZnCr-LDH/BC with a 4:1 molar ratio of Zn to Cr (4:1 ZnCr-LDH/BC). This formulation outperformed other adsorbents, including unmodified biochar. As5+ and As3+ adsorption processes are better simulated by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Sips model. At pH 7, 4:1 ZnCr-LDH/BC adsorbed up to 67.45 mg/g of As5+, and at pH 9, 24.55 mg/g of As3+. Ionic strength and co-existing ions exerted no significant inhibitory effects on As3 +, but they hindered the adsorption of As5+. Besides ion exchange and complexation, electrostatic attraction also contributes to As5+ removal, but this mechanism is absent for As3+. Additionally, the practicality of composite was confirmed through its application in treating natural water and arsenic-contaminated industrial wastewater, as well as its column experiment performance and economic benefit evaluation. The addition of 4:1 ZnCr-LDH/BC reduced the DTPA-extractable content and leaching toxicity of As5+ and As3+in soil. The addition of 4:1 ZnCr-LDH/BC could alleviate the stress of arsenic on microorganisms, increase the wheat seedling biomass, and decrease the arsenic accumulation in the above-ground parts of plant. This study prepared and confirmed that 4:1 ZnCr-LDH/BC is a highly efficient adsorbent for As5+ and As3+. It can remediate arsenic-contaminated water bodies and soil in practice.

As the world's second largest oilseed crop by production, rapeseed plays a critical role in edible oil production. However, heavy metal accumulation in rapeseed raises food safety concerns, and a systematic nationwide assessment of contamination in China's soil-rapeseed systems remains scarce. This study analyzed 404 paired soil-rapeseed samples from 21 provinces to investigate the enrichment characteristics and influencing factors of Cd, Pb, and As. Results showed average soil concentrations of Cd, Pb and As for 0.388, 35.5 and 22.8 mg/kg, respectively. Cd exhibited prominent contamination with an exceedance rate of 42.8% (GB 15618-2018), particularly in Central, Southwestern, and Southern China. The average concentrations in rapeseed grains were 0.061 (Cd), 0.086 (Pb), and 0.165 mg/kg (As), indicating mild contamination overall. Pb was identified as a priority control pollutant with exceedance rate of 6.7%, most severe in Northwest China. Random forest analysis revealed variety is the dominant factor affecting heavy metal accumulation, followed by soil heavy metal concentration, with atmospheric deposition being a significant contributor to grain Pb. Based on bioaccumulation factors, Fengyou 306 and Zhongyou 788 were identified as promising varieties for safe production, while Fengyou 737, Huayouza 62, and Yangguang 2009 were not recommended for highly Pb-polluted areas. Using the Burr III model, safety thresholds for soil Cd and Pb were established at 8.01 and 295 mg/kg, respectively. This study provides a scientific basis for risk management and variety-based remediation strategies in rapeseed production.

The co-composting of rapeseed straw and chicken manure faces challenges such as low humification and heavy metal pollution. In this study, spent mushroom substrate (SMS) and biochar were added to the composting mixture at a 1:1 ratio, constituting 10% of the total dry weight. The results showed that the combined addition of SMS and biochar in compost significantly increased the humic acid (HA) content and the HA/fulvic acid (FA) ratio by 5.17% and 40.23%, respectively, compared to the control. In addition, heavy metal analysis revealed that Cu in the SMS and biochar group (SMB) was significantly passivated compared with the control group (p < 0.05), with a passivation rate of 69.41%. The relative abundances of Firmicutes and Bacteroidota were significantly higher in the SMB group (7.30% and 26.08%, respectively) than in the control (4.37% and 16.37%). These two bacterial species accelerate lignocellulose breakdown, resulting in enhanced compost maturity and ultimately maximizing heavy metal passivation. In addition, the SMB group demonstrated the highest levels of carbohydrate and energy metabolism, further proving the synergistic effects of the bacteria. These results provide new insights into promoting compost maturity and heavy metal passivation via the synergistic application of SMS and biochar.

Groundwater nitrate pollution threatens drinking water safety. Legacy nitrogen (N) in the vadose zone creates a "long tail" of leaching that can persist for decades after policy actions. Here we model global nitrate dynamics in groundwater from 1961 to 2100. By 2020, shallow aquifers had accumulated 162 ± 6 Tg N as nitrate, exceeding the WHO drinking water limit across 10% of global land area. This contamination is sustained by a large nitrate reservoir of 4037 ± 214 Tg N in the vadose zone, which will continue to generate new contamination hotspots for decades. Even under an immediate transition to zero-N-surplus, 4% of affected regions are projected to remain above the WHO limit beyond 2100. To guide effective governance, we classify global croplands into four management archetypes and identify tailored strategies that balance water quality, food security, and soil sustainability. These findings redefine the temporal scope of governance, identify priority regions, and provide a science-based roadmap towards safe groundwater.

Cadmium (Cd) contamination threatens rice safety, and while low Cd-accumulating cultivars (LACs) offer a promising strategy, the mechanisms mediated by their root microbiome remain unclear. To address this gap, this study aimed to compare the rhizosphere and root endosphere bacterial communities of LACs and high Cd-accumulating cultivars (HACs) and to elucidate their roles in regulating Cd accumulation. A field experiment was conducted in Hengyang, China, to comparatively analyze the rhizosphere and root endosphere bacterial communities of LACs (CLiangYou755, ShenLiangYou5814, XiangWanXian-12) and HACs (MeiXiangZhan-2, YangDao-6, Changxianggu). Results confirmed that grain Cd content of LACs (0.14 ± 0.018 mg/kg) was significantly lower than that of HACs (0.23 ± 0.061 mg/kg). Critically, LACs rhizosphere exhibited significantly lower soil available Cd and higher pH compared to HACs, correlating with reduced Cd uptake. Physiological analysis indicated that LACs minimized Cd accumulation primarily by restricting root uptake and hindering root-to-shoot translocation. Microbiome profiling revealed that LACs assembled a potentially protective root microbial community. Specifically, their rhizosphere exhibited higher bacterial α-diversity and was enriched with taxa possessing potential Cd-immobilizing capabilities, such as Caldilinea and norank_f__norank_o__SJA-15, which were negatively correlated with soil available Cd and positively with pH. Within root endosphere, LACs specifically enriched key Cd translocation‑limiting taxa like Sideroxydans and specific operational taxonomic units (OTUs, e.g., OTU1619), collectively forming a microbial niche that further inhibits grains Cd accumulation. In contrast, HACs enriched taxa that may activate Cd, such as Bacillus and Geobacter in the rhizosphere, and were dominated by Anaerovorax in the root endosphere, exhibiting functional redundancy and assembly imbalance. In conclusion, this study elucidates that LACs mitigate grain Cd through a coordinated "rhizosphere co-shaping and root endosphere specific assembly" microbial strategy. These findings provide a crucial theoretical foundation for developing innovative, microbiome-based green technologies aimed at ensuring food security in contaminated regions.

Cadmium (Cd) contamination in wheat farmland is increasing at an alarming rate, posing threats to food security and public health. Breeding and utilizing wheat varieties characterized by low Cd accumulation levels constitute an effective strategy in the battle against wheat Cd contamination. The adoption of molecular marker-assisted approaches can greatly expedite the selection and enhancement of wheat varieties with low Cd accumulation. Nonetheless, research concerning the genes associated with wheat cadmium accumulation remains scarce. In this study, a high-density 660K SNP array was employed for conducting a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on the grain Cd concentration (GCdC), bioconcentration factor (BCF) and translocation factor (TF) in 175 wheat germplasms. The findings revealed 401 significant SNPs identified across three diverse environments. Linkage disequilibrium analysis revealed 30 core quantitative trait loci (QTLs) capable of reliably modulating wheat Cd accumulation phenotypes. Through gene annotation, transcriptomics, and gene molecular features, four candidate genes (TraesCS7B02G000200, TraesCS4A02G035900, TraesCS4A02G040900, and TraesCS5D02G564000) were identified as potential constituents in the biological process of wheat Cd accumulation. Furthermore, six wheat germplasms exhibiting low grain Cd accumulation were isolated, and two kompetitive allele specific PCR (KASP) markers conducive to breeding selection were developed. These findings provide valuable genetic resources for cultivating wheat with low Cd accumulation and establish a foundation for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying low Cd accumulation in wheat. The candidate genes and KASP markers elucidated in this research have potential for effective use in genetic enhancement and marker-assisted selection in the breeding of wheat with low Cd accumulation.

State farms, although a minority in China's agricultural sector, play a critical role in regions like Heilongjiang, leading national food production. However, how state farms (SFs) and rural household farms (RFs) respond to food policies, especially the 2017 soybean subsidy policy (post-Sino-U.S. trade war) and the 2019 soybean revitalization policy, remains unclear. This study examines changes in cropping patterns on SFs and RFs in Heilongjiang from 2013 to 2022 using annual crop maps. We find that SFs, with larger and more clustered fields, responded more effectively to the soybean policies: soybean acreage recovery (2019-2021) reached 91.51 % of pre-trade war levels for RFs and 98.2 % for SFs; following the revitalization policy, maize-soybean rotations were implemented four times in 62.3 % of SFs and 45.4 % of RFs. These results highlight the influence of global trade and agricultural policies on cropland management, providing critical insights into sustainable practices and food security across different agricultural systems.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used as flame retardants and are prevalent indoors, yet long-term monitoring of indoor PBDEs remains rare. This study systematically investigated the seasonal variations, compositional profiles, and exposure risks of PBDEs across three indoor media-airborne particles (APs, n = 28), vapor phase (n = 28), and dust (n = 47)-collected from four offices. Seasonal trends of PBDEs showed the highest concentrations in autumn and the lowest in winter in both the indoor vapor phase and dust. Correlation analysis revealed a significant negative correlation (p < 0.001) between indoor vapor BDE-17 and BDE-209, suggesting photodegradation of high-weight to low-weight BDEs. In APs, twelve PBDE congeners-excluding BDE-17 and 85-exhibited significant positive correlations (p < 0.05) with PM concentrations. Dust on glass surfaces showed strong correlations between penta-BDEs and octa-/deca-BDEs (r = 0.79). Risk assessments found that dust ingestion was the primary exposure pathway, with students exhibiting the highest total exposure. Dermal contact exposure reached its highest levels in summer, while inhalation, dermal absorption, and dust ingestion were highest in autumn. This study reveals significant seasonal variations in office PBDE concentrations and reinforces the importance of dust as a critical exposure pathway, providing a scientific basis for PBDEs pollution control and health protection strategies.

Rational utilization of the competition among internal functional groups in chemical adsorbents for heavy metal ions can significantly enhance adsorption efficiency, while also driving the development of advanced adsorbents. This study proposes an innovative strategy employing a group competition mechanism to develop a dualfunction platform for Cd(II) detection and adsorption, along with field detection applications. Nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (NGQDs) anchor the Cd(II) detection agent, 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(1-methyl-4-pyridinio) porphyrin tetra(p-toluenesulfonate) (TMPyP), onto sodium alginate chains to form an aerogel (T-NGQDsCAA). FT-IR and XPS characterizations confirm that NGQDs facilitate a rapid Cd(II) transfer pathway through electrostatic interactions and it-it stacking. The Cd(II) detection speed of T-NGQDs-CAA is enhanced fivefold, while density functional theory analysis reveals that TMPyP exhibits a significantly stronger binding affinity toward Cd(II) compared to nitrogen- and oxygen-containing groups. Combined experimental and theoretical analyses demonstrate that this rapid ion transfer pathway intensifies TMPyP's competition for Cd(II), thereby promoting the coordination reaction between TMPyP and Cd(II). Additionally, the Cd(II) adsorption by TNGQDs-CAA follows the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models, exhibiting a 148.7% increase in saturation adsorption capacity. This strategy, through constructing rapid ion channels with NGQDs and leveraging the group competition mechanism, enables in-situ Cd(II) detection and removal, enhancing the understanding and application of interactions between functional groups and metal ions.

A sustainable strategy for cadmium (Cd)-contaminated farmland was developed using a rape-rice-rice rotation system. This method combines early maturing and high Cd-accumulating rape variety with low Cd-accumulating rice varieties and alkaline Si-rich fertilizer. Field experiments compared different planting patterns: single-season rice (SR), oilseed rape-rice rotation (OR), rice-rice rotation (RR), modified oilseed rape-rice rotation (MOR), and integrated threecrop rotation (MORR). MORR significantly reduced Cd content in rice grains, boost total crop yield, and enhanced soil Cd removal. It achieved a comprehensive evaluation index of 0.99, safe crop production over three seasons, a soil Cd removal rate of 87.338 g/ha/yr, and economic benefits of 34,915 CNY & sdot;ha- 1. Simulations based on the Cd input-output balance showed MORR cleaned soil Cd below standards in 12 years, outperforming the 15 years required by the Sedum alfredii and peanut rotation (SP). MORR minimized health risks from Cd exposure, balancing safe production, soil remediation, and farmer income, offering a viable solution for sustainable use of Cd-contaminated farmland.

Indoor benzene series (BTEX) pollution from building and decoration materials poses growing health risks during China's urbanization. Nationwide multi-scenario exposure assessments remain limited, and the risk-based thresholds for benzene and ethylbenzene are still undefined. This multi-region study collected 1396 indoor air samples to assess BTEX pollution and exposure risks in Chinese dwellings. Combining health probabilistic risk and DALY (disability-adjusted life year) calculations with Monte Carlo simulations, we determined safety concentration thresholds of 0.023 mg/m³ (benzene) and 0.162 mg/m³ (ethylbenzene) based on acceptable carcinogenic risk thresholds (1 ×10⁻⁶). BTEX concentrations across followed the order: high exposure places > indoor residential > office areas > public places, with spatial analysis revealing a distinct north-high-south-low geographical gradient. Health effect assessment indicated that total non-carcinogenic risks of BTEX exceeded thresholds by 3.5-fold, indoor residential carcinogenic risks for children were 2.3 times higher than for adults, and risks in indoor residential and high-exposure places significantly exceeded acceptable levels. Disease burden analysis showed that indoor benzene exposure contributed to a leukemia burden rate of 55.9 per 100,000 population, equivalent to an annual lifespan loss of 238.65 s per capita (4.816 h over a lifetime). The disease burden for children, the elderly, and adult women is relatively significant. This study offered critical scientific support for revising indoor air quality standards and formulating prioritized intervention strategies for high-risk zones and vulnerable populations.

Tropical rice systems exhibit high annual rates of heavy metal accumulation, requiring accurate identification of accumulation drivers in rice-growing ecosystems to ensure regional food security. Therefore, we collected 229 paired soil and rice samples across Hainan Island, China, revealing distinct spatial patterns of Pb contamination hotspots. By integrating 21 environmental variables, nine machine learning models were systematically compared, with the random forest algorithm emerging superior (R² = 0.842, RMSE = 0.010). Analyses showed that despite a low mean bioaccumulation factor (0.011), 11.4 % of the soils and 22.7 % of the brown rice grains exceeded national Pb limits. Geospatial profiling identified northwestern regions as primary soil Pb hotspots, whereas rice Pb bioaccumulation exhibited tripartite clustering in northwestern, southwestern, and western zones. Mechanistic interpretation via Feature importance and Shapley additive explanations highlighted soil Pb concentrations, annual precipitation, and mean temperature as pivotal bioaccumulation regulators. To mitigate risks, targeted agronomic strategies-including pH optimization and calcium-selenium enrichment-are proposed to immobilize Pb in tropical soils. This predictive framework quantifies Pb concentrations in rice, explains contamination mechanisms, and provides actionable insights for heavy metal management in island agroecosystems.

Industrial polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution threatens soil ecosystems worldwide, posing persistent risks due to their toxicity and intricate transport dynamics. In steelworks, a major PAH emitter, contaminant distribution arises from multifaceted interactions between production activities and geological features, complicating the elucidation of underlying mechanisms. Previous studies have largely overlooked the inherent heterogeneity in these influences, focusing instead on global relationships that may bias assessments of pollution drivers and PAH migration. Here we show heterogeneity, nonlinearity, and multifactor interactions in PAH contamination at a steelworks site using a multidimensional framework that integrates machine learning and spatial analysis. Applied to 3339 soil samples and nine influencing factors, the framework reveals distance to production facilities as the dominant driver, with a 60-m impact radius; production factors exert stronger effects on 2-3-ring PAHs than on 4-6-ring PAHs, particularly in deeper soil layers at depths of 9-20 m. Soil moisture and clay content synergistically control PAH mobility across strata, elevating the framework's explanatory power from 0.5 to 0.9 and enabling precise delineation of dynamics. This modular approach not only advances mechanistic insights into industrial PAH pollution but also provides scalable guidance for targeted prevention and remediation strategies across diverse contaminated sites.

Grain is a crucial source of human nutrition, and its quality is linked to the health of populations and sustainable development of economies and societies worldwide. However, at national and global scales, information on rice quality and safety is relatively limited. To address this knowledge gap, this study constructed a high-resolution nationwide database of heavy metal (HM) pollution in rice across major grain-producing areas in China based on extensive field survey data from 2018 to 2020 (3198 samples). The database was used to evaluate the pollution status, identify hotspot distribution areas, and supplement existing knowledge gaps. The results revealed that the mean concentrations of HM in rice exceeded the standard value in varying degrees across provinces, with Cd, Pb, and Hg being the most prominent pollutants, showing exceedance rates of 18.7 %, 6.4 %, and 4.2 % respectively. Hotspot analysis indicated that the spatial aggregation of HM contaminations was significantly influenced by human activities, with pollution primarily concentrated in industrial and mining clusters or economically developed regions. Moreover, the consumption of contaminated rice poses both carcinogenic risks (eg., Cd, As, or Ni) and non-carcinogenic hazards to human health. These findings highlight the urgent need for action from the government to implement green restoration strategies for HM-contaminated rice.

Ensuring compliance with China's “1.8 billion mu”(120 million hectares) cultivated land preservation policy is a fundamental goal of land policy. Northeast China has experienced significant cultivated land expan-sion due to rigorous compensation policies over the past two decades, re-sulting in sustainable increases in grain output. This research employs re-mote sensing data to examine the spatial-temporal pattern and vulnerability of newly increased cultivated land expansion in Northeast China and its potential impact on food security. Results indicate a 3.08% increase in newly increased cultivated land from 2000 to 2020, with the majority located in the Sanjiang Plain's humid area and Inner Mongolia's arid and semiarid regions. with 58.54% of it being at grade 6-10, and the reduced cultivated land all at grade 1. Additionally, 62.84% of the newly increased cultivated land was in ecologically fragile areas, while the rest were in mildly and severely vulnerable areas. Temperature insta-bility was negatively correlated with cultivated land expansion, while grain production was negatively correlated with cultivated land vulnerability. The increase in grain production at the expense of cultivated land ecology is a potential threat to national food security. The vulnerability of cultivated land is negatively and significantly related to grain yield, suggesting an adverse impact on national food security. The poor quality of newly increased cultivated land in Northeast China, characterized by ecological fragility, may lead to short-term gains in grain yield but not guarantee long-term stability. This study found a significant negative correlation between grain yield and cultivated land ecological vulnerability in Northeast China. Thus, protection measures should focus on increasing high-quality and ecologically sound cultivated land to ensure long-term grain production stability. Priority should be given to high-quality and ecologically sound cultivated land for inclusion in high-standard cultivated land construction zones to enhance protection efforts.