Enhancing resistance to piercing-sucking pests while preserving superior agronomic performance remains a key challenge in plant breeding, constrained by the classical "growth-defense trade-off". Lignin, a core component of plant secondary cell walls, acts as a vital physical barrier against pest invasion, yet genetic regulators that simultaneously reinforce lignin-mediated defense and promote plant growth are rarely reported. Here, we cloned MdLac18 (GenBank Accession No.: PV341664), a laccase gene from the aphid-resistant apple cultivar 'Starkrimson', and heterologously expressed it in Nicotiana benthamiana via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Transgenic lines exhibited robust resistance to Myzus persicae: corrected aphid mortality reached 43.99% and fecundity decreased by 55.13% at 8 days post-inoculation. Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG) analysis revealed prolonged salivation (E1 wave) and shortened phloem ingestion (E2 wave) in aphids, reflecting impaired stylet penetration. MdLac18 overexpression increased laccase activity by 59.61% and lignin content by 47.40%, with enhanced vascular tissue lignification. GC-MS analysis confirmed a 176% increase in G-type lignin monomers (coniferyl alcohol derivatives), indicating specific promotion of G-type lignin biosynthesis. Notably, unlike typical defense-related genes, MdLac18 conferred dual benefits: transgenic tobacco showed improved agronomic traits (increased plant height, stem diameter at the early vegetative stage (30-60 days after transplantation), biomass, and early flowering). Our findings establish MdLac18 as a rare genetic resource that, by exerting its stress-regulatory function and enhancing plant adaptability to adverse environments, holds the potential to decouple the growth-defense trade-off under controlled suboptimal conditions, thus providing a novel strategy for breeding crops with durable aphid resistance and superior agronomic performance.

This study investigates the development of engineered bottom ash pellet (BAP) and evaluates its phosphorus removal performance and economic viability intended for field-scale applications. BAP was produced by blending coal bottom ash (CBA) with clay and lime, followed by thermal treatment. Bench-scale experiments showed that modification of CBA to BAP improved the phosphorus removal efficiency from 34 % to 95 %, with a maximum adsorption capacity from 19.56 mg/g to 56.6 mg/g. Phosphorus removal followed a pseudo-secondorder kinetic model (R2 = 0.99) and fit well with the Langmuir isotherm (R2 = 0.98), indicating chemisorption as the dominant mechanism. Economic analysis estimated the BAP production cost of $118 to $ 261/ton, with labor and operational time identified as key cost drivers. Scaled system evaluation demonstrated that BAP offers long service life and cost-effective phosphorus removal in both municipal and agricultural applications.

The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily is one of the largest groups of membrane proteins, involved in phase III of the detoxification process and plays important roles in insecticide resistance. In this study, A total of 69 ABC transporter proteins genes was identified based on genome and transcriptome, including 18 ABCA genes, 6 ABCB genes, 11 ABCC genes, 5 ABCD genes, 3 ABCF genes, and 26 ABCG genes in Eriosoma lanigerum. Among the 69 ABC transporters, 15 are classified as full transporters, while 27 are identified as half transporters. Within the ABCA and ABCG subfamilies, there are 14 and 5 proteins, respectively, that possess only the NBD domain and lack the TMD domain, indicating that these proteins do not perform transmembrane functions. Two notable ABC transporters have recently been identified in the ABC transporters of E. lanigerum. ElABCC1 features 4 NBDs and 4 TMDs, whereas ElABCG21 comprises 3 NBDs and 3 TMDs. In this study, the ElABCG2 gene was cloned, revealing that its full-length sequence is 2082 bp and that it belongs to the category of half transporters. Temporal and spatial expression analyses indicate that the expression level of this gene significantly increases during the growth of the instar stages. Furthermore, it is expressed in the head, thorax, and abdomen, with expression levels exhibiting an upward trend. The RNAi technique was employed to specifically knock out the ElABCG2 gene. Subsequently, E. lanigerum were exposed to the median lethal concentrations of imidacloprid and thiamethoxam. The results demonstrated that following the knockout of this gene, the sensitivity of E. lanigerum to imidacloprid increased significantly, while no notable change was observed in their sensitivity to thiamethoxam. This suggests that the ElABCG2 gene may play a crucial role in the detoxification process of E. lanigerum against imidacloprid. However, the specific detoxification mechanism warrants further investigation.

This study represents the first attempt to clone laccase genes from different apple cultivars and characterize their enzymatic properties.Using RT-PCR, we cloned the Lac38 genes from SM and RF apples. Sequence analysis revealed that four SNPs in the RF-Lac38 gene compared to SM-Lac38, which led to 3 amino acid substitutions. By utilizing the Bac-to-Bac system, we expressed the laccase genes in Sf9 insect cells. The enzymatic activity assays showed distinct substrate preferences. SM-Lac38 displayed catalytic activity toward coniferyl alcohol, sinapyl alcohol, p-coumaryl alcohol, and resveratrol. Specifically, its catalytic efficiency towards coniferyl alcohol was the highest, with a Vmax of 14.53 nmol·min− 1·mg− 1. In contrast, RF-Lac38 only catalyzed p-coumaryl alcohol and resveratrol. The catalytic activity of RF-Lac38 towards p-coumaryl alcohol was 4.693 nmol·min− 1·mg− 1, which was not significantly different from that of SM-Lac38. Coniferyl alcohol, sinapyl alcohol, and p-coumaryl alcohol are substrates for the synthesis of three types of lignins, namely G, S, and H. Therefore, it is speculated that the ability of SM-Lac38 to synthesize lignin is higher than that of RF-Lac38. Structural prediction indicated that SM-Lac38 had lower proportions of α‑helix and β‑turn, which might be related to its broader substrate specificity. These results provide fundamental data for further functional studies of laccase genes in apples, such as their roles in resisting pest damage.

Biochar has been widely used as a soil amendment and also as a cost-effective adsorbent for pollutant treatment. Herein, we reexamined the system design and interactions between biochar and woodchip bioreactors (WBRs) to achieve synergies and minimize trade-offs, providing the first integrated assessment of treatment configuration, mechanistic interactions, and techno-economic performance in biochar-enhanced WBR systems. Three types of biochar-enhanced WBRs were evaluated: a single-stage system (biochar-woodchip mixture, W+B) and two treatment trains (WBRs followed by biochar systems, W-B, and biochar systems equipped with secondary WBRs, B-W). The results indicated that all types of biochar-enhanced WBRs exhibited simultaneous removal of nitrate and dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP). Single-stage W + B systems achieved the highest reductions in DRP and nitrate but resulted in the highest amount of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) leaching. Meanwhile, the treatment train design with a downstream biochar system effectively mitigated byproduct leaching from upstream WBRs while maintaining stable nitrate removal. DRP removal showed similar trends across the three types of biochar-enhanced WBRs, with a gradual decrease in removal efficiency over time. Microbial analysis revealed that the interaction between biochar and woodchip amendments selectively supported the growth of microbes that facilitate denitrification and organic matter decomposition, while reducing microbial diversity in W+B systems, which likely reflects system functional specialization towards denitrification. Furthermore, techno-economic analysis identified W-B systems as most cost-effective, achieving $187.9 +/- 160.0/kg DRP and $5.7 +/- 1.7/kg N per year. The relatively higher uncertainty associated with DRP removal costs was primarily attributed to variability in influent DRP loading and removal efficiency. In contrast, the W+B system, despite higher removal performance, exhibited higher unit costs due to decreased treatment capacity. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of infrastructure design and media interaction for advancing biochar application into WBRs to enhance their feasibility, effectiveness, and sustainability in water quality management.

Longevity critically influences biocontrol efficacy, yet direct artificial selection for lifespan extension has rarely been documented in natural enemies. Here, we established long-lived lines of the parasitoid wasp Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae through artificial selection and investigated their phenotypic and genomic consequences. Two longevity-selected lines (LL1 and LL2) and their corresponding original control lines (OL1 and OL2) were generated. Females of LL1 showed a significantly extended lifespan by the fifth generation, whereas LL2 did not respond to selection. Notably, the longevity advantage of LL1 females persisted at generations 15 and 33 after cessation of selection. LL1 females also exhibited increased lifetime fecundity and enhanced resistance to cold and starvation, without changes in developmental duration, sex ratio, or body size. To explore the genetic basis of these traits, whole-genome resequencing was conducted on females and males from LL1 and OL1 at generation 33. Population genomic analyses revealed clear genetic differentiation between lines but not between sexes within lines. Selective sweep analyses in females identified genomic regions under selection enriched in energy metabolism and stress regulation, and integration with expression data revealed SNP variation and line-specific cold-induced expression of heat shock protein genes. Together, these results indicate that artificial selection can potentially produce a stable extension of female lifespan in P. vindemmiae, accompanied by distinct genomic signatures in the responsive line. Our findings provide insights into the genetic architecture of longevity and stress resistance in parasitoid wasps while highlighting both the opportunities and constraints of artificial selection for biological control improvement.

Extensive tile drainage systems in the Midwestern United States are a major source of nutrient pollution, contributing to water quality impairment in downstream watersheds. This study presents an integrated evaluation of an innovative two-stage woodchip bioreactor-biochar (B2) treatment system for reducing nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) losses from tile-drained croplands by combining laboratory studies, field trials, and a technoeconomic assessment (TEA). Laboratory experiments showed that designer biochar pellets produced from sawdust pretreated with lime sludge significantly enhanced the adsorption capacity for dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP, water-soluble orthophosphate) compared with that of lime sludge alone. In a one-year field trial, the B2 system demonstrated sustained nutrient removal when treating 3, 018 m3 of drainage water. The woodchip bioreactor reduced nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) concentrations by 58 % with a cumulative load reduction of 1.8 kg. Ammonium-nitrogen (NH4-N) loads were reduced from 2.83 to 0.73 kg, with removal efficiency increasing from 64 % to 72 % under the subsequent biochar treatment. Biochar sorption channels reduced DRP by 3-92 % (median 69 %) and total P by 20-94 % (median 55 %), effectively mitigating DRP and TP leaching observed in the woodchip bioreactor effluent. The TEA indicated that the pilot-scale B2 system achieved unit removal costs of $90.3/kg NO3-N/year and $63.9/kg DRP/year. When the system was scaled to treat drainage water from a 10-ha drainage area, the system yielded average removal costs of $4.7 +/- 1.9/kg NO3-N/year and $103.7 +/- 153.5/kg DRP/year, with an annualized system cost of $1020.2 +/- 80.4 per year. The TEA analysis also suggested that the cost-effectiveness of the B2 systems can be further improved through strategic site selection, material sourcing, and flow management. Overall, these results highlight the B2 system as a practical, scalable, and cost-effective strategy for improving water quality in tile-drained agricultural landscapes.

Woodchip bioreactors (WBRs) are nature-based systems for nitrate removal, but their complex and dynamic behavior limits the effectiveness of conventional modeling approaches. This study presents a Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN) framework to simulate nitrate removal in field-scale WBRs for the first time. Model performance was compared with a feedforward neural network (FNN) and a temperature-dependent zero-order biokinetic model. The PINN captured nonlinear operational and environmental interactions while representing age-dependent evolution of denitrification rates and temperature sensitivity. Results show that the PINN substantially outperformed the biokinetic model and achieved accuracy comparable to the FNN, while offering superior physical consistency and transferability. Partial transfer learning with frozen physics layers produced the highest site-specific adaptation accuracy. Integrated Gradient and Sobol sensitivity analyses identified bioreactor age, hydraulic retention time, and influent nitrate concentration as dominant controls, with strong hydraulic-thermal interactions. Overall, the findings demonstrate the potential of PINNs for WBR design and management.

Woolly apple aphid (WAA), Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann), is a worldwide invasive pest that seriously damages apple trees in almost all apple-growing areas. Waxy secretion is characterised as an important weapon in increasing invasion and adaptation to a broad range of biological and abiotic factors. We used PacBio reads to produce a 357 Mb highquality chromosome-level assembly for the WAA genome. The N50 lengths of contigs and chromosomes were 4.0 Mb and 65.1 Mb, respectively. In total, 95 Mb (12.5%) repeat sequences and 15,906 gene models were identified in the genome. We identified 101 expanded and 33 exclusive orthologous groups in E. lanigerum, mainly functioning in cell growth and death, signal transduction, and carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, which contribute to adaptation and metabolite synthesis. To uncover the molecular basis of wax synthase processes, related enzymes and transporters were identified through transcriptomes of five developmental stages and among three segments. Although wax synthase-related genes were not found in WAA genome and other related species, four genes were identified involved in fatty acid biosynthesis and metabolism, thereby producing and transporting the waxy secretion of WAA. These results indicated that different pathways might be employed by WAA in wax ester biosynthesis compared with other eukaryotic organisms. These findings collectively provide novel insight into the molecular mechanisms of the wax synthase processes of WAA.

Parasitoid wasps are vital for biological control, and while new species continue to be discovered, evaluating their biological characteristics is crucial for realizing their potential for pest management. Pachycrepoideus vindemiae (Rondani) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) is a well-studied parasitoid of dipteran pests, while Trichomalopsis ovigastra Sureshan & Narendran (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) has been only morphologically described. To assess its biocontrol potential, we compared the biological traits of T. ovigastra and P. vindemiae using Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (Diptera: Drosophilidae) and Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) as hosts. T. ovigastra showed significantly higher parasitism rates, especially against B. dorsalis, where T. ovigastra achieved nearly 50% parasitism, compared to less than 0.3% by P. vindemiae. When using D. melanogaster as the host, no significant differences were observed between T. ovigastra and P. vindemiae in offspring sex ratio or adult longevity; however, T. ovigastra exhibited a shorter developmental duration and greater tolerance to temperature extremes, starvation, and desiccation. Notably, B. dorsalis has expanded its range from southern to northern China; however, no native parasitoids of this pest have been reported in the newly invaded northern regions. T. ovigastra, collected from northern orchards and capable of parasitizing B. dorsalis, thus shows promise as a biocontrol agent. These findings highlight the potential of locally occurring parasitoids, although field validation is still required.

Artificial selection for stress resistance in natural enemies is a promising approach to enhance their effectiveness in biological control. However, documented cases regarding artificial selection for starvation resistance in natural enemy insects are lacking. This study addresses this gap by selecting starvation-resistant lines of the parasitoid wasp Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae, including food deprivation resistance lines and food and water deprivation resistance lines. Our results demonstrate that all selected lines exhibited significantly improved survival abilities compared to non-selected lines. Moreover, resistance to starvation persisted across generations without artificial selection under starvation conditions, indicating stable inheritance of this trait. We also observed extended lifespan in female adults and enhanced resistance to desiccation and low temperature in both males and females from the resistance lines. Additionally, we conducted preliminary exploration of the mechanisms underlying starvation resistance in these resistant lines through transcriptome sequencing for the first time. The analysis revealed that, under starvation stress, pathways such as amino acid metabolism and nucleotide metabolism exhibited consistent expression patterns in both resistant and non-resistant lines. However, specific pathways including arachidonic acid metabolism in lipid metabolism, and glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism as well as glycolysis/gluconeogenesis in carbohydrate metabolism, were upregulated only in the resistant lines. These findings suggest that starvation resistance in the resistance lines involves multiple molecular pathways. This study represents the first successful artificial selection for starvation-resistant natural enemy lines, offering valuable insights for utilizing natural enemies effectively and understanding stress resistance mechanisms for potential genetic modification of beneficial traits.

Bactrocera dorsalis, a highly destructive and invasive fruit pest, has spread from the south to the north, significantly increasing the risk to agricultural and horticultural crops worldwide. Currently, chemical insecticides remain the primary method of controlling B. dorsalis. Chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate insecticide, has become the main alternative in China following the 2008 ban on five highly toxic organophosphates. However, the current status of resistance and its underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. The study monitored the resistance levels of five field populations in China, revealing moderate resistance to chlorpyrifos (resistance ratios 7.57-17.06-fold). Six mutations (I214V, G420A, G488S, Q643R, H645L and T659A) in the target acetylcholinesterase 2 (AChE2) of chlorpyrifos were firstly identified, with high heterogeneity among field populations. This significant association were found between the G420A mutation frequency and chlorpyrifos resistance, evidence in both the individual survival rates and the population resistance levels. In vitro expression of ten AChE2 variation showed G420A conferred greater reduced sensitivity to chlopyrifos than other mutations, while H645L and T659A combined with Q643R increased sensitivity. Most variants retained substantial substrate hydrolysis activity. We compared twelve mutations in AChE2 reported in insects and discussed their implications. These provides critical insights into B. dorsalis control strategies and the development of more effective insecticides targeting AChE2 in insects.

The sterile insect technique (SIT) is an environmentally friendly and species-specific method widely used to control agriculturally important fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritide). Previous studies have focused on the effects of releasing a higher proportion of sterile males relative to fertile males on Bactrocera dorsalis populations. In this study, we focused on the impact of releasing a small percentage of sterile males relative to fertile males on B. dorsalis populations. The results showed that when the ratio of wild to sterile males was 1:3, the number of eggs produced within 12 days (5166 eggs) and hatching rate (66%) were significantly lower than those of the control group (6680 eggs and 85%). When the males were released at a ratio of 1:3 for the second time, the hatching and pre-adult survival rates of B. dorsalis progeny were 43% and 37%, respectively. There were also significant decreases in R-0 , r , lambda , and T compared with the control, and after 90 days the population size predicted using the TIMING-MSChart program was reduced by 63%. Overall, these findings indicate that the release of sterile males as a small proportion relative to fertile males resulted in the collapse of the B. dorsalis population. This study establishes a scientific foundation for the release of sterile males in the field and the environmentally friendly prevention and control of B. dorsalis infestations.

The integration of the Male Annihilation Technique (MAT) and the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) offers effective pest control strategies but faces challenges due to the vulnerability of sterile males to MAT. Researchers have made significant efforts to reduce male response to ME through time-consuming breeding approaches, such as genetic selection and odor-exposure-driven methods, to develop ME non-responsive strains. By leveraging the chemosensory response of B. dorsalis to ME, a stable strain with reduced sensitivity to ME could be developed by genetically disrupting its key olfactory receptor. Here, we evaluate the fitness of an ME-low-sensitivity strain, previously obtained by genetically knocking out its core olfactory receptor, BdorOR94b1, under laboratory conditions. Life table analysis demonstrated that the BdorOR94b1-/- line completed its life cycle normally, with no significant differences in most of features, except a slightly reduced fecundity and lifespan in mutant females. BdorOR94b1 knockout significantly reduced antennal and behavioral responses to ME, while responses to other relevant compounds and overall olfactory function remained largely intact. Mutant males formed leks and had comparable mating success rates under non-choice conditions, but their competitiveness decreased steadily under female-choice conditions, achieving 30%-34% success against wild-type males. These findings indicate that ME-low-sensitivity strains with disrupted BdorOR94b1 maintain population viability and general olfactory function, showing potential for SIT-MAT applications. Future research should focus on developing genetic sexing strains, mass-rearing protocols, and testing in semi-field to ensure effective deployment in integrated pest management programs.

Carpomya vesuviana (Diptera: Tephritidae), a significant invasive forestry pest of Zizyphus crops worldwide, has spread globally across jujube-growing regions, causing substantial yield losses and economic damage. In China, it is classified as both an imported and forestry quarantine pest. Existing risk assessments have primarily focused on the potential geographical distributions (PGDs) of C. vesuviana, but its economic impact on host plants is unknown. Therefore, we used an optimised MaxEnt model based on species distribution records and relevant environmental variables to predict the PGDs of C. vesuviana under current and future climate scenarios. Meanwhile, we used the @RISK stochastic model to assess the economic impact of this pest on the Chinese jujube industry under various scenarios. The results showed that the human influence index (HII), mean temperature of the wettest quarter (Bio8), temperature seasonality (Bio4), and precipitation during the driest month (Bio14) were the significant environmental variables affecting species distribution. Under the current climatic scenario, the total suitable area of C. vesuviana reached 2171.39 × 104 km2, which is mainly distributed in southern and western Asia, southern Europe, central North America, western Africa, and eastern South America. Potentially suitable habitats will increase and shift to the middle and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere under future climatic scenarios. Under the no-control scenario, C. vesuviana could cause losses of 15,687 million CNY to the jujube industry in China. However, control measures could have saved losses of 5047 million CNY. This study provides a theoretical basis for preventive monitoring and integrated management of C. vesuviana globally and helps reduce its economic impact on the jujube industry in China.

The mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of thrips is characterized by the presence of control region (CR) duplication. However, the evolution pattern of duplicated CRs in thrips is still unclear. In this study, the multiple independent origins of duplicated CR indicated that the CR duplication was not an ancestral state for Thysanoptera. The macroevolutionary pattern suggested that the earliest CR duplication event occurred in the middle Cretaceous (94.85 Ma) coincided with rearrangement events forming the ancestors of Aeolothripidae, but much later than that forming the ancestors of the suborder Terebrantia. The mitogenome with duplicated CRs showed a higher rate of gene rearrangement. The sequence similarity of the CR copies and divergence time were negatively correlated, indicating age-related deterioration of mitochondrial function. No significant differences were found in the mitochondrial DNA, the P123 and P4FD between the single and multiple-CR charactered mitogenomes, which suggested that the duplicated CRs may not affect the replication process in thrip mitogenome. The mitogenomes with duplicated CRs (mean: 0.0088 subs/s/my) show a significantly increased evolutionary rate than that with a single one (mean: 0.0058 subs/s/my). However, it seems that this higher evolutionary rate did not have adaptive mechanisms in Terebrantia. We speculated that the duplicated CRs may cause a more intense production of energy by mitochondria, and an accelerated mutation and substitution rate is expected in such mitogenomes. Our study provided new insights into the presence of CR duplications and their evolution in the mitogenomes of thrips.

The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), poses a significant threat to the global fruit industry, causing damage to diverse fruits like citrus, mango, and guava. Chemical pesticides have limited effectiveness, and pesticide residues and pesticide resistance are pressing issues. Therefore, it is essential to develop environmentally friendly pest control methods to address this problem. Behavior-modifying chemicals, including male attractants and intersex protein baits, play a critical role in the control of B. dorsalis. The mature host fruit serves as both an oviposition site and food source under natural conditions, making it a potential attraction source for oriental fruit flies. Orange, Citrus sinensis, is a main host of B. dorsalis, and commercial orange juice is a common attractant for the egg laying of B. dorsalis. Although it can both attract and elicit oviposition behaviors in B. dorsalis adults, its active components are still unclear. This study utilized analytical chemistry, behavioral tests, and electrophysiology to identify the active components of commercial orange juice that attract B. dorsalis, with the aim of providing a reference for the development of behavior-modifying chemical-based techniques to control B. dorsalis. Five compounds with a high abundance were identified via a GC-MS, including D-Limonene, butanoic acid ethyl ester, β-myrcene, linalool, and α-terpineol. Behavioral and electrophysiological experiments uncovered that D-Limonene was the active substance that was the main attractant in the mixture of these five substances, evoking a strong electrophysiological response in adult B. dorsalis. D-Limonene strongly attracts adult B. dorsalis only when they are sexually mature, and the attraction is not rhythmic. Olfaction plays a leading role in the attraction of D-Limonene to adult B. dorsalis, and Orco−/− mediates the perception of D-Limonene by B. dorsalis. Overall, D-Limonene is one of the key attractant compounds for B. dorsalis in the volatile compounds of commercial orange juice, offering possible support for the development of behavior-modifying chemical-based technology to control B. dorsalis in the future.

Pyrethroid are the primary insecticides used for controlling of Bactricera dorsalis, a highly destructive and invasive fruit pest. Field populations have developed serious resistance, especially to β-cypermethrin. While mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (Vgsc) are a common mechanism of pyrethroid resistance, variations in BdVgsc associated with β-cypermethrin resistance remain unclear. Here, we reported the resistance levels of five field populations from China, with resistance ratio ranging from 1.54 to 21.34-fold. Cloning the full length of BdVgsc revealed no specific or known amino acid mutations between the most resistant population and the susceptible strain. However, three types of partial intron retention (IRE4-5, IRE19-f and IREL-24) were identified in BdVgsc transcripts, with these intron retentions containing stop codons. The expression of IRE4-5 transcripts and total BdVgsc showed different trends across developmental stages and tissues. Exposure to β-cypermethrin led to increased expression of IRE4-5. Comparison of genomic and transcriptional sequences reveled that IRE4-5 transcripts had two types (IRE4-5.5 T and IRE4-5.6 T) caused by genomic variations. Both field and congenic strains indicated that homozygotes for IRE4-5.5 T had lower IRE4-5 transcript levels than homozygotes for IRE4-5.6 T. However, congenic and field strains exhibited inconsistent results about the association of expression levels of IRE4-5 transcripts with sensitivity to β-cypermethrin. In summary, this study is the first to identify intron retention transcripts in the Vgsc gene from B. dorsalis and to examine their expression patterns across different developmental stages, tissues, and strains with varying sensitivities to β-cypermethrin. The potential role of the intron retentions of BdVgsc in insecticide toxicity is also discussed.