Aphelinus mali (Haldeman) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) in China is comprised of two clades (termed, the Shandong and Liaoning clades). In order to clarify the genetic relationship between these two clades, we compared and analyzed the morphological characteristics and the mitochondrial genome of each, and performed a hybridization experiment. Morphological results showed that both males and females of the Liaoning clade were larger than Shandong clade, in terms of whole body, abdominal, wing and antennal lengths, however, there were no significant differences between clades for total length of the middle or hind leg of females. The length of the mitochondrial genome of the Shandong clade was 14415 bp and, for the Liaoning clade, it was 14804 bp. Each contained 31 genes, including 13 protein-encoded genes, 16 tRNA genes, and 2 rRNA genes. The highest AT level among the 13 protein-coding genes for the two clades were the same gene ( ATP8 ) (Shandong clade, 91.52%; Liaoning clade, 90.91%). By hybridization and backcrossing, we found that there was no cross incompatibility between these two clades of A . mali . Our results indicate that the historic geographical isolation between these clades has not yet caused reproductive isolation of these populations, and they belong to the same species.

Woolly apple aphid (WAA), Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann), is an important global pest that feeds on Malus species. We studied the feeding preference of WAA on apple trees in the field for two consecutive years and in the laboratory we used electronic penetration graphs (EPG) to record the stylet penetration behavior of WAA on different parts of apple trees. We found that in the field WAA fed primarily on twigs and branches, not on leaves and fruits. Six EPG waveforms were produced during WAA probing on shoots, trunks and leaves of apple trees, including the non-penetration wave (np), the stylet pathway phase wave (C), the intracellular feeding wave (pd), the xylem feeding wave (G), waves indicative of release of saliva into the phloem (E1), and a wave indicative of ingestion from phloem (E2). In the laboratory, aphids only successfully fed on shoots, trunks and leaves, not on fruits. The EPG parameters on the phloem of shoots were significantly higher than those on trunks, indicating WAA prefer to feed on shoots. These laboratory findings explain the relative field feeding preference of WAA on different parts of apple trees, which occurs primarily on branches, barks, and young twigs in orchards, especially on young twigs.

2018年4～8月在烟台市福山门楼镇东陌堂村和青岛农业大学胶州实验基地苹果园释放不同密度金纹细蛾信息素,研究迷向法防治金纹细蛾的技术和方法.结果表明,在烟台市每公顷施用信息素散发器1 500粒/hm2、4 500粒/hm2、9 000粒/hm2的区域,对金纹细蛾的平均迷向率分别达到71.2％、82.4％、89.6％,叶片平均被害率分别为14.51％、9.53％和3.11％,防治效果分别为49.05％、66.54％、89.08％.在青岛市果园通过进一步降低释放密度,明确迷向效果,发现施用750粒/hm2信息素时,虽然金纹细蛾发生数量低于对照区,但迷向效果较差.综合防治费用与防治效果,建议按照4 500粒/hm2(2.57 g/hm2)释放性信息素迷向防治金纹细蛾.

苹果绵蚜Eriosomalanigerum (Hausmann)是为害苹果树的一种重要害虫.为明确石灰水对苹果绵蚜的田间防效,本试验于2018年4～5月在山东省即墨市圈子村采用田间小区喷雾技术,设置3个浓度梯度,观察施药后第7d、14 d、21 d的绵状物面积减退率及田间防效.试验结果表明,施药后14 d内苹果绵蚜绵状物面积减退率呈递增趋势,14d后逐渐减小;其中10倍石灰水处理的减退率最高,第7d、14d、21d分别为70.24％、73.79％、34.73％.10倍石灰水处理后第14d田间防效显著高于100倍、1 000倍石灰水处理,达84.37％.结果 表明,10倍石灰水处理后14 d内对苹果绵蚜的田间防效最好,之后随着时间延长,防效降低.本试验不仅为高效、安全防治苹果绵蚜奠定了基础,也为果树病虫害的防治提供了新思路.

ABSTRACT: Aphelinus mali (Haldeman) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) is an important specific endoparasitoid of Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann) (Hymenoptera: Aphididae) with high natural parasitism in the field. By studying the COI gene of the A. mali mitochondrion, two distinct clades, Shandong and Liaoning clades, were found in China. In this paper, the mitochondrial genome of A. mali populations from Shandong province was sequenced and analyzed. In total, 14415 bp were sequenced, representing 93.5% of the total length of the A. mali mitochondrial genome, with six tRNA, trnY, trnM, trnI, trnQ, trnW, trnS1, not sequenced. The unmeasured area was located in an A+T-rich region of approximately 1000 bp. The AT content in the A+T-rich region was as high as 91.3% and this may be why this region has not been detected until now. The A+T content was 84.4% in the measured region, which is higher than that of other Hymenoptera. The AT skew was 0.1291, the highest AT skew known among Hymenoptera, which might be related to the higher AT content of protein-coding genes, rRNA and RSCU AT content. Transport genes (tRNA) had a secondary clover shaped structure, compared with other Hymenoptera; there is a more incomplete secondary structure, and less base mismatch. The mitochondrial genome of A. mali showed considerable rearrangement when compared with the mitochondrial genome of the most primitive arrangement, mainly concentrated in six tRNA genes and the gene region from cob to trnE and from trnL to nad1. The mitochondrial genome of A. mali is quite different from that of other Hymenoptera as can be demonstrated by constructing a phylogenetic tree. This paper provides a basis for further study of phylogeny, genetic structure, and hybridization of A. mali populations.

【目的】苹果绵蚜Eriosoma lanigerum、绣线菊蚜Aphis citricola和梨网蝽Stephanitis nashi是苹果园的一类重要害虫,它们以刺吸式口器对苹果树造成不同程度的危害。本研究旨在明确这3种刺吸式昆虫在苹果树上取食行为差异。【方法】利用刺吸电位（electrical penetration graph, EPG）技术对苹果绵蚜和绣线菊蚜成虫在苹果苗韧皮部和非韧皮部上的EPG指标,以及苹果绵蚜、绣线菊蚜和梨网蝽成虫在苹果苗上的取食行为进行了比较分析,分析了这3种害虫的成虫在苹果苗上取食8 h各种波形平均持续时间的占比。【结果】结果表明,苹果绵蚜和绣线菊蚜成蚜在苹果苗上均产生6种取食波形,即非刺探波（np）、路径波（C）、意外穿刺细胞非主动取食细胞波（pd）、木质部取食波（G）、韧皮部唾液分泌波（E1）和韧皮部取食波（E2）;而梨网蝽成虫取食过程中只产生非刺探波（np）、表皮刺穿波（A）、叶肉细胞取食波（Gc）和木质部取食波（E）4种波形。从蚜虫在苹果苗非韧皮部上取食的EPG指标看,苹果绵蚜成蚜pd波平均时间显著高于绣线菊蚜的,而刺探次数、np波总时间和pd波次数均显著低于绣线菊蚜的。从蚜虫在苹果苗韧皮部上取食的EPG指标来看,除第1次出现E2波的时间外,各指标没有显著差异。从3种害虫在苹果苗上取食8 h各波形的占比来看,梨网蝽成虫的np波总时间所占比例最高（53%）,其次是绣线菊蚜成虫的（24%）,苹果绵蚜成虫的最低（为1%）。同时,苹果绵蚜和绣线菊蚜成虫取食波为E2波,所占总时间比例分别为35%和25%,而梨网蝽的取食波为Gc波（占总时间比例为36%）和E波（占总时间比例为11%）。【结论】本研究阐释了苹果园刺吸式口器害虫的生态位分离和取食行为学机制,为果园刺吸式口器害虫的综合治理提供了理论依据。

The preference and behavioral mechanism of the feeding behavior of the woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann), on Chinese apple cultivars was investigated using the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique. Feeding of adult aphids was assessed for the four main cultivars of apple in China (Red Fuji, Ralls Genet, Starkrimson, and Jonagold) over an 8-h monitoring period, what that of fourth-instar nymphs was assessed for 8 h on Jonagold only. EPG waveforms representing the details of probing behaviors, parameters were measured for analysis. We found that at the nonphloem phase, the total duration of the nonpenetration (np) waveform and the total duration of the stylet pathway phase (the 'C wave') on Ralls Genet and Starkrimson were significantly longer than on Red Fuji. In addition, the phloem-feeding phase, the total duration of 'release of saliva into the phloem', (the E1 waveform) was significantly longer on Ralls Genet and Jonagold than on Red Fuji. The total duration of the 'ingestion from sieve cells' phase (the E2 waveform) on Red Fuji, meanwhile, was significantly longer than on Ralls Genet or Starkrimson. At the same time, when combined with EPG parameters, Red Fuji was found to have no obvious resistance to woolly apple aphid and to be a susceptible cultivar. This experiment also recorded the feeding waveform of fourth-instar aphid nymphs. Based on the phloem and nonphloem parameters recorded in this study, it was inferred that adult aphids are more likely than nymphs to feed on apple trees.

[目的]了解苹果绵蚜Eriosoma lanigerum对不同类别杀虫剂的抗药水平,为田间苹果绵蚜化学防控过程中的药剂选择提供理论基础.[方法]2018年6-7月间,采用玻璃管药膜法测定了3省14个地区苹果绵蚜对阿维菌素、高效氯氰菊酯和吡虫啉的抗药性.[结果]研究表明,西安杨凌地区苹果绵蚜种群对阿维菌素的抗性水平最低,LC50值仅为6.813 mg/L;烟台招远地区苹果绵蚜种群对阿维菌素的抗性水平最高,LC50值为79.496 mg/L.多数地区苹果绵蚜种群对高效氯氰菊酯的抗药水平较低,其中烟台龙口地区抗药水平最低,LC50值为4.341 mg/L,烟台栖霞地区抗药性最高,LC50值为37.689mg/L.青岛即墨地区苹果绵蚜种群对吡虫啉的抗性水平最低,LC50值仅为5.261 mg/L;烟台招远地区苹果绵蚜种群对吡虫啉已经产生了中等水平的抗性(RR=10.859),LC50值为57.128 mg/L.不同虫态抗药性检测表明,除了烟台蓬莱地区的若蚜对阿维菌素和吡虫啉出现了抗药性提高的现象外,其它大部分苹果绵蚜3龄若蚜对药剂的抗性与成蚜相近.[结论]苹果绵蚜在北方大部分地区对常用杀虫剂的抗药性保持在低水平或敏感状态.在今后防治中应继续坚持交替轮换的用药原则,防止苹果绵蚜抗药性的产生.

[目的]明确粗放管理的苹果园系统内金纹细蛾Lithocolletis ringoniella发生为害动态规律、其寄生蜂种类和对金纹细蛾的控害作用,为金纹细蛾生物防治提供理论依据.[方法]试验于2018年在烟台福山区管理粗放的苹果园内,通过系统调查和实验室解剖对金纹细蛾的发生及其寄生蜂种类进行调查.[结果]在粗放管理的苹果园系统内,5月中旬-6月中旬是金纹细蛾成虫发生的全年最高峰,幼虫发生的两个高峰期分别在5月底和6月中下旬,而田间叶片被害率在6月中旬以后明显升高,7月初出现大量落叶.在自然生态系统下,共调查发现金纹细蛾姬小蜂Sympiesis laevifrons Kamijo、金纹细蛾绒茧蜂Apanteles theivorae、金纹细蛾跳小蜂Ageniaspis pestacsipes Rate、金纹细蛾羽角姬小蜂Eulopaus longulus Zett、柠黄姬小蜂Cirros-pilues ogimae (Howard)5种寄生蜂;在5月底至6月初和7月下旬出现2个寄生高峰,其中6月底以前,金纹细蛾姬小蜂、金纹细蛾绒茧蜂寄生率高,分别达到33.69％和29.48％,是优势种寄生蜂,7月份以后金纹细蛾跳小蜂是优势种寄生蜂,平均寄生率为38.54％,最高达71.72％.[结论]在粗放条件下,金纹细蛾寄生蜂自然寄生率高,不同时期优势种寄生蜂不同,应注意保护天敌,充分发挥寄生蜂对金纹细蛾的控害作用.