Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) are susceptible to interface dendrite problems resulting from the high-water content and the unstable solid electrolyte interface (SEI), leading to suboptimal cycle stability. Here, a hybrid hydrogel electrolyte for AZIBs was designed through the synergistic regulation of chains and aprotic polar solvent (APS). By the polar groups in the chain and the solvation ability of the additives, the Zn2+ ions solvation structure was synergistically optimized, thereby increasing the Zn2+ ions transfer number (0.79) and achieving high ionic conductivity (28.04 mS cm(-1)) of PS-TG45% electrolyte. Moreover, the additives enhance the interfacial interaction of the hydrogel matrix, thereby forming a stable hybrid SEI (ZnO, ZnS and ZnCO3). This helps the reaction rate of the interface and regulates zinc deposition/dissolution over time. Ultimately, the effective inhibition of side reactions and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) enables the assembled AZIBs to possess excellent safety (using under physical damage) and long-term cycling stability (capacity retention of 75.6% after over 2700 cycles). This research provides valuable inspiration for designing hydrogel electrolytes with high ionic mobility, toughness and stability, with great potential for use in energy storage applications.

Magnesium hydride (MgH2) is regarded as a highly promising material for solid-state hydrogen storage. However, the inherent kinetic and thermodynamic properties of MgH2 severely limit its practical applications. To address the slow kinetic properties of MgH2, in this paper, a NiCo/CNT catalyst consisting of Nickel–cobalt layered double hydroxide (NiCo-LDH) and carbon nanotubes (CNT) was synthesized by a hydrothermal method and successfully introduced into MgH2 by a ball-milling method. The results show that the MgH2-10 NiCo/CNT composites exhibit good hydrogen absorption and desorption kinetics. The MgH2-10 NiCo/CNT composites start to releases hydrogen at 460.7 K, which is 117.6 K lower than milled MgH2. The sample releases 4.91 wt

Magnesium hydride (MgH2) is a promising high-capacity material for hydrogen storage. However, its practical application is limited by high thermodynamic stability, slow de/hydrogenation kinetics, and rapid capacity fading due to particle agglomeration during cycling. In this study, MXene Ti3C2 oxidized at various temperatures was combined with Mg90Ni10 alloy by hydriding combustion synthesis and ball milling. The hydrogen absorption/desorption kinetics of the resulting composites were investigated. The results reveal that the composite significantly enhances hydrogen desorption while improving absorption kinetics. Notably, the Mg90Ni10-10 Ti3C2-400 composite initiates hydrogen release at 163.5 degrees C, releasing 4.0 wt% H2 within 20 min at 260 degrees C, and absorbs 3.39 wt% H2 in 30 min at 150 degrees C under 3 MPa H2 pressure. This improvement is attributed to a significantly reduced dehydrogenation activation energy (Ea) of 69.50 +/- 4.18 kJ/mol H2. The enhanced performance derives from a synergistic mechanism in which multivalent Ti facilitates electron transfer essential for breaking and forming Mg-H bonds, whereas the Mg2Ni/Mg2NiH4 phase acts as a "hydrogen pump," providing phase boundaries that serve as efficient diffusion pathways. In addition, the carbon layer helps prevent agglomeration, resulting in excellent cycling stability with virtually no capacity loss after 20 cycles.

During the nuclear fuel cycle, 137Cs, as one of the main fission products of uranium, is often found residing in the organic waste liquid tributyl phosphate (TBP). Its efficient and safe disposal is regarded as a critical technical challenge in nuclear waste management. In this study, a ternary carbonate molten salt system (Li2CO3-Na2CO3-K2CO3) was employed for the molten salt oxidation treatment of gelled TBP containing non-radioactive Cs surrogate. The results showed that the molten salt system significantly lowered the apparent activation energy of TBP degradation and effectively captured gaseous products generated during the oxidation process. The degradation rate of gelled TBP containing non-radioactive Cs surrogate reached 95.55%, the phosphorus retention rate was 95.96%, and the maximum Cs retention rate reached 90.29%. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the presence of phosphorus- and cesium-bearing species in the waste salt, demonstrating the molten salt's ability to capture these elements. By Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), it was shown that no significant changes were caused in the characteristic functional groups of the residues upon Cs introduction. The morphological evolution during decomposition was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the chemical states of various elements were analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations indicated that ion diffusion coefficients could be enhanced and the system reactivity could be boosted by both increasing temperature and introducing CsCl. Through density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the preferred Cs binding sites in TBP were identified from an electrostatic perspective. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of using a ternary carbonate molten salt system for the treatment of Cs-containing organic radioactive waste and provide theoretical support for radionuclide retention during the MSO process.

This study systematically investigates the thermal contact resistance (TCR) of a thermoelectric generator (TEG) under coordinated multi-condition scenarios, including heat source temperature, pressure load, thermal interface material (TIM), and cooling boundary, and evaluates its influence on operating performance. First, the overall TCR under different operating conditions was quantitatively determined using a thermal resistance network inversion method. The overall TCR ranges for thermal silicone sheet, graphene sheet, and copper pad were (3.81-49.04) & times; 10-4, (5.45-52.62) & times; 10-4, and (6.09-65.05) & times; 10-4 m2 & sdot;K/W, respectively. Secondly, from the perspective of microscopic interfacial morphology, the asymmetric proportion of each TCR component within the TEG module and its sensitivity to changes in operating conditions were investigated. Finally, under the coordinated effects of multiple operating conditions, the improvement in TEG performance was comprehensively evaluated. Under the optimal operating condition using thermal silicone as the TIM under the fluid-cooling boundary, with a pressure load of 312.5 kPa and a heat source temperature of 523.15 K, the output voltage, output power, and conversion efficiency of the TEG reached 6.73 V, 2.359 W, and 6.81%, respectively. The experimental results indicate that TCR exhibits a stable response trend to variations in operating conditions, and that the performance of the TEG is significantly enhanced as the overall TCR decreases. Compared with existing studies limited to single-condition evaluation, the proposed comprehensive multi-condition coordination achieves more pronounced performance enhancement and provides useful guidance for future optimization of TEG performance.

Ionic gel electrolytes (IGEs) have emerged as promising candidate materials due to their excellent safety performance and superior electrochemical performance. Based on density functional theory (DFT), N-methyl, butyl pyrrolidine bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide salt ([C4mpyr][TFSI]) as electrolyte components of ionic gel were screened out from the perspective of interaction energy. A series of IGEs containing different proportions of [C4mpyr][TFSI] were successfully prepared using the ionic liquid (IL). Through a comparative analysis of the ionic conductivities of four IGEs, it was determined that the IGE-4 sample was a suitable candidate for use as an electrolyte material in flexible devices, and the electrolyte material demonstrated excellent comprehensive performance. The initial decomposition temperature of the IGE-4 reached as high as 390 degrees C, with an ionic conductivity of 3.122 & times; 10-3 S & sdot;cm- 1, an electrochemical stability window of approximately 5 V, a tensile strength of about 2 MPa, and a maximum elongation at break of approximately 240%. IGE-4 was assembled into a flexible capacitor (FSC-4). After 5000 charge-discharge cycles, the flexible capacitor retained 80% of its initial specific capacitance at a current density of 1 A/g. It indicated that the flexible capacitor exhibited excellent cycling stability performance. The kinetic properties of each component within the ionic gel were significantly enhanced under an external electric field by using the mean square displacement (MSD) and self-diffusion coefficient. This work offers a significant mechanism explanation for the design of electrolyte materials for the next generation of flexible capacitors.

As an electrolyte material for electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs), ionic gel electrolytes (IGEs) exhibit excellent electrochemical performance and superior safety characteristics. According to the density functional theory (DFT), 1-(2-ethoxyethyl)-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide salt ([C2OC2mim][TFSI]) was screened out using TURBOMOLE software. A series of IGEs incorporating varying proportions of [C2OC2mim][TFSI] were prepared. By optimizing the proportion of ionic liquids (IL), IGE-2 sample (The gel electrolyte with a ratio of PVDF-HFP to ether-functionalized ionic liquid of 1:2 is denoted as IGE-2) with the best electrochemical and mechanical properties was obtained. IGE-2 exhibited a broad electrochemical stability window (ESW = 5.3 V) and high ionic conductivity (sigma = 15.46 mS/cm) at room temperature. This high ionic conductivity can be primarily attributed to the relatively high self-diffusion coefficients of the individual components within IGE-2. The electrochemical performance of the supercapacitor assembled using IGE-2 was evaluated through an electrochemical workstation. At a current density of 1 A/g, the specific capacitance achieved 257 F/g, and the coulombic efficiency was 97.5%. The tensile properties of IGE-2 were evaluated using a universal tensile testing machine. The maximum tensile stress was 1.10 MPa, and the maximum elongation at break was as high as 216%. The impact of introducing ether-based functional groups on the electrochemical and mechanical properties of ionic gels was thoroughly investigated through the analysis of electrostatic potential (ESP) and molecular dynamics simulations (MD). Therefore, the incorporation of ether-based IL into ionic gels not only significantly enhances the ionic conductivity of the gel electrolyte but also improves its electrochemical and mechanical properties.

The solvent choice plays a crucial role in shaping the phase composition, structure, and electrochemical behavior of transition metal oxides. In this study, iron oxide nanomaterials were synthesized via a solvothermal method using four alcohols-methanol, ethanol, propanol, and butanol-as solvents. The reaction was conducted at 160 °C for 3 h and subsequently followed by calcination in air. Only methanol leads to the formation of Fe2O3/Fe3O4 composites with a clearly detectable Fe3O4 phase, while the other alcohols produced single-phase Fe2O3. Its superior electrochemical performance originates from a unique hierarchical morphology and the synergistic interaction between the two phases, which together provide a larger surface area and facilitate more efficient charge transport. According to density functional theory calculations, the Fe2O3/Fe3O4 heterojunction shows a marked enhancement in the electronic state density near the Fermi level, compared to the individual phases, suggesting a notable alteration in the electronic properties at the interface. This enhancement stems from interfacial charge redistribution-electrons transfer from Fe3O4 to Fe2O3, generating a built-in electric field that drives charge separation, suppresses recombination, and strengthens electrochemical activity. Overall, this study highlights the crucial role of solvent selection in directing phase formation and provides valuable guidance for designing heterostructured iron oxides for high-performance energy storage.

Conductive hydrogels have been widely used in the fabrication of flexible capacitors and wearable sensors. However, traditional hydrogels often struggle to strike a balance between electrochemical performance and mechanical properties, and issues such as poor durability and stability remain unresolved. Herein, based on the polyacrylamide/chitosan (PAM/CS) dual-network hydrogel, we introduced the AlCl3 and 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium perchlorate ([DMIM][ClO4]) ionic liquid (IL) with the guidance of molecular dynamics simulations. The introduction of ionic liquids (ILs) not only promotes ionic transport but also enhances various interactions (hydrogen-bonds and coordination-bonds), reconfigures the solvation structure of Al3+, and significantly improves the mechanical properties and conductivity of the hydrogel. In particular, the maximum tensile strain of the PCA-3IL hydrogel increased to four times that of PCA, reaching 856%, and the ionic conductivity doubled to 33.1 mS cm-1. In addition, the specific capacitance of the capacitor constructed using the target hydrogel was approximately 87.9% higher than that of the hydrogel capacitor without IL added. The assembled flexible wearable sensor also exhibited excellent sensitivity and fatigue resistance, and is capable of accurately detecting even the slightest handwriting movements. Therefore, this design method can be considered an effective strategy for enhancing the overall performance of traditional hydrogels. The hydrogels prepared by this method have great potential for applications in flexible capacitors and sensors.

The uneven dispersion of carbon particles restricts the mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of carbon-based nanomaterials, thus hindering their widespread application in wearable flexible electronic devices. Herein, imidazolium ionic liquids (ILs) in an irregularly aggregated form are perfectly incorporated into the polymer molecular chains of polyacrylamide/sodium alginate (PAM/SA) hydrogels. Interface and kinetic simulations clarify that the ionic liquid (IL) not only reinforces the hydrogel network structure, but also effectively improves the dispersion of graphite (KS-6), enhances the hydrogel's electrochemical performance, and endows the hydrogel with multiple excellent properties. The test results show that the composite PAM/SA carbon-based hydrogel achieves a wide voltage window (1.8 V) and high sensitivity (GF = 7.03). Moreover, the hydrogel's mechanical properties (maximum elongation at break: 613.69%) and electrical conductivity (maximum value: 34.24 mS cm-1) are also significantly improved. Furthermore, the application value of this series of hydrogels in energy storage and sensing is demonstrated. For example, they can be used to fabricate flexible capacitors and as sensors to detect human joint movements and subtle vibrations. This research provides a feasible approach for the design of carbon-based hydrogels and an ideal set of candidate materials for the development of flexible electronic devices.

In the quest for sustainable and environmentally friendly materials, lignin hydrogels have emerged as a revolutionary alternative to traditional synthetic polymers due to their eco-friendliness, low-cost, and biocompatibility. However, the inadequate mechanical properties and poor conductivity limit their applicability in flexible energy storage and electronic devices. This work proposes employing a so called multiple freezing strategy to incorporate lignin/ionic liquid into the dual-cross-linked network of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and gelatin (GEL), thereby facilitating the preparation of a multifunctional green composite hydrogel. Through experimental characterizations and theoretical simulations, we elucidated the interactions among the various species. The hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions within this hydrogel contribute to its remarkable mechanical properties, high conductivity, and enhanced sensitivity. Leveraging these attributes, we fabricated flexible writing sensors and human motion detection sensors capable of recognizing handwriting and monitoring daily movements. The devices demonstrate excellent stability and anti-fatigue properties, with signal stability maintained after 500 cycles. When utilized as the electrolyte in flexible supercapacitor assembly, the supercapacitor exhibited a specific capacitance of 104.8 F g-1 at a current density of 1 A g-1 , with a capacitance retention rate of 70 % after 5000 cycles. After various degrees of bending and folding, the electrochemical performance remained very stable. This research presents a new candidate materials for environmentally friendly multifunctional hydrogels and paves the way for advancements in flexible energy storage, text recognition, and wearable sensor devices.

The integration of the thermodynamically preferential hydrazine oxidation reaction (HzOR) within seawater electrolysis systems significantly suppresses the competing chlorine evolution reaction (ClER), while simultaneously addressing freshwater scarcity and enabling energy-efficient for hydrogen production. Here, we report the innovative preparation of V-doped NiCoP nanosheets (V-NiCoP@NF) via an in-situ induced metal organic framework (MOF) self-assembly strategy. It attains a current density of 100 mA cm-2with an overpotential of only 332 mV for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and 40 mV for HzOR. More importantly, the V-NiCoP@NF integrated into a challenging hydrazine-assisted seawater electrolysis system (OHzS) demonstrated high activity and stability, savings 5.177 kWh of energy consumption per 1.0 m3 of hydrogen produced compared to the standard overall seawater electrolysis (OWS) process. This work introduces a low-energy-consumption yet highly efficient pathway toward renewable hydrogen production by electrolyzing seawater.

Electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction (ECR) reaction offers a promising pathway toward carbon−neutral energy systems, with ethanol emerging as a key multi−carbon (C2+) product due to its high energy density and ease of storage. However, ethanol formation involves complex steps including multi−electron−proton transfer, CC bond coupling, and deep hydrogenation, imposing stringent requirements on catalyst architecture and interfacial environment. This review focuses on mechanistic pathways for ethanol production over transition metal catalysts, systematically summarizing structure−performance relationships across different systems for CO2-to−ethanol electroreduction. It reveals how variations in elemental composition, coordination structure, and electronic configuration regulate CC coupling and product selectivity. Cu-based catalysts, with moderate *CO adsorption and coupling ability, dominate ethanol synthesis but still suffer from poor stability and limited selectivity. In contrast, emerging Fe, Co, and Ni-based catalysts exhibit potential to stabilize key intermediates and optimize reaction pathways through tunable d-band centers and multivalent coupling behavior. Furthermore, the review integrates potential regulation, microenvironment engineering, and reactor design to elucidate the synergistic amplification of ethanol selective pathways. Finally, it proposes an integrated framework combining catalytic functionality, system engineering, and artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML)-assisted strategies to guide the design of efficient, selective, and durable CO2-to−ethanol conversion systems.

In recent years, the unique physicochemical properties of ether-functionalized ionic liquids (ILs) have drawn significant attention from both academia and industry. In this study, 1-(2-ethoxyethyl)-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C(2)OC(2)mim][Cl]) and 1-(2-ethoxyethyl)-3-methylimidazolium lactic were synthesized ([C(2)OC(2)mim][Lac]). The density (rho) and viscosity (eta) of binary systems for [C(2)OC(2)mim][Cl] + DMSO and [C(2)OC(2)mim][Lac] + DMSO were determined at T = 288.15-318.15 K and pressure P = 0.1 MPa. The excess molar volume (V-E) and viscosity deviation (Delta eta) of all binary systems were calculated using these experimental data on physical and chemical properties at 288.15-318.15 K. Based on the Redlich-Kister empirical equation, the excess molar volume and viscosity deviation were plotted against mole fraction for all binary mixtures. Both binary systems exhibited negative deviations. The calculated values of V-E and Delta eta for both binary systems exhibited their minimum values at x = 0.5059 and 0.4989, respectively.

Developing a general and scalable route to porous transition-metal oxides with controllable architectures is essential for advancing supercapacitor performance. In this work, we introduce a general solvothermal-annealing precursor conversion strategy to construct porous nanosheet oxides from single-metal nitrate precursors using methanol as a unified solvent system. The solvothermal reaction yields flower-like sheet-assembled intermediates, which are subsequently converted into porous oxide nanosheets via a gas-evolution-assisted pore-forming mechanism during calcination. Using Co3O4 as a model, the annealing temperature is found to critically regulate the crystallinity-porosity balance and thereby determine the charge-storage kinetics. The optimized PCON-400 exhibits a well-crystallized spinel Co3O4 phase with uniform composition, a hierarchically assembled nanosheet framework, and abundant mesopores, delivering the highest surface area and pore volume. Leveraging these structural advantages in conjunction with a defect-rich surface (mixed Co2 +/Co3+ states and oxygen vacancies), PCON-400 achieves a capacitance of 500.1 F g-1, outperforming PCON-350/450/500. DFT further indicates that oxygen vacancies give rise to electronic states near the Fermi level, which is in line with the enhanced charge-transfer behavior. Furthermore, a PCON//AC asymmetric device operates up to 1.6 V, delivers 29.27 Wh kg-1 at 802 W kg-1, maintains 20.32 Wh kg-1 at 8219.3 W kg-1, and retains 89.85% capacitance after 3000 cycles. This study elucidates how the morphology of oxides dictates electrochemical functionality and presents a widely applicable framework for the engineering of multifunctional materials for energy storage and related applications.

A rapid and flexible visual sensing patch was developed for nitrite detection by integrating Mn-doped CeO2 with a polyacrylamide (PAM) hydrogel. The incorporation of Mn into the CeO2 lattice significantly enhances oxidase-like activity by facilitating electron transfer between Ce and Mn redox couples. The PAM hydrogel confines both CeO2 and NO2- within its three-dimensional network, which promotes rapid mass transfer and leads to the amplification of reaction rate. Moreover, the flexible sensing patch enables not only UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis but also rapid on-site screening via smartphone-based colorimetry. The visual sensor exhibits high sensitivity, selectivity, anti-interference capability, and a low limit of detection (LOD = 0.122 μM) for NO2-. The as-prepared sensing patch demonstrated satisfactory reliability in quantifying NO2- in real food samples such as pickled vegetables.

Aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) have great potential application in the field of electrochemical energy storage. However, AZIBs practical application suffer from the uncontrolled dendrite, hydrogen evolution and zinc corrosion reaction. Here, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) derived nanofibers separator of AZIBs was prepared via emulsion electrospinning and sintering treatment. PTFE/PVA derived nanofibers separator was investigated by morphology feature, physical/chemical property and electrochemical performance measurement. PTFE/PVA derived nanofibers separator with uniformly distributed -CF and -OH group on the surface can be obtained from PTFE:PVA mass ratio = 9:2 electrospun fibers sintered under 250 degrees C. A uniformly zinc dendrite along the fiber longitudinal direction can be formed, which due to the hydrated zinc ions can be broken under the combined action of hydrdrophilicity (-OH), strong hydrophobicity and zinc affinity (-CF). Furthermore, a high coulombic efficiency revealed that desolvated zinc ions can inhibit/delay the hydrogen evolution and zinc corrosion reaction. The findings reveal a guideline for the preparation of blend polymer separator with different functional groups for AZIBs.

Lithium iron phosphate batteries, renowned for their safety, low cost, and long lifespan, are widely used in large energy storage stations. However, recent studies indicate that their thermal runaway gases can cause severe accidents. Current research hasn't fully elucidated the thermal-gas coupling mechanism during thermal runaway. Our study explores the battery's thermal runaway characteristics and material reaction mechanisms, linking the battery to its constituent materials. Results show that a 23 Ah commercial battery has a low T 3 of 607 degrees C. Hydrogen comprises 36.34 % of the gases released. The cathode exhibits exothermic peaks only near 540 degrees C and 740 degrees C, suggesting a reaction gap, a key factor in the low T 3 . The high hydrogen content is due to the cathode's stability, preventing oxygen release, leading to increased anode-HF reactions and hydrogen generation. This study offers guidance for the intrinsic safety design of lithium iron phosphate batteries, and isolating the reactions between the anode and HF, as well as between LiPF6 and H2O, can effectively reduce the flammability of gases generated during thermal runaway, representing a promising direction.

Magnesium-based alloy has become promising materials for solid-state hydrogen storage, but their hydrogen absorption and desorption kinetics are still slow at moderate temperatures, posing significant challenges in practical applications. Herein, Mg90Ni10 and Mg90Ni10-Ti nanocomposites have been prepared after hydriding combustion synthesis and ball milling techniques. The X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy analyses revealed that the composite consists of Mg/MgH2 phase, Mg2Ni/Mg2NiH4 phase, and TiH1 center dot 5/TiH2 phase. The isothermal hydrogenation and dehydrogenation kinetics measurements indicate that nano-Ti can effectively facilitate the activating process of Mg90Ni10, significantly enhancing its isothermal hydrogen absorption and desorption kinetics. Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov (JMAK) fitting results show reduction reaction in dehydrogenation activation energy from 64.2 kJ/mol H-2 for Mg90Ni10 to 57.9 kJ/mol H-2 for Mg90Ni10-5Ti. The improved adsorption and desorption kinetics is attributed to enhance electron transferring effect by the in situ formation of titanium hydride, acting an intermediate for electron transfer between Mg2+ and H. This process facilitates the dissociation and recombination of H-2 on the Ti surface during the hydrogen absorption/desorption process. Furthermore, the catalytic effects of Mg2Ni/Mg2NiH4 and the formation of numerous phase boundaries with Mg/MgH2 can create sufficient pathways for the transport of H atoms, significantly improving kinetic performance. Thus, this research will provide valuable insights for the designation and development of reversible metal hydrides.

Poly (1-vinyl-3-ethylimidazole iodide)/polyvinylidene fluoride (P[VEIm]I / PVdF) electrospun fibers separators are prepared using the electrospinning method. The morphology, physical and chemical properties of P[VEIm]I/ PVdF electrospun fibers are investigated by image analysis, characterization of the surface and electrochemical properties. The charge storage behaviour of supercapacitor based on P[VEIm]I/PVdF electrospun fibers separators in ionic liquid electrolyte are studied by means of alternative internal resistance, galvanostatic charge-discharge and cyclic voltammogram tests etc. P[VEIm]I/PVdF electrospun fibers separators exhibit high ionic liquid electrolyte uptake, fast ion transport ability and electrochemical stability. A supercapacitor fabricated using a P[VEIm]I/PVdF electrospun fibers separator derived from P[VEIm]I: PVdF mass ratio = 3: 100 demonstrates excellent comprehensive electrochemical performance: low impedance (4.1 Omega), high working voltage (3.5 V), energy density (22.5 Wh center dot kg-1), power density (1,096 W center dot kg-1), and capacity retention ability is 97.5 % after 1,000 cycles.