Temperature is a critical abiotic factor regulating the physiology, growth, and reproduction of ectothermic aquatic animals. In China, the rapid expansion of the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii) industry faces significant challenges due to seasonal temperature fluctuations (optimal growth at 20–25 °C and reproduction favored at 18–22 °C). This review focuses specifically on TRP channels, particularly TRPA1 as a key thermosensor in crayfish, and on downstream signaling pathways involving heat shock proteins (HSPs) and antioxidant defenses. We further link these biological mechanisms to aquaculture applications by evaluating best management practices for mitigating thermal stress, including integrated rice–crayfish co-culture, recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), molecular marker-assisted breeding for thermal tolerance, and nutritional modulation (e.g., probiotics and immunostimulants). By maintaining thermal stability within the optimal range and directly enhancing physiological resilience through genetic and nutritional interventions, these practices provide a foundation for more sustainable and climate-resilient crayfish aquaculture.

Aquaculture currently accounts for over 57% of global fisheries production and is projected to meet more than 60% of seafood demand by 2030. However, its efficiency and sustainability are hindered by challenges such as inadequate environmental monitoring and stock assessment. This review investigates the application of embodied artificial intelligence (AI) in mobile robotic monitoring for intensive aquaculture. It contrasts this approach with conventional AI, which depends on fixed data sources, highlighting how EAI enables autonomous environmental interaction and enhances adaptive behavior within aquaculture systems. Following a systematic review methodology (not a meta-analysis), 118 studies from Web of Science, Scopus, IEEE Xplore, PubMed, and Google Scholar were synthesized after screening against predefined eligibility criteria. This synthesis aimed to examine advances across key areas: mobile robotic platforms, sensor fusion, underwater navigation, adaptive control, and species-specific monitoring applications. The review reveals that most current aquaculture systems are still weakly embodied, operating primarily as mobile sensing platforms with onboard or offboard inference rather than truly autonomous learning agents. Despite this, autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), uncrewed surface vehicles (USVs), and bioinspired robotic systems significantly enhance spatial monitoring coverage and adaptive environmental sampling compared to stationary sensing methods. However, critical operational barriers persist, including underwater image degradation, biofouling, turbidity, light attenuation, sensor drift, limited battery endurance, and challenges in underwater simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) and real-time communication. The review further emphasizes that aquaculture is a highly non-linear biological system where EAI-driven adaptive sampling, multimodal sensor fusion, and reinforcement-learning-based control are particularly effective for improving dissolved oxygen (DO) monitoring, feeding optimization, environmental prediction, and welfare assessment. The study also distinguishes classical feedback control from learning-based embodied agents, offering a critical assessment of the current technological maturity of closed-loop aquaculture automation. Looking ahead, future next-generation aquaculture systems are expected to integrate EAI with Agentic AI, digital twins, energy-aware robotics, and circular-economy principles. This integration aims to reduce feed waste, operational costs, and carbon footprints, thereby improving sustainability and ecological resilience.

The starvation-refeeding in fish has garnered significant attention, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying the treatment remain incompletely understood. This study aimed to evaluate the alterations in antioxidant status, metabolic function, and adaptive responses in Cyprinus carpio after starvation-refeeding, and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of adaptation to starvation using biochemical and transcriptomic analyses. Common carp were divided into two groups: a normal control group (NC) fed a commercial diet for 28 days, and a starvation-refeeding group (SR) experiencing 14 days of starvation followed by 14 days of refeeding. The findings indicated that starvation induced oxidative stress, as evidenced by decreased levels of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), alongside increased levels of glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA). Transcriptome analysis revealed that starvation resulted in the differential expression of 2001 genes, including 1259 upregulated and 742 downregulated genes. These differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly enriched in the biosynthesis of amino acids and fatty acid degradation pathways. Furthermore, pathways associated with adaptive responses, including mitophagy, DNA replication, and protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), exhibited marked changes following starvation. Additionally, the FoxO and p53 signaling pathways were involved in regulating the physiological adaptations to cope with starvation. Notably, after 14 days of refeeding, most oxidative stress parameters and gene expression profiles in the muscle of common carp returned to normal values. These findings offer new insights into the mechanisms of starvation stress in fish.

The red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) is one of the important freshwater aquaculture species in China, but its growth and development are greatly affected by temperature, which makes it difficult to expand its aquaculture range to the northern regions of China. The composition of gut microbes plays a vital role in resisting environmental pressure, and is also an important driving factor for amino acid metabolism in the body. However, little is known about the relationship between microorganisms, metabolism, and cold-resistance ability of P. clarkii. In this study, we performed the cold-resistance and antioxidant ability test, gut microbiota diversity analysis, quantitative analysis of histamine, and bioinformatics analysis of histamine receptor (HR) family on P. clarkii. The results showed that the cold-resistance crayfish exhibited high antioxidant ability and low gut microbiota diversity after acute cold stress. Next, we also found that there was significant correlation between the Lactobacilli genus and histamine abundance, indicating that the excellent cold tolerance ability of crayfish may stem from the degradation of histamine by Lactobacilli. Finally, it was revealed that HR genes had considerable quantity of gene copies, conservative evolution in crustacean lineages and expression differences in low-temperature tolerant populations. These results suggested that the diversity of Lactobacillus mediated changes in histamine metabolism affect antioxidant capacity, which is one of the reasons why P. clarkii exhibits cold resistance ability. This finding provided a theoretical basis for understanding the microorganism-histamine regulation mechanism of red swamp crayfish under cold stress, promoting the breeding and healthy culture of cold-resistance strain.

Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs), owing to their high specific surface area and reactivity, are extensively applied across various fields while concurrently posing certain hazards to aquatic organisms. This study comprehensively investigated the detrimental effects of CuNPs on the reproductive system of zebrafish and emphasized the examination of the potential therapeutic role of melatonin. The research found that CuNPs interfere with zebrafish gonadal development through oxidative damage, endocrine disruption (upregulated estradiol, E2; downregulated testosterone, T), and suppression of reproduction-related genes, consequently causing impaired germ cell development and even organismal mortality. Through transcriptomic research, we discovered that CuNPs induce gonadal oxidative stress (Oxidative phosphorylation pathway) and endoplasmic reticulum stress (Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum pathway), downregulate zgc:153,993 to activate the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, and inhibit the hsp70l-MAPK/ERK feedback loop to amplify damage; the organism compensatorily upregulated cyp2x12 to enhance detoxification function and upregulated dync1i1/dync1li2 to activate the Phagosome pathway to clear aberrant apoptotic products. Melatonin, by antagonizing ROS and repairing stress-induced damage, modulated the expression of most key gonadal development genes to restore homeostasis. Simultaneously, it transcriptionally upregulated ribosome biogenesis gene (si:dkey-103j14.5) and lysosomal pathway gene (si:ch211-122f10.4) to alleviate nucleic acid oxidation damage and clear damaged substrates. Finally, by upregulating got2a to activate the aspartate metabolism pathway, it achieved multi-target therapeutic intervention against gonadal injury under CuNPs exposure. Our study reveals the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying the reproductive toxicity of CuNPs; melatonin, as an endogenous protective agent, shows promise in mitigating the ecotoxicological effects of CuNPs.

The growing global interest in sustainable aquaculture has led to an increased search for alternatives to synthetic antibiotics and chemical feed additives. Medicinal plants have surfaced as promising ecological solutions, with research showing their potential to improve fish growth, boost immunity, and enhance disease resistance while decreasing the need for antibiotics. Recent studies suggest that supplementing fish diets with medicinal plants may improve survival rates. This supplementation upregulates key immune‐related gene responses, including cytokines such as interleukin (IL)‐1 β and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐ α ), as well as lysozyme (LYZ and LZM genes) and immunoglobulins (IgM, IgT, and IgD). As a result, innate and adaptive immune responses can be enhanced depending on the species and dosage. Furthermore, certain plant‐derived compounds have shown antimicrobial properties similar to traditional antibiotics, reducing pathogen loads by more than 50%. This review examines the role of medicinal plants in aquaculture, highlighting their effects on immunity, antimicrobial activity, and growth promotion. It delves into the mechanisms involved, such as the modulation of cytokine expression, enhancement of antioxidant defenses, and regulation of gut microbiota. However, challenges like variable phytochemical composition, the need for optimal dosages, and regulatory issues limit their broader use. While previous reviews have addressed the use of medicinal plants in aquaculture, few have thoroughly examined their dual role in both enhancing fish health and contributing to ecological functions such as improving water quality and promoting climate resilience. This review aims to fill that critical knowledge gap by integrating these dimensions highlighting how medicinal plants serve not only as bioactive growth promoters and immune enhancers but also as ecological tools for fostering environmental sustainability in aquaculture systems. Incorporating medicinal plants into aquaculture could potentially reduce antibiotic use by up to 50% by 2050, aligning with global efforts toward sustainable and eco‐friendly fish production. Innovations in phytochemical profiling, nanotechnology‐based delivery systems, and next‐generation sequencing are anticipated to further enhance the effectiveness and standardization of plant‐based aquafeeds. This comprehensive framework offers new insights into the development of resilient and environmentally responsible aquaculture practices, particularly in the face of climate change.

ObjectiveAs one of the most important environmental signals, photoperiod plays a crucial role in regulating the growth, metabolism, and survival of organisms. The photoperiod shifts with the transition of the seasons. The difference in photoperiod between summer and winter is the greatest under natural conditions. However, the effect of photoperiod on Huanghe carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus) was paid little attention. We investigated the impact of artificial manipulation of seasonal photoperiod on Huanghe carp by integrating growth performance, intestinal flora, and intestinal metabolome.MethodWe conducted an 8-week culture experiment with summer photoperiod (14 h light:10 h dark, n = 60) as the control group and winter photoperiod (10 h light:14 h dark, n = 60) based on the natural laws.ResultsWinter photoperiod provokes significant weight increases in Huanghe carp. The altered photoperiod contributed to a significant increase in triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and the gene expressions of lipid metabolism in the intestine of Huanghe carp. 16s rDNA sequencing revealed that winter photoperiod diminished intestinal flora diversity and altered the abundance. Specifically, the relative abundances of Fusobacteria and Acidobacteriota phyla were higher but Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes phyla were reduced. Analogously, photoperiodic changes induced a significant reduction in the Pseudomonas, Vibrio, Ralstonia, Acinetobacter, and Pseudoalteromonas at the genus level. Additionally, metabolomics analysis showed more than 50% of differential metabolites were associated with phospholipids and inflammation. Microbiome and metabolome correlation analyses revealed that intestinal microbe mediated lipid metabolism alteration.ConclusionThe winter photoperiod induced intestinal flora imbalance and lipid metabolism modification, ultimately affecting the growth of Huanghe carp. This study provides new insights into the effects of seasonal photoperiodic alteration on the well-being of fish.

Red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii is becoming an ecologically and economically important crustacean species in China. In present study, whether the macro-nutrients intake intervention during early life in crayfish resulting long-term influences on nutritional use and metabolism were evaluated in view of the concept of nutritional programming effects. Juvenile crayfish underwent a 14 days of high-carbohydrate (43%) low-protein (17%) nutritional stimulus, following a 70 days of routine dietary feeding (carbohydrate 15%, protein 36%), until adulthood. Short- (14 days) and long-term (84 days) effects were evaluated respectively in terms of growth performances, digestive enzymes activities, body compositions, and intestinal microbiota (long-term only). Data showed that in the short term, it enhanced the activities of amylase and lipase but reduced the activity of trypsase in hepatopancreas. In the long term, it decreased the growth performances (SR and WGR) and modified the diversity of intestinal microbiota obviously (p < 0.05). Throughout the period it increased body crude protein level. All results indicated that early nutritional events caused long-term impacts on nutrient use thus affect physiology and growth until adulthood. In short, present work provided evidences to support the existence of nutritional programming effects in juvenile crayfish.

Selenium is a widely used essential micronutrients in aquaculture, but its excessive effects on crayfish growth parameters and immune system are still unclear. This study was aimed to investigate the effects of selenium concentration in the soil, muscle, fatty acid profile, and gene expression of crayfish cultured in rice co-culture (CRC) model fed with commercial feed for 3 months in three locations of Guangxi Province. For this purpose, the soil samples of the three locations were collected and analyzed with the muscles of crayfish harvested were analyzed for selenium concentration. The Agilent Technology (7800 ICP-MS) was used to analyze selenium levels in soil, as well as muscle and fatty acid profiles. Additionally, gene expression profiling was conducted using qPCR, along with transcriptome analysis. On the one hand, we observed increased selenium concentrations in soil and muscle samples with significant differences (P < 0.05). Significant increases in AKP and T-AOC were observed in Guiping (P < 0.05), with Gangnan exhibiting the lowest T-AOC levels and Qintang the lowest AKP levels. On the other hand, the boosted antioxidant defenses (SOD and CAT) and reduced lipid peroxidation (MDA) in Gangnan might indicate a more favorable oxidative environment in this area. The results demonstrated that selenium exerted a targeted effect on specific growth-related genes while overall growth remained largely unaffected. Furthermore, it was observed that selenium had a positive effect on the expression of immune-related genes in crayfish, which may have resulted in an enhanced immune response. In conclusion, the notable elevation in selenium levels in the soil, coupled with pronounced discrepancies(P < 0.05), may exert considerable influence on the muscle and fatty acid profile of crayfish. Furthermore, this increase in selenium levels may also have implications for the growth and immune functions of crayfish.

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a prevalent reactive oxygen species (ROS) found in natural aquatic environments, has garnered significant attention for its potential toxicity in fish. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this toxicity are not yet comprehensively understood. This study aimed to assess H2O2-induced liver dysfunction in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms via biochemical and transcriptomic analyses. Common carp were divided into normal control (NC) and H2O2-treated groups (1 mM H2O2), the latter of which was exposed to H2O2 for 1 h per day over a period of 14 days. Serum biochemical analyses indicated that exposure to H2O2 resulted in moderate liver damage, characterized by elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity and lowered albumin (Alb) level. Concurrently, H2O2 exposure induced oxidative stress and modified the hepatic metabolic enzyme levels. Transcriptome analysis highlighted that 1358 and 1188 genes were significantly downregulated and upregulated, respectively, in the H2O2-treated group. These differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly enriched in protein synthesis and a variety of metabolic functions such as peptide biosynthetic processes, protein transport, ribonucleoprotein complex biogenesis, oxoacid metabolic processes, and tricarboxylic acid metabolic processes. Dysregulation of protein synthesis is principally associated with the downregulation of three specific pathways: ribosome biogenesis, protein export, and protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Furthermore, metabolic abnormalities were primarily characterized by inhibition of the citrate cycle (TCA) and fatty acid biosynthesis. Significantly, anomalies in both protein synthesis and metabolic function may be linked to aberrant regulation of the insulin signaling pathway. These findings offer innovative insights into the mechanisms underlying H2O2 toxicity in aquatic animals, contributing to the assessment of ecological risks.

Abstract Reducing the escape response of fish during the aquaculture has important economic value and ecological safety significance. This study takes the common strain black carp (Cyprinus carpio var. baisenensis), which is known for its low-escape response, as the main research object. Through a simulated flood experiment, the common strain black carps were divided into the low-escape (BL) group and the high-escape (BH) group. Multi-omics techniques:transcriptome sequencing, LS-MS/MS detection, and 16s sequencing were used to analyze the differences in brain gene transcription levels, liver metabolites, and intestinal microbiota composition between the two groups. In addition, in order to reduce false positives generated by transcriptome experiments, Jian carps (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) were also grouped into the low-escape (JL) group and the high-escape (JH) group and subjected to transcriptome analysis. According to the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) analysis, 18 DEGs were obtained from both the common strain black carp and Jian carp. Except for the MAP6 gene, which was significantly highly expressed, the remaining 17 genes showed significantly low expression in the BL group, which were almost related to signal transduction, and brain tissue and neuronal development. The results of KEGG signaling pathway annotation, KOG functional annotation, and topGO enrichment analysis showed that there were significant differences in signal transduction between the BL and BH groups, especially in the gama aminobutyric acid (GABA) signaling pathway. The detection of liver metabolites showed that there were differences in tryptophan metabolism between the BL and BH groups of the common strain black carp, with higher tryptophan content in the liver of the BL group fish. This study suggests that the brain activity and development of low-escape fish may be lower than that of high-escape fish. Meanwhile, differences in the brain's GABA signaling pathway and the liver's tryptophan metabolismmay also affect fish's escape response. This study accumulates experimental foundation of fish escape response, and provides a new insight into breeding low-escape fish and developing novel strategies to reduce escape responses during aquaculture.

The common strain black carp (Cyprinus carpio var. baisenensis) is a culturally important carp strain that is raised and cultured in Guangxi Province, China. Its color reflects the interactions between the Burau people and their surrounding environment. The population of the common carp black strain was isolated and cultured in a rice-fish integration system. To explore the genetic diversity and protection of germplasm resources, we analyzed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences, specifically the displacement loop (D-loop) and cytochrome b (Cytb), using single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). We compared these sequences with those from four other local common carp populations. The study included a total of 136 adult common carps from five strain populations: the common black carp strain (HJ = 31), Jian (F = 30), Heilongjiang (H = 10), Songpu (S = 31), and Saijiang (SJ = 34). The results of the Cytb and D-loop analyses showed that the Heilongjiang carp (H) and Saijiang (SJ) populations had the highest levels of haplotype diversity (0.867±0.034785) and nucleotide diversity (π = 0.0063±0.000137 and 0.0093±0.000411), respectively. On the other hand, the Common carp black strain population (HJ) exhibited the lowest haplotype diversity in both Cytb and D-loop, with haplotype 2 being the most commonly observed among the populations. Private haplotypes dominated the five common carp populations, which were significantly different at P<0.001. Furthermore, analyzing the coefficient of genetic differentiation (Fst), the highest genetic difference was observed between Saijiang (SJ) and Heilongjiang (H) (Fst = 0.963), whereas the lowest was observed between Songpu (S) and the Common carp black strain population (HJ) (Fst = 0.019) for the Cytb gene sequences. For the D-loop, the Common carp black strain population (HJ) and Songpu (S) (Fst = 0.7) had the highest values, and Heilongjiang (H) and Common black carp strain (HJ) had an Fst of 0.125. Additionally, the AMOVA analysis revealed a higher level of variance for the Cytb and D-loop genes, indicating lower genetic diversity within the local carp community. On the other hand, the phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the five carp populations were closely related and formed a distinct cluster. The distinct cluster of populations suggests a common ancestor or recent gene flow, possibly due to geographic proximity or migration history, and unique genetic characteristics, possibly due to adaptations or selective pressures. The results of this study provide valuable insights into the genetic diversity of the common strain black carp, which can have implications for conservation, breeding programs, evolutionary studies, and fisheries management.

The fish escape response is a high-energy, stress-induced reaction displayed when encountering environmental hazards. Reducing the escape response during the aquaculture has important economic value and ecological safety significance. This study takes the common strain black carp (Cyprinus carpio var. baisenensis), which is known for its low-escape response, as the main research object. Through a simulated flood experiment, the common strain black carps were divided into the low-escape (BL) group and the high-escape (BH) group. Multi-omics techniques (transcriptome sequencing, LS-MS/MS detection, and 16 s sequencing) were used to analyze the differences in brain gene transcription levels, liver metabolites, and intestinal microbiota composition between the two groups. In addition, in order to reduce false positives generated by transcriptome experiments, Jian carps (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) were also grouped into the low-escape (JL) group and the high-escape (JH) group and subjected to transcriptome analysis. According to the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) analysis, 18 DEGs were obtained from both the common strain black carp and Jian carp. Except for the MAP6 gene, which was significantly highly expressed, the remaining 17 genes showed significantly low expression in the BL group, which were almost related to signal transduction, and brain tissue and neuronal development. The results of KEGG signaling pathway annotation, KOG functional annotation, and topGO enrichment analysis showed that there were significant differences in signal transduction between the BL and BH groups, especially in the gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) signaling pathway. The detection of liver metabolites showed that there were differences in tryptophan metabolism between the BL and BH groups of the common strain black carp, with higher tryptophan content in the liver of the BL group fish. This study suggests that the brain activity and development of low-escape fish may be lower than those of high-escape fish. Meanwhile, differences in the brain’s GABA signaling pathway and the liver’s tryptophan metabolism may also affect fish’s escape response. This study accumulates experimental foundation of fish escape response and provides a new insight into breeding low-escape fish and developing novel strategies to reduce escape responses during aquaculture.

At present, public databases house an extensive repository of transcriptome data, with the volume continuing to grow at an accelerated pace. Utilizing these data effectively is a shared interest within the scientific community. In this study, we introduced a novel strategy that harnesses SNPs and InDels identified from transcriptome data, combined with sample metadata from databases, to effectively screen for molecular markers correlated with traits. We utilized 228 transcriptome datasets of Eriocheir sinensis from the NCBI database and employed the Genome Analysis Toolkit software to identify 96 388 SNPs and 20 645 InDels. Employing the genome-wide association study analysis, in conjunction with the gender information from databases, we identified 3456 sex-biased SNPs and 639 sex-biased InDels. The KOG and KEGG annotations of the sex-biased SNPs and InDels revealed that these genes were primarily involved in the metabolic processes of E. sinensis. Combined with SnpEff annotation and PCR experimental validation, a highly sex-biased SNP located in the Kelch domain containing 4 (Klhdc4) gene, CHR67-6415071, was found to alter the splicing sites of Klhdc4, generating two splice variants, Klhdc4_a and Klhdc4_b. Additionally, Klhdc4 exhibited robust expression across the ovaries, testes, and accessory glands. The sex-biased SNPs and InDels identified in this study are conducive to the development of unisexual cultivation methods for E. sinensis, and the alternative splicing event caused by the sex-biased SNP in Klhdc4 may serve as a potential mechanism for sex regulation in E. sinensis. The analysis strategy employed in this study represents a new direction for the rational exploitation and utilization of transcriptome data in public databases.

The Cambaridae species are a type of crustacean who commonly exhibit superior breeding ability and therefore possess invasiveness to indigenous ecology. These may be related to their reproductive organ of the closed thelycum. Despite the extensive research on the invasive potential of these species, the behavioral aspects of the reproductive mechanism have been mostly neglected. The present study was conducted in typical closed thelycum species Procambarus clarkii, typical of both high commercial value and high invasive. This work has investigated the process and principle of spermatophore transfer, post-mating spermatophore storage, and the effects of such storage on promoting the oocyte final maturation in females. An interesting outcome of this study was the clarity that male always delivers the spermatophore to the female from a right-side position. The most mating occurred between 1-3 times, while the storage duration mainly lasted for 51-60 days. Compared to the virgins, the GSI of mated females exhibited a more rapid growth rate than the HSI. The levels of progesterone, estradiol, and vitellogenin were also increased, along with the expression of maturation-related gene transcripts. Such a mechanism showed the balanced costs and benefits among all sexes during breeding activities in the Procambarus clarkii. The reproductive strategy also likely plays a significant role in the widespread success of the species in colonizing new habitats. These conclusions help to understand the breeding mechanism of the closed thelycum species, find effective ways to control intrusion and pave the road for development of techniques for artificial breeding of crayfish.

Aquaculture, the world’s fastest-growing food production sector, is critical for addressing food security concerns because of its potential to deliver high-quality, nutrient-rich supplies by 2050. This review assesses the effectiveness of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology in enhancing desirable traits in fish species, including growth rates, muscle quality, disease resistance, pigmentation, and more. It also focuses on the potential effectiveness of the technology in allowing precise and targeted modifications of fish DNA to improve desirable characteristics. Many studies have reported successful applications of CRISPR/Cas9, such as knocking out reproductive genes to control reproduction and sex determination, enhancing feed conversion efficiency, and reducing off-target effects. Additionally, this technology has contributed to environmental sustainability by reducing nitrogen-rich waste and improving the nutritional composition of fish. However, the acceptance of CRISPR/Cas9 modified fish by the public and consumers is hindered by concerns regarding public perception, potential ecological impacts, and regulatory frameworks. To gain public approval and consumer confidence, clear communication about the editing process, as well as data on the safety and environmental considerations of genetically modified fish, are essential. This review paper discusses these challenges, provides possible solutions, and recommends future research on the integration of CRISPR/Cas9 into sustainable aquaculture practices, focusing on the responsible management of genetically modified fish to enable the creation of growth and disease-resistant strains. In conclusion, this review highlights the transformative potential of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in improving fish traits, while also considering the challenges and ethical considerations associated with sustainable and responsible practices in aquaculture.

The Common Black Carp Strain (Cyprinus carpio var. baisenensis), known for its black skin, is commonly cultured in the integrated rice-agriculture (IRA) system in Guangxi province, China. This study aimed to compare the genetic diversity of three common carp strains/populations (Common Black Carp Strain, Huanghe, and Songpu) using resequencing data. The genome-based method reveals a significant difference (p < 0.05) in identified loci and SNP frequency (p < 1 × 10−6) between the Songpu (Sp) or mirror carp and Huanghe (Hh) new strain. Additionally, the Common Black Carp Strain (Bk) exhibits a higher number of Tajima’s D values, possibly due to its population size and mutations within its entire genome. The average value of population nucleotide diversity (π) for the Bk is 1.706 × 10−4 while the mean number for the Hh and Sp strains is 1.691 × 10−4 Heterozygosity analysis results indicate that the Bk has the highest F coefficient compared to the Sp and Hh hybrids. This suggests that the isolated population of the Bk may have experienced a decrease in population size as a result of environmental disturbances in the IRA system. PCA results further reveal that all individuals of the Bk, except for one, are clustered together, while individuals of the Hh form a separate group. On the other hand, Sp displays a distinct distribution pattern. The comparative study of the genetic diversity of the Bk provides baseline data on its genome makeup. Assessing genetic diversity and genetic structure is critical for fisheries management and the conservation of critically endangered fish species.

为研究鲤脂蛋白脂肪酶(CcLPLs)的基因特征、时空表达分布及酶活性,实验利用基因组同源搜索获取鲤CcLPLs同源基因并分析其序列特征;通过荧光定量PCR(qPCR)方法对CcLPLs在不同组织的表达进行分析;采用原核表达系统获取CcLPLs重组蛋白,并使用对硝基苯酚法测定各重组蛋白的酶活性.结果显示,鲤基因组中挖掘到 5 个CcLPLs基因(CcLPLA1a、CcLPLA1b、CcLPLA2a、CcLPLA2b*和CcLPLBa),经验证,CcLPLA2b*是假基因,共线性分析显示,鱼类特有基因组加倍过程中出现基因丢失的现象,而鲤特有的基因组加倍致使鲤存在 5 个CcLPLs.CcLPLA1a和CcLPLA1b核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列相同,同源性分析显示,CcLPLBa与CcLPLA1s的同源性为 64%,与CcLPLA2a同源性为50.8%.qPCR结果显示,CcLPLs的表达量在肝脏、心脏、脂肪、肌肉、脑、肠道和脾脏中依次降低,在各个组织中,各基因表达量从高到底依次为CcLPLA1s、CcLPLA2a和CcLPLBa.鲤正常投喂、饥饿及再投喂状态下CcLPLA1s和CcLPLA2a在肝脏、肌肉和脂肪组织中的表达结果显示,饥饿状态下,CcLPLA1s和CcLPLA2a在肝脏中的表达量高于正常投喂组,而在肌肉和脂肪中低于正常投喂组;再投喂后,CcLPLA1s和CcLPLA2a在肝脏中表达水平降至正常投喂组,而在肌肉和脂肪中表现为先升高后降低的趋势.通过构建具有促溶效果的原核表达载体,分别获得了原核表达重组蛋白Skp-CcLPLs和SlyD-CcLPLs,酶活性测定结果显示,重组蛋白其脂蛋白脂肪酶活性从高到低依次为CcLPLA1a、CcLPLBa和CcLPLA2a,最适pH均为 8.0,发挥最大活性的NaCl浓度为 0.6 mol/L.本研究探讨了鲤CcLPLs同源基因在进化中的表现,对CcLPLA1s、CcLPLA2a和CcLPLBa的时空表达进行了分析,测定了投喂和饥饿对CcLPLA1s、CcLPLA2a表达的影响,揭示鲤饥饿胁迫下脂质代谢及响应对策,为控制鲤脂肪含量提供靶点,成功进行重组蛋白的原核表达并测定了其酶活性,为鱼类脂蛋白脂肪酶研究提供参考.