Human milk oligosaccharides are unique functional oligosaccharides found in human milk. They possess various biological activities such as health-benefiting, immunomodulatory, antiviral, and antitumor activities, thus playing an important role in maintaining health. Due to the high difficulty of chemical synthesis and the low yield from natural extraction, the scaled-up production of human milk oligosaccharides has become a hot research topic of both synthetic biology and food science. In this article, we summarize the physiological functions and application potential of human milk oligosaccharides, with a focus on their biosynthetic technologies. On the basis of metabolic engineering, different chassis cells such as Escherichia coli are selected to significantly increase the yield of human milk oligosaccharides via synthetic biology techniques. The biosynthesis and promotion of human milk oligosaccharides will present new challenges and opportunities for the development of new products in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have investigated the effects of fermented foods on metabolic outcomes in adult patients suffering from diabetes and prediabetes. However, the results of these RCTs are conflicting. This systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out on data from RCTs to evaluate the effects of fermented foods in patients with diabetes and prediabetes. The PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, the Cochrane Library and Scopus databases were searched up to 21 June, 2022. English-language RCTs of fermented foods consumption were included which gave metabolic outcomes on body composition, glucose control, insulin sensitivity, lipid profile, as well as blood pressure. Eighteen RCTs met the inclusion criteria and 843 participants were included in the final analysis. The pooled results showed a significant reduction of fasting blood glucose (FBG), the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipid cholesterol (LDL-C) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in the intervention group versus the control group. The results of this research showed that fermented foods have the potential to improve some metabolic outcomes, including FBG, HOMA-IR, TC, LDL-C, and DBP in patients with diabetes and prediabetes.

Objective: Reviews have shown that mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) were effective in improving cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs), but the results were contradictory. This umbrella review aimed to summarize and grade the existing reviews on CVRFs associated with MBIs. Methods: The protocol of this umbrella review had been registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022356812). PubMed, Web of science, Embase, The Cochrane Library, Scopus, Medline, PsycINFO and CINAHL were searched from database inception to 20 July 2022. The quality of evidence was assessed through GRADE. Results: Twenty-seven reviews with 14,923 participants were included. Overall, 45% of reviews had low het-erogeneity (I2 < 25%). For the quality of evidence, 31% were rated very low, 42% were rated low, 17% were rated moderate and 10% were rated high. MBIs significantly improved systolic blood pressure [SMD-5.53 mmHg (95% CI-7.81,-3.25)], diastolic blood pressure [SMD-2.13 mmHg (95% CI-2.97,-1.30)], smoking [Cohen's d 0.42 (95% CI 0.20, 0.64)], glycosylated hemoglobin [MD 0.01 (95% CI-0.43,-0.07)], binge eating behavior [SMD-6.49 (95% CI-10.80,-2.18)], depression [SMD-0.72 (95% CI-1.23,-0.21)] and stress [SMD-0.67 (95% CI-1.00,-0.34)]. Conclusions: In conclusion, this umbrella review provided evidence for the role of MBIs in the improvement of CVRFs.

Ginseng, with various pharmacological activities, has received increasing attention to improve cardiovascular health (CVH). Therefore, this meta-analysis synthesized the effect of ginseng consumption on biomarkers of CVH in adults. A systematic search was performed in the databases of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library through July 24, 2023 to screen out English-language randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effects of ginseng consumption on body composition, blood pressure, vascular stiffness, lipid metabolism, glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, inflammatory cytokines, and adipocytokines in adults. The weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to evaluate the overall effect size, and STATA 12.0 was used for comprehensive analysis. Forty-five studies were included in the meta-analysis. Ginseng consumption significantly reduced systolic blood pressure (SBP) (WMD = -2.57 mmHg, 95% CI = -4.99 to -0.14, p = 0.038), total cholesterol (TC) (WMD = -4.40 mg/dL, 95% CI = -8.67 to -0.132, p = 0.043), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (WMD = -2.81 mg/dL, 95% CI = -4.89 to -0.72, p = 0.008), C-reactive protein (CRP) (WMD = -0.41 mg/L, 95% CI = -0.73 to -0.10, p = 0.010), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) (WMD = -2.82 pg./mL, 95% CI = -4.31 to -1.32, p < 0.001). Subgroup analyses suggested that supplementation with ginseng for less than 12 weeks significantly reduced SBP, but 12 weeks or more improved TC and CRP. Ginseng consumption on SBP, TC, and CRP seemed to be more effective on unhealthy participants. The meta-analysis showed that ginseng consumption might have the potential to improve SBP, TC, LDL-C, CRP, and IL-6. These findings suggest that ginseng is a potential candidate for the maintenance of CVH. However, our results had high heterogeneity. Future high-quality studies are needed to firmly establish the clinical efficacy of ginseng consumption.

The increasing prevalence of mental illness has resulted in a growing burden on informal caregivers. Mindfulness-based interventions, as a form of psychotherapy, have shown efficacy in alleviating psychological stress and enhancing emotional and physical well-being. However, the utilisation of mindfulness-based interventions for informal caregivers of individuals with mental illness remains limited. The aim of the meta-analysis is to evaluate the impact of mindfulness-based interventions on the mental health and well-being among informal caregivers of people with mental illness. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across seven electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, APA PsycINFO and CINAHL Ultimate) from the inception of these databases until 20 July 2023. Two authors independently screened the studies and extracted the relevant data. The meta-analysis was performed by using Stata 12.0 software, and the effect sizes were calculated utilising standardised mean difference (SMD) along with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI). The meta-analysis included 13 studies with 1007 participants, and the results demonstrated that mindfulness-based interventions were efficacious in reducing stress (SMD = -0.80, 95% CI [-1.33, -0.28], p = 0.003), depression (SMD = -0.43, 95% CI [-0.62, -0.24], p < 0.001) and caregiver burden (SMD = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.40, -0.01], p = 0.038), and enhancing the mindfulness level (SMD = 0.37, 95% CI [0.09, 0.65], P = 0.010) and quality of life (SMD = 0.22, 95% CI [0.04, 0.39], p = 0.015) among informal caregivers of people with mental illness, but not on anxiety reduction (SMD = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.10], p = 0.198). Furthermore, future research should aim to employ more rigorous methodologies to confirm the effectiveness.

The bioactive compounds in cardamom have been found to enhance cardiovascular health by improving blood lipids and inflammation. We hypothesized that cardamom consumption might ameliorate cardiovascular metabolic biomarkers in adults; however, there is still debate regarding its impact on cardiac metabolism. This research was therefore designed to determine if cardamom consumption had a favorable impact on lipid profiles, inflammatory markers, and oxidative stress indices as they related to cardiovascular diseases. A comprehensive search was conducted through PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library on July 4, 2023. Using a random-effects model pooled the weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). The final 12 trials containing 989 participants were included. The results illustrated that cardamom consumption could improve total cholesterol (WMD = -8.56 mg/dL; 95% CI, -14.90 to -2.22), triglycerides (WMD = -14.09 mg/dL; 95% CI, -24.01 to -4.17), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (WMD = -1.01 ng/mL; 95% CI, -1.81 to -0.22), and interleukin-6 (WMD = -1.81 pg/mL; 95% CI, -3.06 to -0.56). However, it did not have significant influences on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and some indicators of oxidative stress. In conclusion, cardamom consumption can improve specific cardiovascular metabolic biomarkers and potentially confer protective effects on cardiovascular health. However, more large-scale clinical research with better designs would further validate the findings, which will offer substantial evidence of cardamom as nutritional and functional products.

Aim: Fermented dairy products (FDPs) are made from raw milk under the action of specific microorganisms by lactic acid bacteria fermentation or co-fermentation of lactic acid bacteria, bifidobacteria, and yeast. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of FDPs on inflammatory biomarkers. Data synthesis: A comprehensive search was conducted on four electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. Finally, fourteen trials (15 arms) were included in this meta-analysis: yogurt ( n = 9), fermented milk ( n = 4), and kefir (n = 2). Additionally, the random effects model or fixed-effects model was used to pool the study results. Firstly, the analysis indicated that FDPs' supplementation decreased the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) (SMD = -0.21; 95% CI: -0.40, -0.02; P Z 0.033) and increased interferongamma (IFN-gamma) levels (SMD = 0.12; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.23; P = 0.033). Furthermore, we obtained some statistically significant results in the following subgroups: CRP decreased in participants with metabolic diseases. IFN-gamma increased in the intervention that lasted >= 12 weeks, Asian, yogurt, and healthy population. Finally, there was no significant effect on tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and IL-2. Conclusions: FDPs reduced CRP and increased IFN-gamma, but they had no effect on other inflammatory markers. The results showed that the consumption of FDPs was slightly associated with reduced inflammation, but because of the limited literature, these results should be interpreted with caution. (c) 2023 The Italian Diabetes Society, the Italian Society for the Study of Atherosclerosis, the Italian Society of Human Nutrition and the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

马立克病(MD)是由马立克病病毒(MDV)感染引起的严重危害世界养禽业健康发展的一种重要的家禽免疫抑制病与肿瘤病,是人类历史上第一个可以通过疫苗免疫接种成功预防肿瘤疾病发生的案例.对雏鸡早期接种MD疫苗,可有效控制MD肿瘤的发生.随着MD疫苗的广泛使用和长期免疫压力,MDV流行毒株也在不断进化、毒力增强或变异,部分毒株已突破现有商品疫苗的免疫保护,导致MD疫情在全球频繁暴发.自MD疫苗问世至今,已有多种MD疫苗研制成功,并且二价疫苗、三价疫苗、重组载体疫苗、基因缺失或插入的MD疫苗等也在不断被研究和优化.利用各种新兴的生物学技术,如细菌人工染色体(BAC)、基因同源重组和CRISPR/Cas9 基因编辑等来开展MD基因工程疫苗研究,已成为病毒病疫苗研究领域的最新热点.本文回顾了过去50 年来MD疫苗研究历程及巨大成就,并全面综述了当前国内外MD基因工程疫苗和基因编辑疫苗所取得的最新研究进展,同时也对现有MD商品疫苗免疫预防所面临的新问题、新挑战和未来前景进行了展望,以期为下一代新型高效的MD疫苗创制提供重要参考.

Lycopene as a natural antioxidant that have been studied for ultraviolet radiation (UVR) photo protection and is one of the most effective carotenoids to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS). This review aims to summarize the protective effect of tomato and lycopene on skin photo damage and skin photoaging in healthy subjects by reviewing the existing population intervention experiments. A total of five electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, EBSCO, Web of Science and Cochrane Library were searched from inceptions to January 2021 without any restriction. Out of 19336 publications identified, 21 fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were meta-analysis. Overall, interventions supplementing tomato and lycopene were associated with significant reductions in Δa*, MMP-1, ICAM-1 and skin pigmentation; while tomato and lycopene supplementation were associated with significant increase in MED, skin thickness and skin density. Based on the results of this systematic review and meta-analysis, supplementation with tomato and lycopene could reduce skin erythema formation and improve the appearance and pigmentation of the skin, thereby preventing light-induced skin photodamage and skin photoaging. Lycopene-rich products could be used as endogenous sun protection and may be a potential nutraceutical for sun protection.

Amomum tsao-ko Crevost et Lemarie (A. tsao-ko) is a well-known dietary spice and traditional Chinese medicine. This study aimed to identify the flavonoids in A. tsao-ko and evaluate their antioxidant and antidiabetic activities in in vitro and in vivo studies. A. tsao-ko methanol extracts possessed a high flavonoid content (1.21 mg QE per g DW) and a total of 29 flavonoids were identified by employing UPLC-MS/MS. In vitro, A. tsao-ko demonstrated antioxidant activity (ORAC value of 34276.57 μM TE/100 g DW, IC50 of ABTS of 3.49 mg mL-1 and FRAP value of 207.42 μM Fe2+ per g DW) and α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory ability with IC50 values of 14.23 and 1.76 mg mL-1, respectively. In vivo, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) models were induced by a combined high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ) injection in rats. Treatment with the A. tsao-ko extract (100 mg freeze-dried powder per kg bw) for 6 weeks could significantly improve impaired glucose tolerance, decrease the levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin, and malondialdehyde (MDA), and increase the superoxide dismutase (SOD) level. Histopathology revealed that the A. tsao-ko extract preserved the architecture and function of the pancreas. In conclusion, the flavonoid composition of A. tsao-ko exhibits excellent antioxidant and antidiabetic activity in vitro and in vivo. A. tsao-ko could be a novel natural material and developed as a related functional food and medicine in T2DM management.

We performed a meta-analysis on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the efficacy of Zingiberaceae on cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and Scopus were searched systematically until October 18, 2021. Thirty-four RCTs with 2154 patients met our inclusion. Pooled analysis indicated that Zingiberaceae can significantly improve body weight (BW) (WMD = -1.012, 95% CI: -1.673, -0.351, p = .003), fasting blood glucose (FBG) (WMD = -14.292, 95% CI: -18.588, -9.995, p < .001), glycosylated hemoglobin 1c (HbA1c) (WMD = -0.432, 95% CI: -0.607, -0.257, p < .001), serum insulin (WMD = -2.036, 95% CI: -2.857, -1.216, p < .001), homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (WMD = -0.886, 95% CI: -1.375, -0.398, p < .001), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) (WMD = 0.850, 95% CI: 0.018, 1.682, p = .045), triglyceride (TG) (WMD = -17.636, 95% CI: -27.121, -8.151, p < .001), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (WMD = -0.642, 95% CI: -1.148, -0.137, p = .013), C-reactive protein (CRP) (WMD = -0.623, 95% CI: -1.061, -0.186, p = .005), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (WMD = -3.020, 95% CI: -4.327, -1.712, p < .001), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) (WMD = -1.147, 95% CI: -1.887, -0.406, p = .002). The supplementation of Zingiberaceae may be an effective adjunctive therapy in management of T2DM and prevention cardiovascular complications by decreasing BW, improving blood glucose control, insulin resistance, lipid profiles (HDL-C and TG), blood pressure (DBP), and reducing inflammation (CRP, TNF-α, and IL-6). PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Approximately half of the deaths of individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM) are attributable to cardiovascular disease (CVD), and individuals with T2DM have a two-fold increased risk of cardiovascular mortality than healthy individuals. Currently, T2DM is mainly treated with hypoglycemic medication such as sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, meglitinides, and biguanides. Nevertheless, most of them with long-term usage could cause side effects, including hypoglycemia and gastrointestinal troubles. Several species of the Zingiberaceae family are used in traditional herbal medicines, which have been widely used in traditional and complementary medicine. Proving the potential benefits of Zingiberaceae on T2DM and its cardiovascular complications has positive clinical implications for the use of this practical herb.

This umbrella review is to recapitulate and grade the available evidence of associations between consumption of Zingiberaceae plants/curcumin (Cur) and multiple health-related outcomes. This study included 161 meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials in 76 articles with 67 unique health outcomes. Data on heterogeneity and publication bias are considered to assess the quality of evidence. Based on the different impact of Zingiberaceae plants/Cur on human health, the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. Zingiberaceae plants/Cur can mainly improve metabolic syndrome, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cardiovascular disease, and some chronic inflammatory diseases, likewise, obviously relief the pain of osteoarthritis and related diseases. Ginger supplements have been shown to improve vomiting during pregnancy and to relieve nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy and surgery. The surgery is any type of surgery, including laparoscopic surgery, gynecological surgery and mixed surgery. Beneficial associations were found with Cur intervention in gastrointestinal, neurological and oral diseases. Zingiberaceae plants/Cur are generally safe and favorable for multiple health outcomes in humans. High-quality research is further needed to prove the observed associations.

Trichosanthin (TCS), is purified from the Chinese medicine, exerts antitumor activities by inducing apoptosis in many different tumor cell lines. The cDNA of trichosanthin was cloned and TCS was purified. The results showed that the proliferation of MCG803 cells were significantly suppressed by TCS in a dose-dependent manner at the concentration ranging from 20 to 100 μg/ml. The result of sequencing analysis indicates we obtained the TCS whole length gene. MTT assay was adopted to measure the growth inhibition ratio of MCG803 cells treated with TCS and apoptosis was assayed by agarose gel eletrophoresis.DNA agarose gel eletrophoresis showed a gradient,which confirmed that TCS could induce MCG803 cells apoptosis.The proportion of the periodic tumor cells were altered by TCS. Sub-G1 curves were displayed by flow cytometry analysis. Results of Northern and Western blots showed that the transcription and expression of P21, was gradually up-regulated as treatment time increased. On the contrary, the transcription and expression of p53, was down-regulated. These data provided powerful evidences for the first time that recombinant TCS can induce the apoptosis of the MCG803 cells.

公共卫生事业的发展需要探索符合时代要求和应用型人才培养的模式,"毒理学"作为预防医学人才培养过程中的一门重要基础学科,采用传统的教学方式已无法满足专业培养与社会发展的需求.目前高速发展的信息技术为创新教学模式提供了新方向,SPOC因具有小众性、集约性、限制性的优点,使其结合混合学习模式融入"毒理学"课程实践,通过线上和线下学习的有机融合,转变教师和学生在课堂中的角色,有助于改善以教师为主导的学习模式的局限性,推动从以"教"为主向以"学"为主的教学模式转变,从而为"毒理学"的教学改革提供新思路.

A correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-021-02592-2

氟喹诺酮类药物(FQS)是第3代喹诺酮类抗生素,具有良好的生物利用度和耐受性,不仅对革兰氏阳性菌和阴性菌有杀菌作用,还具有抗真菌和抗病毒活性,因此被广泛应用于治疗畜牧动物养殖过程中的细菌性感染.但当人类过多食用含有FQS残留的食品后,将会损害身体多个系统并引起细菌耐药性,因此建立灵敏度高、简便的检测方法十分必要.本文综述了FQS残留的检测标准和常用的检测方法及优缺点,酶联免疫分析法(ELISA)具有灵敏度高、操作简便等优势,预测ELISA法在今后FQS残留检测中发挥重要作用.

An immunized mouse phage display scFv library with a capacity of 3.34 × 109 CFU/mL was constructed and used for screening of recombinant anti-ciprofloxacin single-chain antibody for the detection of ciprofloxacin (CIP) in animal-derived food. After four rounds of bio-panning, 25 positives were isolated and identified successfully. The highest positive scFv-22 was expressed in E. coli BL21. Then, its recognition mechanisms were studied using the molecular docking method. The result showed the amino acid residue Val160 was the key residue for the binding of scFv to CIP. Based on the results of virtual mutation, the scFv antibody was evolved by directional mutagenesis of contact amino acid residue Val160 to Ser. After the expression and purification, an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IC-ELISA) based on the parental and mutant scFv was established for CIP, respectively. The IC50 value of the assay established with the ScFv mutant was 1.58 ng/mL, while the parental scFv was 26.23 ng/mL; this result showed highly increased affinity, with up to 16.6-fold improved sensitivity. The mean recovery for CIP ranged from 73.80% to 123.35%, with 10.46% relative standard deviation between the intra-assay and the inter-assay. The RSD values ranged between 1.49% and 9.81%. The results indicate that we obtained a highly sensitive anti-CIP scFv by the phage library construction and directional evolution, and the scFv-based IC-ELISA is suitable for the detection of CIP residue in animal-derived edible tissues.

Background Several epidemiological studies have investigated the association between whole grains intake and digestive tract cancer risk; however, the results are still controversial. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to assess the association. Methods Studies published before March 2020 were searched in database and other sources. The risk ratio (RR) with the 95% confidence interval (CI) were pooled using fix or random-effects models. Results This meta-analysis included 34 articles reporting 35 studies, 18 studies of colorectal cancer, 11 studies of gastric cancer and 6 studies of esophagus cancer, involving 2,663,278 participants and 28,921 cases. Comparing the highest-intake participants with the lowest-intake participants for whole grains, we found that the intake of whole grains were inversely related to colorectal cancer (RR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.84–0.93, P < 0.001), gastric cancer (RR = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.53–0.79, P < 0.001), esophagus cancer (RR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.44–0.67, P < 0.001), respectively. However, subgroup analysis of colorectal cancer found no significant association in the case-control studies and studies of sample size < 500, and subgroup analysis of gastric cancer found no significant association in the cohort studies and studies of American population. No study significantly affected the findings in the sensitivity analysis. No publication bias was found in the studies for colorectal cancer and esophagus cancer except in the studies for gastric cancer. Conclusion This meta-analysis provides further evidence that whole grains intake was associated with a reduced risk of digestive tract cancer. Our result supports the dietary guidelines that increase whole grains intake to reduce the risk of digestive tract cancer.

BACKGROUND:An ESBL, carbapenemase- and MCR-1-producing Escherichia coli ST648 strain was isolated from the urine sample of a patient in a Chinese tertiary hospital in 2016.METHODS:The strain was fully sequenced by GridION X5 platform of Oxford Nanopore Technology.RESULTS:The sequence analysis showed that the extended-spectrum β-lactamases CTX-M-65 and OXA-1, the carbapenemase NDM-5, the MCR-1 were encoded, respectively, by three different resistance plasmids. The pE648CTX-M-65-carrying bla CTX-M-65 was a novel conjugative plasmid belonging to IncHI2 type; except for the bla CTX-M-65, it also carried resistance genes ble, floR, sul1, aph(4)-Ia, aac(3)-VI, aac(6')-II, bla OXA-1, catB, arr3 and tetA. Besides, an IncX4 plasmid pE648MCR-1-carrying mcr-1 and an IncX3 plasmid pE648NDM-5-carrying bla NDM-5 were also identified.CONCLUSION:The three transferable resistance plasmids coexisting in the E. coli ST648 isolate indicated the high risk to disseminate the extensively-drug-resistance among Enterobacteriaceae.

病毒感染相关疾病严重威胁人类的健康,目前的抗病毒疗法难以治愈慢性病毒性感染引起的一些疾病,如获得性免疫缺陷综合征和乙型肝炎等,因此迫切需要新的治疗方法.可直接靶向遗传物质的基因编辑技术或将成为对抗病毒的有力工具.作为一种可编程的核酸酶介导的新型基因编辑技术,CRISPR/Cas9系统因其具有编辑效率高、操作简单、成本低、适用范围广等优点,而成功应用于多种人类相关疾病的研究中,也为病毒感染相关疾病的研究以及开发新的治疗方法提供了新的技术手段.主要对CRISPR/Cas9系统的作用机制以及在人类常见的病毒感染相关疾病治疗研究中的最新进展进行综述.