As a precondition for groundwater remediation, pollution investigation of landfills requires enhanced accuracy and deeper understanding. Limited by the complexity of leachate and the inherent characteristics of each method, the application of a single method still has difficulty in comprehensively and accurately identifying groundwater pollution from landfills. To compensate for the limitations of a single method and enhance the accuracy, this study integrated survey, high-density resistivity exploration (HDR), and comprehensive analyses to develop a methodology. Using this methodology, the pollution area was identified to range from the landfill to Huang Jing River. The area from the landfill to 100 m downstream was identified as the core pollution area. The main inorganic chemical processes in polluted groundwater include the adsorption of K+, the exchange of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the aquifer by Na+ and K+ in the groundwater, and the supersaturation and precipitation of Ca2+ and Mg2+. The transformation of organic pollutants included the dispersion and migration of refractory humic acids and the decomposition of degradable matter into humic substances, proteins, and tryptophan. Among the various methods, HDR performed excellently in rapidly identifying the polluted area. Cl- and the contribution ratio (Ylandfill) of the leachate to the chemical composition of groundwater were the best indicators for defining the maximum pollution boundary.

Seawater intrusion and human activities have significantly impacted coastal groundwater quality in many regions worldwide. This study systematically assessed groundwater chemistry, its suitability for drinking and irrigation (sample size, n = 3034), and exposure risks (n = 2863) across three key sub-regions of the Bohai Sea area: Bohai Bay, Liaodong Bay, and Laizhou Bay. Significant seasonal variations observed in groundwater chemistry at different depths in Bohai Bay region, with severe contamination from salinity-alkalinity and nitrogen-fluoride. SO₄-Cl-Na type groundwater predominates in Bohai Bay and Laizhou Bay areas, primarily influenced by evaporation dissolution and seawater mixing, while carbonate weathering and reverse ion exchange play secondary roles. In the Liaodong Bay region, SO₄-Cl-Ca-Mg water is dominant, driven primarily by carbonate weathering and reverse ion exchange. Groundwater evolution over time follows a complex sequence: Bohai Bay (mainly freshening) < Liaodong Bay (freshening > intrusion) < Laizhou Bay (freshening ≈ intrusion). Groundwater in the Bohai Sea region exhibits high sodium percentage, sodium adsorption ratio, total hardness, corrosion ratio, and residual sodium carbonate, with exceedance levels ranked as Bohai Bay > Laizhou Bay > Liaodong Bay, while irrigation efficiency follows the opposite trend. Fluoride, nitrogen, and bromine contamination pose significant health risks, particularly to children, and are likely linked to both anthropogenic interventions (such as industrial layout) and natural (geological) factors. Diseases types and incidence rates among residents closely correlate with groundwater pollutant levels, emphasizing the need for targeted pollution reduction and dynamic management strategies.

为了降低城市生活垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液膜浓缩液混凝出水中的有机物浓度,采用电化学氧化对渗滤液膜浓缩液混凝出水进行了处理.同时,考察了阳极材料、电流密度、初始pH值和电解时间对有机物的去除影响,使用三维荧光光谱分析了有机物的去除特性,并通过氯离子的转化探讨了有机物的降解机理.结果 表明,钌铱(Ru-Ir/Ti)阳极对有机物的去除效果最好,在电流密度为40 mA/cm2、初始pH值为7的优化条件下反应60 min,TOC和CN的去除率分别为41.33％和98.69％.光谱分析表明,电化学氧化能使膜浓缩液中的类腐殖酸及类富里酸物质转化为小分子物质.电化学氧化主要通过电解过程中产生的游离氯(Cl2、 HClO和ClO-)对有机物进行高效降解,但过多的游离氯对TOC去除率的提高作用有限.研究可为电化学氧化技术处理渗滤液膜浓缩液或高盐有机废水提供依据.

To effectively restore the groundwater environment of the Shiping Mine (SPM) area, which is contaminated by acid mine drainage (AMD), a hydrogeochemical conceptual model was constructed based on groundwater chemistry and environmental stable isotopes. The contribution rate of various pollution sources in the groundwater environment was quantitatively analyzed using an optimized stable isotope mass balance model. A total of 68 groups of water samples were collected. The sampling period covered the dry, intermediate, and wet periods of a complete hydrological year. Samples were taken from rain, springs, mine drainage, tailings leachate, and surface water; and the detection and analysis indicators included 24 parameters, such as inorganic salts, heavy metals, and isotopes. A hydrogeochemical and statistical data analysis was performed. The main source of groundwater replenishment was found to be atmospheric precipitation, with the water-rock interaction of calcite and pyrite, and mining activities being the main controlling factors of hydrogeochemical processes. Acid mine drainage significantly enhanced the dissolution of various minerals, and the detection rate of Zn, Cu, As, Cd, and Pb increased from 0-30%-100% when compared with groundwater in the area upstream of the mines. The optimized mass balance model results revealed that the contribution rates of upstream groundwater, mine water and leachate were 0.78-0.86, 0.08-0.18, and 0.04-0.06 for Heidong underground river, respectively; were 0.27-0.36, 0.62-0.68, and 0.03-0.05 for Tiantang underground river, respectively. Furthermore, based on the water balance analysis, 34-70% of the mine water was found to infiltrate directly through karst fissures and karst pipes and could not be collected at the mine entrance. Acid mine drainage that directly infiltrated through runoff could easily be ignored due to the hidden migration path, which may cause the groundwater environment to be remediated less effectively than expected.

受传统线下实验教学模式的限制,目前高校的固体废物处理与处置实验课程教学难以全面实现学生的实践与综合应用能力培养.在调研分析现有传统线下实验教学及线上虚拟仿真实验教学项目的基础上,基于共享的虚拟仿真教学资源,提出了虚实结合的课程教学内容、教学方式和评价方式,构建了基于共享资源虚实结合的实验课程教学模式.研究成果的应用成功解决了缺少虚拟仿真教学资源单位的实验课程的全面实践能力培养问题,提升了共享资源的利用度,在工科类相关专业实验课程学生实践培养中具有重要的示范和辐射作用.

The shallow weathering fissure groundwater in the red-bed area of Southwest China is usually the only drinking water source for most rural residents. In this study, a typical landfill with surrounding residents drinking unpurified groundwater in red-bed area was selected and water quality detection, groundwater numerical simulation and human health risk assessment were used to identify and assess groundwater pollution in the region. The chemical type evolved from HCO3-SO4-Ca-Mg and HCO3-SO4-Ca to Na-Ca-Cl-HCO3 contaminated by the landfill. Na+ and Cl− were selected as factors for rapid identification of groundwater pollution. Subsequent analyses using these factors showed that the leachate pollution plume boundary was 190 m downstream of the landfill. Analysis of the redox conditions revealed that the area from the landfill to 5 m downstream was the reduction zone, while the area beyond 5 m was the oxidation zone. The migration and attenuation patterns of inorganic salts (such as SO42−) and heavy metals (such as Fe and Mn) in the oxidation and reduction zones differed obviously. Meanwhile, the organic pollutants in the leachate were reduced and decomposed into organic acids, which caused the groundwater 80 m downstream of the landfill to become weakly acidic (pH ranged from 6.51 to 6.83), and promoted re-entry of adsorbed heavy metals (such as Pb) into the groundwater. The groundwater risk assessment based on human health revealed that lead, manganese, chlorobenzene, dichloroethane and chloroform constituted a major health threat to the residents. The rank of non-carcinogenic risk was lead >manganese, and the maximum area of non-carcinogenic risk was 15,485 m2. The total carcinogenic risk caused by organic pollutants was 7.9 × 10−6, and the area of the carcinogenic risk zone was 11,414 m2. Overall, the results of this study provide a scientific basis for management of drinking water and groundwater remediation in the red-bed area with low permeability.

为探究飞灰与生活垃圾共处置环境下飞灰中重金属的浸出行为,采用pH值为5.5、7.0和8.5的浸提液分别模拟年轻、中期和老龄渗滤液,开展为期150d的飞灰动态浸出实验.结果 表明:(1)2％的Na2S和15％的硅酸盐水泥对飞灰作固化稳定化处理后,其重金属:Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、Cu、Ni的浸出毒性满足生活垃圾填埋场入场限值要求;(2)整个实验周期内,浸出液pH值均呈强碱性;(3)三种浸提液均能促进飞灰中碱性物质和重金属的释放,浸出能力依次为酸性环境、中性环境和碱性环境.为降低飞灰与生活垃圾共处置时重金属的浸出风险,应该将二者进行严格分区,并设置独立的渗滤液导排系统,减少或避免生活垃圾渗滤液与飞灰的接触.

为探究成型形状和填埋方式对生活垃圾焚烧飞灰固化体中重金属浸出的影响,设置固化体尺寸分别为10×10×10cm、10×10×2.5cm、DN=3cm(球),同时设置码放、散乱堆放2种填埋方式进行动态浸出试验.结果表明,在固化体开裂前,球状与长方体、整齐码放与散乱堆放的浸出液pH值存在显著差异;单位质量固化体重金属Pb、Zn、Cr累积浸出量随固液接触面积、堆填散乱度、液固比的增大而增加,固化稳定化飞灰中重金属的浸出符合缩芯模型且主要由扩散过程控制,试验前段Pb、Zn、Cr的2种速率常数与固化体成型比表面积、堆填散乱度、液固比正相关.因此,要减少生活垃圾焚烧厂原灰中重金属的浸出,提高生活垃圾填埋场共处置飞灰固化稳定化产物的安全性,固化体成型时应尽量缩小比表面积同时避免散乱填埋.

为探究岩体裂隙中水流的运动规律,基于真实岩体材料建立裂隙渗流模型,对裂隙中的渗流状态及渗流参数进行了研究.区别于水泥、玻璃、亚克力、钢材等常见非石材类材质,选用天然大理石岩块为基材构建单裂隙渗流模型,开展不同隙宽(0.77、1.18、1.97、2.73 mm)的渗流试验,考察压力损失与流量的关系,探讨达西—非达西流转变的临界点及Forchheimer方程的参数量化问题.研究结果表明:隙宽为0.77 mm时压力梯度与流量基本呈线性达西关系,随着隙宽和流量的增大,二者呈现出明显的非达西特征,可用Forchheimer方程描述;Forchheimer方程的粘滞项和惯性系数均可表达为隙宽的幂函数,引入雷诺数对惯性项系数进行修正可以减少误差;提出以压力梯度-流量曲线的斜率变化特征来判断达西—非达西流临界点的方法,并在本试验中得到了验证.

To provide theoretical support for the protection of centralized drinking groundwater sources in karst areas, it is necessary to accurately identify the development of karst conduits and analyze the differences in hydrogeochemical characteristics of different karst systems. This provides a scientific basis for the accurate designation of risk zones that may cause drinking groundwater pollution. In this study, a geophysical survey, hydrogeological chemical process analysis and optimized fuzzy cluster analysis were used to gradually improve the understanding of karst water systems. AMT and HDR methods were used to calibrate the resistivity around the water-filling karst conduits, which ranged from 39 to 100 Ω·m. A total of seven karst systems were identified, including four karst systems in the north of the study area, one karst system in the west and two karst systems in the south. Analysis of the hydrochemical data showed that HCO3-Ca and HCO3-Mg-Ca types accounted for 90% of all samples. The δD and δ18O values of their main conduits were −51.70‰ to −38.30‰ and −7.99‰ to −5.96‰, respectively. The optimized fuzzy clustering analysis method based on the weight of variables assigned by AHP more accurately verified karst water systems. Based on these findings, the drinking groundwater source risk zone was designated with an area of 33.90 km2, accounting for 34.5% of the study area. This study effectively improved the rationality and accuracy of the designation of drinking groundwater source risk zones in karst areas, and provided a scientific basis for the identification of karst water systems and decision-making of drinking groundwater source protection in karst areas.

Local head loss caused by fracture intersection is often ignored because there has not been a simple method to calculate it until now. Relevant research shows that neglecting the local flow resistance leads to inaccurate results, especially when the velocity and cross angle are large. Therefore, it is necessary to find a portable method for calculation. Physical experiments of single fracture with different apertures (e = 0.77, 1.18, 1.97, 2.73 mm) were set up first to study the flow characteristics, showing obvious non-Darcian flow, which can be depicted by the Forchheimer equation when the flow velocity is sufficiently large. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software ANSYS FLUENT was used to build numeric simulation models. A good correlation between CFD simulation results and physical experiment results was found (Pearson’s correlation coefficient > 0.99). Then, the CFD models of flexural crack with different angles from 30° to 150° were established to compute the pressure drop of flexural crack at different velocity. It was found that the local head loss of the flexural crack varied with the bending angle, and its coefficient was expressed by the deformation of the logistic equation. By using this model, as well as a frictional head loss equation fitted by Forchheimer equation, the head loss of crossed fissures with fixed fracture aperture could be easily calculated.

A drinking-groundwater source protection technology system based on a three-dimensional finite-difference groundwater model was constructed and applied to the safe management of drinking groundwater in the first terrace of Fujiang River. In the study area, the main type of groundwater is the quaternary systemic alluvial deposit loose rock pore water and the aquifer thickness varies between 20 and 35 m. Groundwater is the main source of water and is used for various purposes through two exploitation wells. The water volumes of 1# exploitation well (1#) and 2# exploitation well (2#) are 10,000 m3/day and 5000 m3/day, respectively. An analysis of 22 indicators from 11 groundwater samples showed that a higher concentration of chemical-oxygen-demand (CODMn) and ammonia–nitrogen (NH3–N), and they had a high correlation with most of the other water-quality factors. Therefore, CODMn and NH3–N were selected as indicator factors for model calibration and prediction. Twenty-two hydraulic head observation wells were used for flow-model calibration. The flow model indicated that a drop funnel formed with a maximum depth of 12 m, and the particle-capture zone in the original downstream direction of the south side extended to 1100 m because of groundwater exploitation. The solute-transport model showed that industrial pollution sources were the main factors that led to a deterioration of water quality. To analyze the necessity and effectiveness of remediation measures for the safety of drinking-water sources, two scenarios were considered to predict the concentration of NH3-N and CODMn in groundwater exploitation wells over 20 years. Scenario I, which considered that current conditions were maintained, predicted that the NH3-N would exceed the drinking-water quality standard of 0.5 mg/L after 16 years. Scenario II, in which industrial sewage treatment plants were installed outside the particle-trapped zone of the exploitation wells and strict anti-seepage measures were implemented, predicted that the peak concentrations of NH3-N and CODMn in the exploitation wells would be 0.26 mg/L and 1.33 mg/L, respectively, after 3 years of model operation. This study provides a theoretical basis for drinking-groundwater source protection that can be applied to safety management practices.

To effectively remove the endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in water, Fe3O4 was loaded on the surface of modified sepiolite clay by the method of co-precipitation to catalyze potassium persulfate (K2S2O8) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) respectively to generate SO4˙- and ·OH for atrazine (ATZ) removal. The magnetic clay catalyst was characterized by XRD, SEM, N2 adsorption-desorption and isoelectric point. The degradation efficiency of ATZ in the two systems was systematically compared in terms of initial pH, oxidant dosage and oxidant utilization rate. The results revealed that, after 90 minutes, systems with K2S2O8 and H2O2 can remove 65.7% and 57.8% of the ATZ under the given conditions (30 °C, catalyst load: 1 g L-1, initial pH: 5, [ATZ]0: 10 mg L-1, [H2O2]0: 46 mmol L-1, [PDS]0: 46 mmol L-1). The magnetic clay catalyst still maintained good catalytic activity and stability during the four consecutive runs. Based on the quenching experiments, it was demonstrated that the dominant radical species in the two systems were SO4˙-/·OH and ·OH, respectively. However, the degradation efficiency of the two systems presented different responses toward the condition variations; the system with K2S2O8 was relatively more sensitive to solution pH, the oxidant efficiency was generally higher than that of the H2O2 system (except 184 mmol L-1).

简易渣场无规范环保措施,是地下水和土壤的重要污染源.针对简易渣场,以彻底清除污染源和重新规范渣场建设为优先方案,但确无条件实施上述方案时,一些地方也采用封场配套物理阻隔和抽出-处理等措施,最大程度控制和缓解渣场对周边地下水环境的影响.以某临河工业渣场为例,建立了就地封场、就地封场联合水动力阻隔、就地封场联合防渗帷幕及抽出-处理方案的Modflow模型,模拟了各方案的控制效果.结果表明:封场虽可较快恢复渣场区地下水质量,但并未从根本上消除污染物;封场基础上在临河侧设置抽水量170 m3/d的水井1口亦有较好的控制效果,但存在运行管理困难的问题;封场基础上联合帷幕注浆及抽出-处理,相对有一定优势,但运行管理仍有一定难度.因此,若条件允许,最好的方案仍是彻底清除污染源或重新规范渣场建设.

To provide theoretical support for the protection of dispersed drinking water sources of groundwater, we need to accurately evaluate the time and scope of groundwater pollution hazards to human health. This helps the decision-making process for remediation of polluted soil and groundwater in service stations. In this study, we conducted such an evaluation by coupling numerical modeling with a health risk assessment. During the research, soil and groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for 20 pollutants. Fifty-six percent of the heavy contaminants and 100% of the organic contaminants exhibited maximum values at the location of the oil depot. Gray correlation analysis showed that the correlation between background samples and soil underlying the depot was 0.375–0.567 (barely significant to insignificant). The correlation between the reference sequence of other points was 0.950–0.990 (excellent correlation). The correlation of environmental impact after oil depot leakage followed the order: organic pollutants > heavy metals > inorganic pollutants. The groundwater simulation status and predictions indicated that non-carcinogenic health risks covered 25,462 m2 at the time of investigation, and were predicted to extend to 29,593 m2 after five years and to 39,873 m2 after 10 years. Carcinogenic health risks covered 21,390 m2 at the time of investigation, and were predicted to extend to 40,093 m2 after five years and to 53,488 m2 after 10 years. This study provides theoretical support for the protection of a dispersed drinking water source such as groundwater, and also helps the decision-making process for groundwater and soil environment improvement.

为研究实际生活垃圾卫生填埋场中渗滤液长期作用于飞灰固化体的浸出行为,分别采用pH值为5.5的醋酸-醋酸钠溶液和pH值为7.0的去离子水作为初始浸提液,建立飞灰固化体的动态浸出试验.初始浸提液pH值的差异会影响飞灰固化体的结构完整性和固化体表面晶体的生成情况,当初始浸提液为醋酸-醋酸钠溶液时,实验过程中飞灰固化体会破碎;当初始浸提液为去离子水时,飞灰固化体表面生成的CaCO3晶体可能会抑制重金属浸出.当实验进行至约120d时,2组实验浸出液的pH值和重金属浓度基本稳定,且pH值相差不大;但采用去离子水浸提时,Pb、Cr的累计浸出量明显更高,且Pb的浸出浓度(0.29mg/L)甚至一度超过填埋场入场限值,其潜在风险应受到关注.

采用pH为5.5的醋酸-醋酸钠缓冲溶液作为浸提液,建立飞灰固化体的动态/半动态浸出实验,研究填埋场渗滤液导排系统正常和淤堵时飞灰固化体的长期浸出行为.结果 表明:动态和半动态实验中Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd的浸出过程均受扩散控制,但动态浸出的延续时间更长,半动态浸出的重金属浓度及总量更高.在飞灰填埋处置过程中,应保持渗滤液导排系统畅通,避免发生堵塞;此外,还应关注飞灰固化体长期浸出的环境影响.

Freshman seminar is an important way to improve the training quaLity of the undergraduate in university. It is aim to heLp freshman to adapt to the new study environment as soon as possibLe and heLp them to get some professionaL knowLedge in their research fieLd, as weLL as improving their Learning enthusiasm. This articLe anaLyzed the teaching objectives, knowLedge system, teaching method and assessment method of the freshman seminar of soLid waste & sustainabLe deveLopment. Combined with teaching practice, it aLso discusses the teaching effect of this course and where to go at the next step. This practice can provide reference for the simiLar freshman seminar.

因施工等原因造成土工膜渗漏十分常见,但渗漏量的计算是工程建设和运营面临的重大难题.本研究通过室内试验,测试了不同高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)膜厚度(w=0.5、1.0mm)、缺陷孔径(φ=3、5、10 mm)和膜上不同压力水头(h=0.3、0.5、0.65、0.8 m)时的缺陷渗漏量,并建立数学模型进行拟合.结果表明:相对于膜厚度而言,膜缺陷大小和压力水头高度对渗漏量的影响更大;渗漏量可表达为膜缺陷大小和水头高度的幂函数,但不同工况下的系数有别,因此实际工程应通过试验方式确定.