Bladder cancer persists as a formidable clinical challenge due to its high recurrence rate, intrinsic chemoresistance, and suboptimal immunotherapy response. Copper-based nanomaterials have emerged as promising therapeutic platforms leveraging distinctive copper redox biology and tumor vulnerabilities to copper-induced cell death mechanisms-particularly cuproptosis. This review systematically analyzes dysregulated copper metabolism in bladder cancer and its mechanistic roles in mediating oxidative stress, ferroptosis, and cuproptosis, while classifying four principal nanomaterial categories: metallic Cu structures, copper-based polymers, copper-based compounds, and copper composites-highlighting their synthesis strategies, physicochemical properties, and therapeutic applications. These platforms facilitate photothermal, photodynamic and chemo-/immunotherapeutic synergies through precise modulation of redox homeostasis and tumor immunity. Despite these advances, key clinical translation barriers including biosafety concerns, pharmacokinetic variability, targeting inefficiency, immune unpredictability, and regulatory hurdles are critically examined. Future directions propose physics-informed material design, biomarker-guided patient stratification, and integrated therapy-monitoring platforms, demonstrating copper-based nanomedicine's significant potential to redefine precision intravesical therapy through mechanistically tailored, translationally optimized strategies.

Abstract Steel corrosion in humid and saline environments severely threatens infrastructure service durability, while traditional coatings exhibit poor adhesion to rusted steel substrates. Herein, we fabricate a multifunctional anticorrosive filler via facile co-precipitation to in-situ grow Ni-Co layered double hydroxides (LDH) on diatomite (DE). Tannic acid (TA) acts dually as an efficient rust converter that converts iron oxides into stable iron tannate complexes, and a nucleation regulator for homogeneous LDH growth. The corrosion inhibitor 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ) is anchored onto the LDH-DE skeleton via weak electrostatic and coordination interactions, achieving stimuli-responsive sustained release in corrosive media. When embedded into EP resin, the prepared TA/8-HQ@LDH-DE filler realizes hierarchical anticorrosion effects: physical barrier blocking ion penetration, in-situ rust conversion at steel coating interface, and stimuli-responsive inhibitor release to passivate active corrosion sites. Combined electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests and molecular dynamics simulations verify its outstanding anticorrosion performance on rusted Q235 steel. Notably, the TA/8-HQ@LDH-DE/EP coating containing 20 wt.% filler maintained the |Z|0.01Hz value of 4.52 × 108 Ω·cm2 after 40 days of immersion, approximately two orders of magnitude higher than that of the EP coating. This work provides a scalable strategy for integrating passive barrier protection, interfacial rust stabilization, and active intelligent anticorrosion functions toward durable protection of rusted steel substrates.

To address the pitting susceptibility, insufficient corrosion resistance, and limited thermal stability of magnesium alloys, a diatomite-based intelligent microcontainer system (GT@DE/PDA) was developed and incorporated into an epoxy coating. Glycerol and tannic acid were used as a synergistic green inhibitor pair and efficiently loaded into porous diatomite through vacuum impregnation, followed by the formation of a polydopamine shell to provide chemical robustness, environmental responsiveness, and controlled inhibitor release. The GT@DE/PDA microcontainers were uniformly dispersed in an E51 epoxy matrix to construct a multifunctional coating with improved barrier resistance, wear resistance, thermal insulation, and stimuli-triggered protection. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy test indicates that the impedance modulus of the GT@DE/PDA/EP coating is approximately 2.13 × 109 Ω·cm2, which is two orders of magnitude higher than that of pure EP, effectively inhibiting the initiation and propagation of local corrosion. Overall, the GT@DE/PDA-based smart coating shows excellent long-term stability under high-temperature and saline-humid environments, offering a promising strategy for the sustainable and intelligent design of high-performance anticorrosion systems for magnesium alloys.

Magnesium alloys are highly susceptible to rapid and non-uniform corrosion in chloride-containing environments. The corrosion process typically evolves from an initially aggressive stage to a relatively stabilized stage during long-term exposure. However, conventional epoxy coatings (EP) and single-stage inhibitor delivery systems cannot effectively adapt to these time-dependent and heterogeneous corrosion conditions, often resulting in premature inhibitor depletion and limited long-term protection. To address this mismatch between corrosion evolution and inhibitor release behavior, a hierarchical porous corrosion inhibitor carrier based on diatomite (DE)-supported sheet-like ZIF-8 loaded with sodium molybdate (Na2MoO4@SZIF-8-DE) was rationally designed and incorporated into an E51 epoxy matrix for the protection of AZ31B magnesium alloy. The in-situ growth of SZIF-8 on the DE surface effectively suppressed MOF agglomeration while constructing a stable hierarchical porous architecture, which enhanced the inhibitor loading efficiency (12.49%) and structural stability. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy confirmed the pH-responsive and stepwise release behavior of Na2MoO4 from Na2MoO4@SZIF-8-DE, enabling rapid inhibitor release during the early aggressive corrosion stage and sustained release during the subsequent stabilized stage. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results showed that coatings containing Na2MoO4@SZIF-8-DE/EP exhibited significantly higher low-frequency impedance compared with pure EP coatings. Notably, the coating with 10 wt.% Na2MoO4@SZIF-8-DE/EP maintained the highest impedance after 60 days of immersion in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution, indicating superior longterm corrosion protection. Moreover, simulation analysis demonstrated enhanced interfacial binding between Na2MoO4@SZIF-8-DE and the AZ31B substrate, which facilitated the formation of a dense and stable protective interface.

Hybrid power supply systems (HPSS), which include fuel cells (FC), lithium-ion batteries (LB), and supercapacitors (SC), are commonly used to power onboard electric loads in transportation electrification systems. To improve reliability, hybrid virtual impedance droop (HVID) control is typically employed to enable dynamic power sharing among different sources. However, when one of the main sources, such as the FC or battery, disconnects from the HPSS, maintaining both DC-bus voltage quality and the ability to share power dynamically becomes challenging. During faults, the load may lose power, potentially causing severe damage to the system. This article proposes a simple fault-tolerant control strategy for the FC-LB-SC HPSS. The strategy allows the SC unit to quickly provide power for the excessive load during LB’s outage by adding an adjustable virtual resistor in parallel with the SC unit's virtual capacitor. This ensures that the DC bus voltage quality and dynamic power-sharing capability are preserved even if one of the main power sources fails. The operational principle of this strategy is examined in detail, and its effectiveness is confirmed through experiments with a 5-kW HPSS prototype.

To mitigate the levels of CO2in the atmosphere, photocatalytic conversion of CO2into hydrocarbons presents a viable approach. Herein, a CdS-MnO2composite synthesized through a facile electrostatic self-assembly method was employed as an effective catalyst for photocatalytic CO2reduction. The engineered CdS-MnO2minimized the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes, thereby facilitating the charge transfer and boosting the catalytic activity of pristine CdS. The introduction of NaOH solution into the reaction environment further enhanced the interfacial electron transfer and increased the affinity to the key intermediate *CO, facilitating additional multielectron reactions for methanol production. The alkaline characteristics of NaOH solution not only promotes the adsorption and activation of inert CO2molecules, but also function as hole scavengers, significantly reducing the photogenerated carrier recombination and further promoting the CO2reduction, especially in multielectron reactions towards methanol. A notable yield of 13.4μmol g-1h-1for methanol and 7.6μmol g-1h-1for CO was obtained with the CdS-MnO2. The results obtained herein may provide insights into the design of a highly efficient photocatalytic systems aimed at converting CO2into higher value-added products.

This study presents a novel approach to designing high-performance, lightweight electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption materials by sulfurizing three-dimensional biotemplate diatomite (De) through different sulfurization methods. The composite materials, consisting of different phases of sulfurized nickel and diatomite, were prepared using three methods. The results show that by controlling the surface morphology, crystal structure, and defect sites, the materials' EMW absorption properties can be significantly enhanced. Specifically, the Ni x S6@De composite obtained through the hydrothermal method exhibited an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 9.86 GHz at a matching thickness of 1.44 mm, while the Ni3S2@De composite prepared through the calcination method achieved an EAB of 9.71 GHz at a thickness of 1.71 mm. This study offers a strategy for the development of multicomponent nanocomposite EMW absorption materials with superior performance and lightweight characteristics.

Photocatalytic carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction represents a hopeful approach to addressing global energy and environmental issues. The quest for catalysts that demonstrate both high activity and selectivity for CO2 conversion has attracted significant attention. In this study, ultrathin N-doped BiOBr was synthesized using a simple straightforward method. Systematic experimental results indicated that N-doping reduced the thickness of the BiOBr nanosheets and increased their specific surface area. Moreover, the efficiency of photogenerated charge carrier migration and the CO2 adsorption capacity were significantly enhanced, contributing to improved CO2 photoreduction performance. Experimental results showed that the 2N-BiOBr exhibited the best catalytic performance, with a CO evolution rate of 18.28 mu molg(-1)h(-1) and nearly 100% CO selectivity in water, which was three times higher than that of pure BiOBr. The potential photocatalytic mechanism was investigated using in situ FTIR analysis and DFT simulations. Mechanistic studies revealed that N atoms replaced O atoms as adsorption centers, enhancing the strong adsorption selectivity towards CO2 over O-H in BiOBr and facilitating the formation of key reaction intermediates. This study provides new perspectives on the creation and developmen of effective photocatalytic materials, offering theoretical support for the application of photocatalytic technology in energy and environmental science.

Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) sourced from an aerobic granular sludge (AGS) process were rapidly enriched by progressively increasing ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) loads, achieving a Nitrosomonas abundance of 20.7 % and a nitrite accumulation rate exceeding 80 %. Mycelial pellets formed by Cladosporium, isolated from the same AGS system, provided a porous surface structure for the immobilization of the enriched AOB, creating mycelial pellet/AOB composites. Robust microbial colonization and aggregation in mycelial pellet porous matrix were facilitated by a higher level of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) compared to conventional AGS. Static tests showed a maximum NH4+-N oxidation rate of 17.7 mg/(gMLVSS center dot h), higher than free AOB (8.5 mg/ (gMLVSS center dot h)). In multi-recycling tests, the composites maintained 96.6 % NH4+-N oxidation, demonstrating superior repeatability and stability. The results highlight advantages of mycelial pellets as biocompatible carriers in immobilizing AOB sourced from the same system, offering insights into improved nitritation performance and durability, making them promising for practical wastewater treatment.

Nowadays, with the dramatic development of microwave absorbing materials (MAMs), broadband and lightweight are still a topic that cannot be bypassed. Considering the drawbacks of single-component materials and the necessity of magnetic–electric synergistic effect. A novel porous carbon-based aerogel composite with a three-dimensional (3D) biological template is prepared by using rational impedance matching design and multifunctional optimization. Specifically, the coupling of porous materials as well as the synergy of multilevel carbon materials. A novel aerogel of NiCo layered double hydroxide (LDH)/C@Diatomite (De) was prepared by thermal carbonization to convert polypyrrole (PPy) into C particles deposited on the surface of magnetic LDH, coupled to form an aerogel on the basis of De carrier. The influence of the involvement of multilevel carbon on the electromagnetic wave absorption (EMWA) properties of the composites and its potential attenuation mechanism as well as the synergistic effect of the coupling of porous materials are revealed. As a result, the effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) is 8.56 GHz with a reflection loss minimum (RLmin) of −46.85 dB at a thickness of 2.7 mm. With super hydrophobicity and thermal management properties. This work not only provides inspiration for the development of new aerogel MAMs with superior performance, but also has great potential for further development and practical application.

Aqueous zinc ion hybrid supercapacitors (ZHSCs) have attracted great attention in recent years. However, their electrochemical performance is impeded by their low energy density and poor cycling stability, mainly due to the difficulty in effectively activating the ionic and electronic conductivity of the cathode material. In this work, we innovatively propose a low-cost, precisely customized strategy for doping trace amounts of carbon and nitrogen elements into metal oxides to improve electrochemical performance. The carbon- and nitrogen-doped NiMoO4·MoO2/NC heterostructures derived from polyoxometalates maintain high electrochemical activity while achieving high ionic conductivity. Trace amounts of carbon and nitrogen elements can significantly improve electronic conductivity and charge storage capacity. Due to the synergistic contribution, the composite structure with multi-redox sites exhibits a high specific capacity value of 364.96 F g-1 at 1 A g-1 in 1 M ZnSO4. A ZHSC was assembled with NiMoO4·MoO2/NC as the cathode and a zinc sheet as the anode. After 10 000 cycles, the capacitance retention rate still reached over 80%. In addition, its energy density and power density can also reach 102 W h kg-1@4140 W kg-1, which is higher than those of MoO2-based traditional supercapacitors. This strategy fully demonstrates the great practicality and development prospects of polyoxometalate derivatives for ZHSCs.

Zero-valent iron (ZVI) technology has gained significant attention for the in situ dechlorination of trichloroethylene (TCE), a typical organic pollutant commonly found in soils and groundwater. However, ZVI technology faces several critical challenges, such as insufficient reactivity, easy passivation, limited selectivity, and unclear mechanisms. In this study, a ball-milled S&C-mZVIbm material was synthesized by co-incorporation strategy and demonstrated a significant improvement in the degradation efficiency of ZVI. This enhancement occurs alongside a reduction in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), thereby increasing the electron selectivity during TCE dechlorination. Through comprehensive characterization techniques, we have shown that the co-incorporation of carbon and sulfur into mZVI results in improved affinity for TCE, accelerated electron transfer, and reduced charge-transfer resistances. The S&C-mZVIbm also exhibited excellent long-term stability, with degradation efficiency higher than 90% even after 12 repeated cycles. The pathway for TCE dichlorination can be precisely adjusted by the S addition, i.e., the addition of S simultaneously promoted the acetylene production by beta-elimination and DCEs production by hydrogenolysis, while suppressed the acetylene transformation to other hydrocarbon products. These findings not only advance the development of ZVI-based materials but also broaden their applicability in the remediation of groundwater contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons.

The abuse of tetracycline has led to the destruction of the ecological environment. In this research, Carbon modified Laponite @Diatomite (C-La@D) samples were synthesized by hydrothermal method, and were modified with KOH to further improve their adsorption performance for tetracycline (TC). The results showed that the carbon material and KOH modification endow the clay material with abundant functional groups, reducing the average pore size of the composite material. The composite (4KC-La@D) exhibited optimal adsorption performance when the activation time of KOH was 4 h. The adsorption capacities of TC and methylene blue (MB) were up to 251 mg/g and 1721 mg/g within 90 min, and the composite had good adaptability at pH = 3-9. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the sips isotherm model accurately described the adsorption process. The mechanism indicated that electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding and it-it interactions were the main driving forces for adsorption. Coexisting ions slightly affects adsorption properties of the composite material, and the loss of adsorption capacity did not exceed 5 %. After 5 reusability cycles, the adsorption capacity of TC was still 165 mg/g. Moreover, the adsorption process of the composite material was fitted based on machine learning theory, and the statistics revealed that the random forest model had a better fitting ability (R-2>0.9) for the adsorption data than the artificial neural network. In brief, this work highlights the potential of alkali-modified carbon-La@D composite for rapid adsorption of tetracycline and resistance to environmental interference.

This work aims to enhance the adsorption performance of Laponite @diatomite for organic pollutants by modifying it with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The microstructure and morphology of the CTAB-modified Laponite @diatomite material were characterized using SEM, XRD, FTIR, BET, and TG. Furthermore, the influences of key parameters, containing pH, adsorbent dosage, reaction time, and reaction temperature, on the adsorption process were investigated. The kinetics, thermodynamics, and isotherm models of the adsorption process were analyzed. Finally, potential adsorption mechanisms were given based on the characterization. The research findings indicate that CTAB-La@D exhibits good adsorption performance toward Congo red (CR) over a broad pH range. The maximum adsorption capacity of CR was 451.1 mg/g under the optimum conditions (dosage = 10 mg, contact time = 240 min, initial CR concentration = 100 mg/L, temperature = 25 °C, and pH = 7). The adsorption process conformed to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and the adsorption isotherms indicated that the adsorption process of CR was more in line with the Langmuir model, and it was physical adsorption. Thermodynamic analysis illustrates that the adsorption process is exothermic and spontaneous. Additionally, the mechanisms of electrostatic adsorption and hydrophobic effect adsorption of CR were investigated through XPS and FTIR analysis. This work provides an effective pathway for designing high-performance adsorbents for the removal of organic dye, and the synthesized materials hold great capability for practical utilization in the treatment of wastewater.

Wideband absorption with low-frequency compatibility is always challenging for developing high-performance electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbing materials. With magnetic loss and a sufficient polarization interface, ferrite materials are promising candidates for overcoming this challenge. To address impedance matching issues, a carrier material with a uniform pore distribution, namely, diatomite, is employed, resulting in a unique three-dimensional biomimetic structure. A biomimetic sea urchin-like nanomaterial composed of one-dimensional nanorod-shaped Fe3O4 (sea urchin-like nano-Fe3O4) is presented, demonstrating outstanding performance in EMW absorption. The optimized Fe3O4@FeP sample exhibits two absorption peaks spanning the C and Ku bands when the thickness is 5.35 mm. The experimental results show that the sea urchin-like nano-Fe3O4 achieves an astounding reflection loss of -60 dB at 6 GHz with a thickness of 3.9 mm and a maximum effective absorption bandwidth of 4 GHz at a thickness of 1.7 mm. This material design holds significant potential for low-frequency EMW absorption applications.

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have been potentially applicable for the corrosive resistance of alloys in corrosive media. Nevertheless, a challenge remains in adapting the 2D nanomaterial layered double hydroxide (LDH) with diatomaceous earth (DE) as two inorganic nanocontainers homogeneously combined and loaded with controlled release corrosion inhibitors. In this research, the high-efficiency anti-corrosion nanofiller for LA51 alloy protection was obtained by integrating MgAl-LDH with Sodium phosphate (SP) utilizing the unique hollow porous structure of DE as a template. As a result, the incorporation of DE-LDH-P provides a 3-order of magnitude enhancement in coating immersion in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution for 40 days compared to pure epoxy. Furthermore, two nanocontainers of DE and LDH with corrosion inhibitor loading up to 15 wt% still demonstrated excellent corrosive protection after 120 h of salt spray. The key to its protective performance is promoting controlled corrosion inhibitor release through a scientific approach that fully utilizes the slow-release properties of DE and LDH. This strategy offers a straightforward and effective approach for formulating anti-corrosion additives tailored for use in corrosive settings, with potential applications across various industrial sectors. Specifically, we advocate for the utilization of maritime instrumentation, underwater armaments, and seawater-based power sources within the domains of ship construction and marine engineering.

As the foundation of life, a cell is generally considered an advanced microreactor with a complicated structure and function. Undeniably, this fascinating complexity motivates scientists to try to extricate themselves from natural living matter and work toward rebuilding artificial cells in vitro. Driven by synthetic biology and bionic technology, the research of artificial cells has gradually become a subclass. It is not only held import in many disciplines but also of great interest in its synthesis. Therefore, in this review, we have reviewed the development of cell and bionic strategies and focused on the efforts of bottom-up strategies in artificial cell construction. Different from starting with existing living organisms, we have also discussed the construction of artificial cells based on biomimetic materials, from simple cell scaffolds to multiple compartment systems, from the construction of functional modules to the simulation of crucial metabolism behaviors, or even to the biomimetic of communication networks. All of them could represent an exciting advance in the field. In addition, we will make a rough analysis of the bottlenecks in this field. Meanwhile, the future development of this field has been prospecting. This review may bridge the gap between materials engineering and life sciences, forming a theoretical basis for developing various life-inspired assembly materials.

Transition metal oxides have been widely used in microwave-absorbing materials, but how to improve impedance matching is still an urgent problem. Therefore, we introduced urea as a polymer carbon source into a three-dimensional porous structure modified by Co3O4 nanoparticles and explored the influence of different heat treatment temperatures on the wave absorption properties of the composite. The nanomaterials, when calcined at a temperature of 450 °C, exhibited excellent microwave absorption capabilities. Specifically, at an optimized thickness of 9 mm, they achieved a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of −97.3 dB, accompanied by an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 9.83 GHz that comprehensively covered both the S and Ku frequency bands. On the other hand, with a thickness of 3 mm, the RLmin was recorded as −17.9 dB, with an EAB of 5.53 GHz. This excellent performance is attributed to the multi-facial polarization and multiple reflections induced by the magnetic loss capability of Co3O4 nanoparticles, the electrical conductivity of C, and the unique three-dimensional structure of diatomite. For the future development of bio-based microwave absorption, this work provides a methodology and strategy.

With the complete phase out of national new energy vehicle purchase subsidies, Chinese cities need to explore more policy instruments to simulate the adoption new energy trucks (NETs). The study takes Beijing as an example and aims to address: how Chinese cities can craft policies to further promote NETs, considering different NET models operating in divergent duty cycles by different sizes of operators would have different obstacles with vehicle technologies and costs, to achieve its carbon and air pollutant emission reduction goal, while maintaining the livelihood of small and medium carrier in the freight industry. Based on NET technical performance analysis and surveys WRI conducted on carriers in Beijing, we analyze the technological readiness of NETs and the gaps in total costs of ownership (TCOs) between NETs and ICE trucks for each duty cycle category. The study further identifies the policies that are effective to fill the current (2022—2024) technological and cost gaps of NETs, based on literature review and quantitative analysis.