RATIONALE:Ventrolateral orbital cortex (VLO) has been found to play an important role in the regulation of neuropathic pain (NPP). As a traditional mood stabilizer, valproic acid (VPA) is currently employed in the treatment of NPP. However, whether VPA plays an analgesic role in VLO is still unknown.OBJECTIVES:To elucidate the underlying analgesic mechanism of microinjection of VPA into the VLO on spared nerve injury (SNI), an animal model of NPP.METHODS:We firstly examined the role of VPA by intraperitoneal and intral-VLO injection. Then, we accessed its role as a histone deacetylase inhibitor by intral-VLO microinjection of sodium butyrate. Finally, the GABAergic mechanism was measured through the intra-VLO microinjection of several agonists and antagonists of various GABAergic receptor subtypes.RESULTS:Both intraperitoneal and intral-VLO injection of VPA attenuated SNI-induced mechanical allodynia. Microinjection of sodium butyrate, one of the histone deacetylase inhibitors, into the VLO attenuated the mechanical allodynia. Besides, microinjection of valpromide, a derivative of VPA which is a GABAergic agonist, into the VLO also attenuated allodynia. Furthermore, microinjection of picrotoxin, a GABAA receptor antagonist, into the VLO attenuated mechanical allodynia; microinjection of picrotoxin before VPA into the VLO increased VPA-induced anti-allodynia. Besides, microinjection of CGP 35348, a GABAB receptor antagonist, into the VLO attenuated allodynia; microinjection of CGP 35348 before VPA into the VLO also increased VPA-induced anti-allodynia. What is more, microinjection of imidazole-4-acetic acid (I4AA), a GABAC receptor antagonist, into the VLO enhanced allodynia; microinjection of I4AA before VPA into the VLO decreased VPA-induced anti-allodynia.CONCLUSIONS:These results suggest that both the histone acetylation mechanism and GABAergic system are involved in mediating VLO-induced anti-hypersensitivity.

PURPOSE:The objective of this study was to illustrate the global research productivity and tendency of forensic anthropology in recent ten years (2008-2017) by bibliometric analysis.METHODS:"Forensic anthropology" was used as the Medical Subject Headings term and topic in PubMed and Web of Science Core Collection.RESULTS:As 5130 articles retrieved, two independent investigators evaluated all of them respectively. After restricting the published year, excluding duplicated and irrelevant articles, 1663 articles were available. The total of 219 countries and regions contributed to this research and the United States was the most productive country. There were 201 peer-reviewed journals including all of articles and two of them were identified as core journals according to Bradford's law. Eight of the top 10 productive authors were from developed countries. The top 10 cited articles were published by authors from developed countries with half in the United States. Sex estimation and age estimation were the most popular topics.CONCLUSIONS:With the basic and recognized methodology administered in this study, it provided a relative broad view to evaluate the scientific research capacity of forensic anthropology and reveal the worldwide tendency in this field.

The purpose of the present study was to observe the depression-like behavior induced by social isolation; detect the antidepressant effect of a recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) expressing NAP on social isolation mice by intranasal delivery. After construction of NT4-NAP/AAV, expression of NAP was confirmed in vitro. 3-week-old C57/BL mice were bred individually in cages as social isolation-rearing. Six weeks later, the first subset of mice underwent behavioral tests and western blot; the second was for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. NT4-NAP/AAV was delivered quaque die by nasal administration for consecutive 10 days before behavioral test. Several depression-like behaviors were observed in social isolation mice, including decreased relative sucrose preference, longer immobility time in forced swimming test, lower plasma corticosterone and decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor in hippocampus. Thus, social isolation procedure appears to be an animal model of depression with good face and construct validity. What's more, the antidepressant effect in social isolation-rearing mice was observed after intranasal administration of NT4-NAP/AAV, suggesting that this might be a promising therapeutic strategy for depressive disorder.

Pain is a complex and subjective experience. Previous studies have shown that mice lacking the dopamine D3 receptor (D3RKO) exhibit hypoalgesia, indicating a role of the D3 receptor in modulation of nociception. Given that there are sex differences in pain perception, there may be differences in responses to nociceptive stimuli between male and female D3RKO mice. In the current study, we examined the role of the D3 receptor in modulating nociception in male and female D3RKO mice. Acute thermal pain was modeled by hot‐plate test. This test was performed at different temperatures including 52°C, 55°C, and 58°C. The von Frey hair test was applied to evaluate mechanical pain. And persistent pain produced by peripheral tissue injury and inflammation was modeled by formalin test. In the hot‐plate test, compared with wild‐type (WT) mice, D3RKO mice generally exhibited longer latencies at each of the three temperatures. Specially, male D3RKO mice showed hypoalgesia compared with male WT mice when the temperature was 55°C, while for the female mice, there was a statistical difference between genotypes when the test condition was 52°C. In the von Frey hair test, both male and female D3RKO mice exhibited hypoalgesia. In the formalin test, the male D3RKO mice displayed a similar nociceptive behavior as their sex‐matched WT littermates, whereas significantly depressed late‐phase formalin‐induced nociceptive behaviors were observed in the female mutants. These findings indicated that the D3 receptor affects nociceptive behaviors in a sex‐specific manner and that its absence induces more analgesic behavior in the female knockout mice. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

目的 探讨成年期社会隔离对雄性BALB/C小鼠神经行为学的影响.方法 8周龄的雄性BALB/C小鼠随机分为群养组(GH组,n=16)和社会隔离组(SI组,n=16).群养组作为对照,每笼饲养4只小鼠;社会隔离组单只单笼饲养.在40d的社会隔离后进行一系列行为学测试,包括开放旷场实验(OFT)、新异物体辨别实验(NORT)、高架十字迷宫实验(EPMT)、强迫游泳测试(FST)、T迷宫(TMT)、社会互动测试(SIT)和入侵者诱发攻击实验(IEAT).比较两组各测试结果.结果 在FST中,社会隔离组的不动时间显著短于群养组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);在EPMT中,社会隔离组在开臂停留的时间显著长于群养组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);在TMT中,社会隔离组的正确率显著高于群养组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);在SIT中,社会隔离组的社会交往行为的时间显著长于群养组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 雄性BALB/C小鼠成年期社会隔离对其可能具有抗抑郁、抗焦虑、提高学习记忆能力和增加社会交往行为的作用.

The memories that are formed between rewarding and drug-associated contextual cues have been suggested to contribute to drug addiction relapse. Recent evidence has indicated that the ventrolateral orbital cortex (VLO) plays important roles in reward-based learning and reversal learning. However, whether the VLO is required for methamphetamine-induced contextual memory formation is not well understood. In the present study, a three-phase methamphetamine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) model was used to investigate the effects of VLO lesions on the formation of drug-associated contextual memories in rats. We found that the VLO lesions themselves elicited no observable effects on place preferences. However, the VLO lesions delayed the acquisition and extinction phases of CPP without affecting the expression level. Furthermore, the VLO lesions did not have an obvious influence on CPP reinstatement. These results indicate that electrolytic lesions of the bilateral ventrolateral orbital cortex can inhibit the formation of methamphetamine-induced contextual memories in rats. Moreover, VLO may not be critically involved in memory storage and retrieval.